论污水深度处理技术的发展趋势

目前,随着城市化进程的加快,经济发展的增速,全国城市污水处理厂的建设正步入高建设期.不论污水处理厂的规模还是污水处理的数量都快速增长,但是污水处理厂按照传统工艺进行处理后的排放水的水质尚达不到回用新鲜水的标准,仍含有BOD、COD、SS、NH3-N、P、细菌及重金属等有毒有害物质,因此,必须对污水处理厂按照传统处理的污水进行深度处理.污水处理厂对污水进行深度处理的技术和工艺较多,采用哪种技术,针对何种污水进行深度处理成为摆在污水处理厂技术人员面前的艰巨任务.文章从污水处理厂的实际出发,简要分析了污水深度处理的各项技术及污水深度处理技术的发展趋势.以期为污水处理厂污水深度处理提供参考.     

论污水深度处理技术的发展趋势

目前,随着城市化进程的加快,经济发展的增速,全国城市污水处理厂的建设正步入高建设期。不论污水处理厂的规模还是污水处理的数量都快速增长,但是污水处理厂按照传统工艺进行处理后的排放水的水质尚迭不到回用新鲜水的标准,仍含有BOD、COD、SS、NH3－N、P、细菌及重金属等有毒有害物质,因此,必须对污水处理厂按照传统处理的污水进行深度处理。污水处理厂对污水进行深度处理的技术和工艺较多,采用哪种技术,针对何种污水进行深度处理成为摆在污水处理厂技术人员面前的艰巨任务。文章从污水处理厂的实际出发,简要分析了污水深度处理的各项技术及污水深度处理技术的发展趋势。以期为污水处理厂污水深度处理提供参考。     

我国红树林净化污水研究进展

红树林具有净化污水的潜能,我国在20世纪80年代中期开始以污染生态学为理论依据进行红树林净化污水的研究.国内红树林净化污水研究主要包括两方面内容,一是研究污水排放对红树林的影响,包括重金属污水、含油废水、生活污水等不同类型污水排放对红树林生长、生理生态、红树林沉积物、林区藻类等的影响;二是研究红树林净化污水的效能,包括红树林累积、吸收和对污水中污染物的净化能力、净化效果的研究.主要从以上两个方面,综述了国内红树林净化污水的研究进展,以期为红树林净化污水的进一步研究和应用提供参考.     

污水处理厂对蛔虫卵的处理效果评价研究——以常州市为例

为了解城市污水处理厂对蛔虫卵的处理效果,利用改良的Bailenger方法,对常州市5家污水处理厂接纳污水和排放尾水蛔虫卵浓度进行检测.结果表明:以处理生活区污水为主污水处理厂接纳污水蛔虫卵含量最高,常州市武进城区污水处理厂,平均值93.33个/L;以处理工业区污水为主蛔虫卵含量最低,常州市戚墅堰污水处理厂,平均值13个/L;5家污水处理厂排放尾水蛔虫卵数量均能达到国家标准,蛔虫卵去除率基本可达100％.     

吉林省污水处理厂环境管理现状与污染防治对策初探

吉林省有污水处理厂20座,以城镇污水处理厂居多,约占吉林省污水处理厂总座数的75%。主要削减的污染物为第二类污染物,并以化学需氧量和生化需氧量削减量最大;吉林地区污水处理厂化学需氧量和生化需氧量削减量最大,其次为长春和四平地区,辽源地区污水处理厂化学需氧量削减量最小;松花江流域污水处理厂化学需氧量削减量最大,其次为辽河流域,再次为图们江流域。松花江流域污水处理厂生化需氧量也是削减量最大,其次为辽河流域,再次为图们江流域;全省第二类污染物削减率为79.46%。针对吉林省污水处理厂污水及污水中污染物处理情况,加强全省污水处理厂的能力等各方面建设势在必行。     

优化城镇污水处理厂运行管理的探讨

结合城镇污水处理厂运行管理经验,探讨通过优化工艺控制、科学合理的生产调度、强化设备管理、加强安全管理和成本管理控制等措施,来实现优化城镇污水处理厂的运行管理;从而有利于污水处理厂实现安全生产、稳定达标、高效运行。通过优化和强化城镇污水处理厂运行管理,不仅有利于充分发挥污水处理厂污水治理的环境效益,在国家节能减排工作中发挥更大的作用;同时有利于污水处理厂进一步降低运行成本、开源节流,实现污水处理厂的可持续发展。     

