贝母的种植采收方法

本方法的特点是 :种植时先在田里挖出种植贝母的床体 ,整平后放置 2ｃｍ～ 4ｃｍ的肥料层 ,上面覆盖一层塑料网 ,并盖一层薄土。贝母种植在土层上 ,并覆盖一层土层 ,上面覆盖塑料网 ,网上覆盖一层厚土层 ,土层高出地面成弧形。采收时先去掉上层土 ,并拉起贝母上面的塑料网去土 ,再拉起贝母下面的塑料网 ,完成贝母种收。本方法改变了贝母的种采方式 ,不损伤贝母 ,便于贝母的采收 ,还能增加种植户的经济收入。 (ＣＮ 1 2 5371 4Ａ)贝母的种植采收方法     

无极紫外灯及其在环境污染治理中的应用

无极紫外灯作为一种新型紫外光源,可以克服传统紫外光源的局限性,具有发光物质选择范围广、发光强度高、寿命长等显著优势。本文介绍了介质阻挡放电和微波放电两种不同放电形式的无极紫外灯,综述了国内外无极紫外灯在环境污染治理方面的研究现状,并提出了今后的研究发展方向。     

Fe3+对紫球藻生长及蛋白质和β-胡萝卜素含量的影响

为了考察Fe3+对紫球藻的生长及对可溶性蛋白和β-胡萝卜素合成的影响,分别在不同浓度的Fe3+下培养紫球藻.实验测定了紫球藻细胞的生长曲线,采用超声波破碎法破碎紫球藻细胞提取可溶性蛋白,考马斯亮蓝法测定可溶性蛋白含量,丙酮溶解提取β-胡萝卜素,分光光度计测定吸光值求β-胡萝卜素含量.实验结果表明,5×10-5mol/L的Fe3+对紫球藻的生长及可溶性蛋白的积累有较大作用,5×10-4mol/L的Fe3+对β-胡萝卜素的积累有较大作用.     

南方稻作梯田区农业文化与旅游发展的关键问题与途径——以湖南省紫鹊界梯田为例

紫鹊界梯田是我国重要农业文化遗产之一,具有丰富的传统农业文化,如何有效地传承农业文化是目前急需解决的关键问题。从紫鹊界农业文化的类型与特征出发,分析了紫鹊界农业文化与旅游发展中的产业融合、制度约束和社区发展等关键问题,提出了以梯田景观为载体,以农业文化为核心、以文化创意为手段、以产业融合为路径,提升紫鹊界梯田农业文化资源价值的现实途径。     

紫甘薯酒发酵工艺条件研究

探讨了紫甘薯酒的主要发酵工艺,采用正交试验法对紫甘薯酒的发酵条件进行了研究。结果表明,发酵液pH和酵母接种量是影响主发酵的主要因素,温度为次要因素;在最优发酵参数发酵液pH 3.8、酵母接种量3%、发酵温度18℃的条件下,可得到澄清透亮、口感较好的紫甘薯酒。     

池州产紫丹参中脂溶性成分的提取研究

通过使用不同溶剂,研究了紫丹参中脂溶性成分的提取方法,并通过紫外光谱对其进行了表征。结果表明：以95％乙醇和丙酮混和溶剂（1：1,V／V）为提取溶剂,加热回流提取2．5h,是从紫丹参中提取脂溶性成分的最佳技术工艺。     

紫鹊界稻作梯田的传统文化特征研究

紫鹊界梯田有着悠久的垦殖历史,是苗、瑶、侗、汉等民族共同创造的稻作梯田景观,成为我国重要的农业文化遗产之一。以特色饮食、传统习俗和其他典型的非物质文化遗产为切入点,分析了紫鹊界梯田传统文化的地理特征。通过分析相应的发展演变、物质载体、文化信仰和与生产活动的关联性等特征,总结了各个文化因子之间的相互关系,绘制了相应的关系图谱。结果表明,湿润的气候、良好的自然保水条件、较突出的人地矛盾、稻作生产与山地渔猎相结合的生产方式是共同驱动紫鹊界梯田景观发展演化的主要因素。研究结论对深入挖掘和保护紫鹊界梯田景观的传统文化特色具有重要的参考意义。     

作物受二氧化硫危害的原理

一、作物的暗呼吸和二氧化硫在二氧化硫对作物的光合作用和呼吸所造成的影响中,对光合作用的影响显著,这方面的研究也很多,但是对光呼吸或暗呼吸而带来的影响,几乎没有研究。水稻幼株的暗呼吸和二氧化硫浓度之关系见图1。随着SO_2浓度的增加,对水稻幼株的危害几乎呈直线加剧。SO_2为4 ppm时,暗呼吸暂时加强,但随着时间的延长,危害作用明     