三峡库区小流域农村生活污水排放格局及污染物特征

农村生活污水排放格局对污水收集模式及处理方式的选取具有重要影响。该研究运用GIS空间数据分析技术、最近邻点指数与实地调查等方法,从地形地貌(海拔、坡度和坡向)和点格局等角度对三峡库区龙王沟小流域的农村生活污水排放格局进行了研究。同时也对不同来源的生活污水水质特征进行了研究。结果表明:流域内生活污水全都分布在海拔300 m以下,多数位于缓坡带和斜坡带,位于西北方向略多;点格局指数R为0.330.5,故流域内生活污水排放呈聚集分布趋势。流域人均日产生生活污水量38.0 L,其中,厨房污水20.7 L,占54.5%;洗衣污水11.4 L,占30.0%。不同来源的农村生活污水水质差异较大。厨房污水COD和BOD5含量明显高于其它污水,而厕所污水的TP、TN、TAN较高。     

三亚市生活污水中的重金属分布特性研究

以海南省三亚市红沙污水处理厂处理过程产生污水为研究对象,研究了污水中重金属的种类及含量分布。结果表明,三亚市红沙污水处理厂处理过程产生污水中舍有Zn．Pb．Cr．Cd等4种重金属,经处理后的出水中重金属未检出,满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放（GBl8918—2002）中的要求及污水综合排放标准（GB8978-1996）的要求。     

环境科技英语

269.sewage[′sjuid(?)](sewer污水管+-age)n.污水例:There are three kinds of sewagetreatment:physical method,chemical method and biologicalmethod.污水处理包括三种方法:物理法,化学法和生物法.与环境有关的词:sewage aeration污水曝气;sewageanalysis污水分析;sewage chlorination污水氯化作用;sewage conduit污水管道;sewage discharge污水排放;sewage discharge standard污水排放标准;sewage dis-posal污水处置;sewage disposal plant污水处理厂;sewage disposal process污水处置(理)过程;sewagedisposal system污水处置(理)系统;sewage disposalworks污水处理厂;sewage drainage standard污水排放标准;sewage effluents污水厂出水;sewage farm污     

城市生活污水处理工艺分析

城市生活污水是需要综合整治的一个重要问题所在,生活污水问题的存在很大程度上会影响城市的绿色可持续发展,本文就主要针对城市生活污水的处理首先介绍了城市生活污水的一些基本特点,然后重点介绍了城市生活污水处理工艺的具体使用状况,希望有助于提高今后城市生活污水的处理效果。     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

生物操纵方法对水绵(Spirogyra)的调控效应

为探究安全高效调控水绵生长的方法,本研究利用养殖水桶开展了两次生物操纵实验,分别观测了鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)在没有营养加富条件下,以及鲫和日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)在营养加富条件下,对水体中浮游态和固着态水绵(Spirogyra)生长的抑制效果.结果表明,在没有营养加富的水体中,鲤和鲫对水绵不仅没有调控效应,反而会促进水绵的生长.建议在水绵生长旺盛的水体中,一定程度上移除水体中这些鱼类反而可以有效控制水绵的生长.在营养加富条件下,日本沼虾对水绵的控制效应明显.鲫对水绵发挥的作用与水体营养状态存在交互作用,日本沼虾对水绵的抑制效应是否受水体营养状态的影响值得进一步探究.     