川贝母栽培技术

川贝母是百合科的多年生草本药用植物,经多年试种,人工栽培已获成功。其栽培技术要点如下。一、有性繁殖 1.采种:在8月下旬(处暑前后)至9月上旬(白露前后),采摘海拔3,000m以上的野生贝母的种果。采种时严格掌握种果     

经济型生物资源的保护与利用

阐述了生物多样性的涵义，指出在资源利用过程中由于经济发展、人口剧增，环境恶化造成生物资源濒危或消失的严重现状，强调了保护生物多样性的必要性；着重以新疆地区经济型生物果树和中药材为例，具体通过苹果、梨、甘草和贝母的现状及其保护利用说明生态环境变化对经济型生物资源的影响及其保护的意义。     

底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

Access for all? Barriers to accessing woodlands and forests in Britain

This paper presents results from research that identified and analysed barriers to accessing British woodlands and forests. This paper aims to contribute to an understanding of access and accessibility and to inform the design of policy and management interventions to encourage increased access by under-represented social groups. A brief review of policy and academic literature places the issue of inclusive woodland and forest access in the context of contemporary debates surrounding public health, well-being, diversity and the perceived role of public green space. There follows an analysis of quantitative and qualitative research findings, informing the presentation of a working typology of barriers. The typology is structured around the access needs of various social groups, allowing an analysis of the social distribution of barriers. The findings indicate the deep-seated psychological, emotional and socio-cultural nature of some barriers and highlight the need for carefully designed interventions that may lie outside the conventional remit of woodland management. This paper will be of particular interest to decision-makers and practitioners and to those involved in the design and delivery of policies, programmes and projects aimed at encouraging inclusive use of woodlands, forests and other types of green space.     

Environmental assessment of packaging: Sense and sensibility

The functions of packaging are derived from product requirements, thus for insight into the environmental effects of packaging the actual combination of product and package has to be evaluated along the production and distribution system. This extension to all related environmental aspects adds realism to the environmental analysis and provides guidance for design while preventing a too detailed investigation of parts of the production system. This approach is contrary to current environmental studies where packaging is always treated as an independent object, neglecting the more important environmental effects of the product that are influenced by packaging. The general analysis and quantification stages for this approach are described, and the currently available methods for the assessment of environmental effects are reviewed. To limit the workload involved in an environmental assessment, a step-by-step analysis and the use of feedback is recommended. First the dominant environmental effects of a particular product and its production and distribution are estimated. Then, on the basis of these preliminary results, the appropriate system boundaries are chosen and the need for further or more detailed environmental analysis is determined. For typical food and drink applications, the effect of different system boundaries on the outcome of environmental assessments and the advantage of the step-by-step analysis of the food supply system is shown. It appears that, depending on the consumer group, different advice for reduction of environmental effects has to be given. Furthermore, because of interrelated environmental effects of the food supply system, the continuing quest for more detailed and accurate analysis of the package components is not necessary for improved management of the environmental effects of packaging.     

协定水污染物间接排放标准的法律问题探究

以协商的方式确定水污染物间接排放标准的规定打破了人们对标准确定性、强制性的传统认识。协定标准的优势在于充分利用污水处理厂的污水处理能力,减轻企业的污水处理负担,使企业可以集中力量搞生产。协定标准具有灵活性和优越性,应充分利用。通过对协定标准概念和重要性的分析,指出协定标准存在效力不确定、缺少对协定范围的限制等问题,造成协定标准在实践中通常被忽视或者滥用。并从明确协定标准的范围、加强排污企业的管理和协定标准的监督等方面,进一步提出了限制和完善水污染物间接排放标准的建议。     

Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska

It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design and execution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions.     

Management issues in a Tasmanian tourist cave: potential microclimatic impacts of cave modifications

Caves can be difficult to navigate and often require physical modification to allow easy access for visitors. Single entrance caves double the access impact of each visitor. Visitors in tourist caves have direct physical effects such as the introduction of concrete and steel structures; transport of mud, dust, and nutrients; installation of lights and the exhalation of water vapour and carbon dioxide into the air. Indirect physical effects include alteration of the microclimate, both through physical modifications that change the ventilation regime and through the presence of visitors leading to changes in temperature, humidity and CO2 within the cave environment. Anthropomorphic changes to cave physical environments to aid access or to reduce backtracking can have adverse effects on the internal microclimate of cave systems with subsequent changes to the cave environment affecting the quality of decorations and cave art and the diversity of cave fauna. Although often stated that caves operate at or near a constant temperature, closer examination indicates that cave temperatures are neither static nor constant. The degree of variation depends largely on the structure and physical characteristics of the cave. Air temperature and humidity gradients between the inside and outside cave environment can result in air density differences, which create airflow, which will in turn affect the cave microclimate. As part of the development of a management framework for King Solomons Cave, Tasmania, a study of the microclimate was carried out on behalf of Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service. Analysis of the variables showed significant differences in air temperature within each site and between sites. These differences range from 4 degrees C variation at one site to 0 degrees C at another site. The data were used to model potential airflow between the cave and the external environment. Results indicate that part of the cave is dominated by airflow between the chimney and the cave entrance leading to microclimatic fluctuations, while stable climatic conditions occur at the end of the cave. Future management strategies that propose a passage from the chamber to the surface via the current end zone would create a potential for airflow induced microclimatic change, leading to a change in both the temperature and moisture regimes, necessitating the construction of an airtight double door system.     

Nutrient Sources and Transport in the Missouri River Basin,with Emphasis on the Effects of Irrigation and Reservoirs1

Brown, Juliane B., Lori A. Sprague, and Jean A. Dupree, 2011. Nutrient Sources and Transport in the Missouri River Basin, With Emphasis on the Effects of Irrigation and Reservoirs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1034‐1060. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00584.x Abstract: SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were used to relate instream nutrient loads to sources and factors influencing the transport of nutrients in the Missouri River Basin. Agricultural inputs from fertilizer and manure were the largest nutrient sources throughout a large part of the basin, although atmospheric and urban inputs were important sources in some areas. Sediment mobilized from stream channels was a source of phosphorus in medium and larger streams. Irrigation on agricultural land was estimated to decrease the nitrogen load reaching the Mississippi River by as much as 17%, likely as a result of increased anoxia and denitrification in the soil zone. Approximately 16% of the nitrogen load and 33% of the phosphorus load that would have otherwise reached the Mississippi River was retained in reservoirs and lakes throughout the basin. Nearly half of the total attenuation occurred in the eight largest water bodies. Unlike the other major tributary basins, nearly the entire instream nutrient load leaving the outlet of the Platte and Kansas River subbasins reached the Mississippi River. Most of the larger reservoirs and lakes in the Platte River subbasin are upstream of the major sources, whereas in the Kansas River subbasin, most of the source inputs are in the southeast part of the subbasin where characteristics of the area and proximity to the Missouri River facilitate delivery of nutrients to the Mississippi River.     

Sustainability Assessment of Future Scenarios: Methodology and Application to Mountain Areas of Europe

BioScene (scenarios for reconciling biodiversity conservation with declining agriculture use in mountain areas in Europe) was a three-year project (2002–2005) funded by the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme, and aimed to investigate the implications of agricultural restructuring and decline for biodiversity conservation in the mountain areas of Europe. The research took a case study approach to the analysis of the biodiversity processes and outcomes of different scenarios of agri-environmental change in six countries (France, Greece, Norway, Slovakia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) covering the major biogeographical regions of Europe. The project was coordinated by Imperial College London, and each study area had a multidisciplinary team including ecologists and social and economic experts, which sought a comprehensive understanding of the drivers for change and their implications for sustainability. A key component was the sustainability assessment (SA) of the alternative scenarios. This article discusses the development and application of the SA methodology developed for BioScene. While the methodology was objectives-led, it was also strongly grounded in baseline ecological and socio-economic data. This article also describes the engagement of stakeholder panels in each study area and the use of causal chain analysis for understanding the likely implications for land use and biodiversity of strategic drivers of change under alternative scenarios for agriculture and rural policy and for biodiversity management. Finally, this article draws conclusions for the application of SA more widely, its use with scenarios, and the benefits of stakeholder engagement in the SA process.     

Response of macroinvertebrate communities to abattoir wastes and other anthropogenic activities in a municipal stream in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Impacts of co-occurring stressors (organic wastes and various human activities) on macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental variables were investigated in a municipal stream, River Orogodo in southern Nigeria between the months of June 2004 and July 2005. Four sampling sites, each 25 m long were selected along 15 km stretch of the stream. There was a marked difference in the taxonomic composition of macroinvertebrates in the reference sites (I and IV) and those of the perturbed sites (II and III). A combined total of 78 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the four sites of the river. The abundance and community structure patterns showed strong evidence of impact arising from the abattoir waste discharge such that the comparison of abundance values demonstrated high significance between the reference sites and the perturbed sites. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated temporal trends in macroinvertebrate density and community composition. This was related to changes in environmental characteristics of the river especially BOD₅ and amount of nutrients. These factors produced spatial and temporal heterogeneity and exerted major influence on the benthic communities. The preponderance of Oligochaetes and diptera and deterioration in water quality at sites II and III are attributed to the intensity of human activities at these sites. Shannon-wiener diversity and evenness were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at the reference sites I and IV. Results illustrate the need for careful consideration of the water quality and indicator organisms in restoration and remediation programmes.