百草枯对巨桉人工幼林土壤细菌多样性的影响

为了解百草枯对土壤微生物多样性的影响过程和时效,在施加百草枯后第0、1、2、4、8、15、31d动态采集四川盆地典型巨桉人工幼林表层土壤,采用PCR-DGGE方法研究了细菌群落多样性特征.结果表明,施加百草枯后第1d土壤细菌丰富度显著降低,但在第2d明显增加,随后在第4d和第8d出现一个降低的过程,直至第15d降至最低点,在第31d又显著增加.施用百草枯后明显降低了土壤细菌群落Shannon-Wiener指数,但增加了Simpson指数,表明百草枯的施加可使部分细菌减少或丧失,土壤细菌群落结构表现出较高的优势度和较低的丰富度.通过对优势条带的克隆测序,鞘脂杆菌科(Sphingobacteriaceae)和酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)普遍存在于施加百草枯前后的不同阶段,而施加百草枯后第1d伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)和γ-变形菌纲(Gamma-proteobacteria)条带消失,随后均在第2、4和8d出现,但15d后伯克氏菌目、α-变形菌纲(Alpha-proteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲条带消失,第31dγ-变形菌纲条带仍然缺失.这些结果为更清晰地认识百草枯对土壤微生物的影响提供了基础数据.     

Laboratory measurements of sulfur dioxide deposition velocity on marble and dolomite stone surfaces

The deposition velocity of SO₂ on marble and dolomite stone surfaces in a humid atmosphere was measured as a function of time in the laboratory using continuous monitoring techniques. The deposition velocity of SO₂ on marble varied between 0.02 and 0.23 cm s⁻¹, and was generally observed to decrease with time. The deposition velocity of SO₂ on dolomite varied between 0.02 and 0.10 cm s⁻¹, and gradually increased over the first 2000 ppm-h of exposure. For both types of stones, the deposition velocity increased significantly when condensed moisture was observed on the stone surface. Chemical analysis of the stone samples indicated that the SO₂ deposited reacted with the stone materials to form gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) on the marble surfaces and gypsum and epsomite (MgSO₄·7H₂O) on the dolomite surfaces.     

Species-specific and female host-biased ectophoresy in the roundworm Caenorhabditis japonica

Caenorhabditis japonica is a bacteriophagous nematode species that was discovered on the semi-social burrower bug, Parastrachia japonensis, which demonstrates egg-guarding and provisioning behaviors. To understand the life history of C. japonica in relation to P. japonensis, we demonstrated the specificity of this association and fluctuations in nematode number on the insect throughout the year. C. japonica dauer larvae (DL), larvae in a nonfeeding diapause stage, were predominantly found as clumps on the adult female insects but rarely found on the male insects in all populations examined. This female-biased association was consistent throughout the year, but after the nymphs hatched, nematodes were not detected on the mother insects showing provisioning behavior. DL appeared on the nymphs, and the number of DL on the newly emerged female insects gradually increased thereafter. C. japonica has never been detected on other invertebrates collected from the P. japonensis habitat thus far. Our data suggest that the life cycles of C. japonica and P. japonensis are synchronized.     

Molecular Study of the Persistence of Infectious Human Norovirus on Food-Contact Surfaces

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH) and temperature on norovirus (NoV) persistence as infectious particles on food-contact surfaces such as stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). For this purpose, a new method combining enzymatic digestion with molecular beacon-based NASBA targeting the ORF1-ORF2 domain was developed to discriminate between infectious and noninfectious NoV. Stainless steel and PVC disks were contaminated with known amounts of human NoV and kept for 56 days at 7 and 20°C at high (86% ± 4%) and low (30% ± 10%) RH. NoV retained its putative infectivity for 56 days on PVC and for 49 days on stainless steel at 7°C and for 7 and 28 days, respectively, at low and high RH at 20°C on both tested surfaces. These results confirm that NoV persists in an infective state on inert surfaces for long periods of time and consequently may cause illness. The new molecular approach to detecting infectious NoV on inert surfaces may provide valuable information for evaluating environmental surface decontamination strategies.     

Survival of Norovirus Surrogate on Various Food-Contact Surfaces

Norovirus (NoV) is an environmental threat to humans, which spreads easily from one infected person to another, causing foodborne and waterborne diseases. Therefore, precautions against NoV infection are important in the preparation of food. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of murine norovirus (MNV), as a NoV surrogate, on six different food-contact surfaces: ceramic, wood, rubber, glass, stainless steel, and plastic. We inoculated 10⁵ PFU of MNV onto the six different surface coupons that were then kept at room temperature for 28 days. On the food-contact surfaces, the greatest reduction in MNV was 2.28 log₁₀ PFU/coupon, observed on stainless steel, while the lowest MNV reduction was 1.29 log₁₀ PFU/coupon, observed on wood. The rank order of MNV reduction, from highest to lowest, was stainless steel, plastic, rubber, glass, ceramic, and wood. The values of d _R (time required to reduce the virus by 90 %) on survival plots of MNV determined by a modified Weibull model were 277.60 h (R ² = 0.99) on ceramic, 492.59 h (R ² = 0.98) on wood, 173.56 h on rubber (R ² = 0.98), 97.18 h (R ² = 0.94) on glass, 91.76 h (R ² = 0.97) on stainless steel, and 137.74 h (R ² = 0.97) on plastic. The infectivity of MNV on all food-contact surfaces remained after 28 days. These results show that MNV persists in an infective state on various food-contact surfaces for long periods. This study may provide valuable information for the control of NoV on various food-contact surfaces, in order to prevent foodborne disease.     

阳泉市秋冬季PM2.5化学组分及来源分析

采集了阳泉市城区2017年10月15日～2018年1月23日PM_(2.5)样品,分析了优良天和污染天PM_(2.5)及其化学组分特征,并利用富集因子分析法(EF)和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)对PM_(2.5)进行来源分析.结果表明,采样期间污染天二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、 NO~-_3和NH~+_4)在PM_(2.5)中的比例为23.83%,是优良天的2.43倍,污染天二次无机污染严重,污染天人为源相关的元素Cd、 Sb、 Sn、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn和As富集程度大于优良天;主要的污染源对PM_(2.5)的贡献分别是燃煤29.26%、扬尘23.83%、机动车19.34%、二次源16.01%和工业源11.57%,其中,污染天机动车排放对PM_(2.5)的贡献20.57%,高于优良天时17.82%,而燃煤源的贡献23.04%明显低于优良天时33.75%,静稳天气时机动车排放对PM_(2.5)贡献较优良天上升,燃煤源对PM_(2.5)贡献有下降.因此,阳泉市在秋冬季应加强对燃煤、扬尘源的控制,同时进一步加强对机动车的控制,以减少污染期间机动车的贡献.     

地浸井场外围含水层砂岩对铀的吸附行为

天然含水层介质对铀的吸附是地下水铀天然衰减的决定因素.然而,人们对天然含水层砂岩吸附铀行为的认识相当有限.因此,本文采用静态实验及数值模拟相结合的方法研究了地浸井场外围砂岩对铀的吸附行为,探究了天然砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,研究了铀初始浓度、pH、其他离子种类与浓度对铀吸附的影响.结果表明,准二级动力学方程与Freundlich等温吸附模型可以更好地表征砂岩对铀的吸附行为;随着溶液中铀初始浓度的增大,砂岩对水溶液中铀的吸附量增大,吸附率减小;在初始pH=3时,铀的吸附率达到最大,为77%;砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附率会随反应体系中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-等离子浓度的升高而下降,4种共存离子对该吸附过程抑制能力的顺序为：SO₄^2- < Mg²⁺ < Ca²⁺ < HCO₃^-.这些研究结果可为地浸铀矿山地下水的修复提供理论支持.     

等离子体催化降解甲苯途径的原位红外研究

考察了在常温常压条件下,等离子体分别协同SiO₂、Al₂O₃、NiO/Al₂O₃降解甲苯的性能,并从材料的介电常数、对甲苯的吸附性及臭氧分解能力等角度分析了不同活性表现的原因,同时,采用原位红外技术研究了甲苯降解过程中催化剂表面吸附物种的变化.结果表明,当甲苯浓度为100 ppm,气体流量为100 mL·min^-1时,一定范围内,甲苯降解率随着能量密度、介电常数、吸附性及臭氧分解能力的提高而提高.甲苯在催化剂表面的吸附对其降解途径有十分重要的影响:在放电区域中加入SiO₂,甲苯仍然在气相中完成降解;而存在Al₂O₃ 及NiO/Al₂O₃时,甲苯氧化成苯甲酸的过程主要发生在催化剂表面,是甲苯催化降解的关键步骤,苯甲酸在活性位点的积累将降低催化剂的反应活性.