基于SMA绞线-叠层橡胶复合支座的结构隔震

研究了基于SMA绞线-叠层橡胶复合支座的框架结构隔震理论和方法，建立了3种不同支承条件下单自由度隔震体系的运动方程，并对一个典型的4层框架结构，分析了它在地震作用下的时程反应。结果表明，SMA绞线-叠层橡胶复合支座是一种有效的隔震装置，它用于框架结构中，能有效地减小结构的位移、速度和加速度反应。     

应用形状记忆合金-橡胶复合支座的结构隔震

对橡胶支座存在的问题进行了分析，介绍了SMA-橡胶复合支座的基本构造和工作原理，建立了设置不同支座的单自由度结构的运动方程。应用大型有限元软件ANSYS对分别设置固定支座、普通叠层橡胶支座和形状记忆合金（SMA）-橡胶复合支座这3种不同支承条件的结构进行了，单向地震作用下的隔震仿真模拟，及节点位移和加速度的时程分析。分析表明，SMA-橡胶复合支座和普通叠层橡胶支座都能有效地减小结构的位移和加速度反应，而SMA-橡胶复合支座比普通叠层橡胶支座能更有效地减小结构的绝对位移反应，防止因隔震层位移过大而导致支座失稳。     

一种新型超弹性SMA-叠层橡胶复合隔震支座

提出了一种新型超弹性形状记忆合金(SMA)-叠层橡胶复合隔震支座,即在普通叠层橡胶垫四周呈交叉状对称布置了两组超弹性SMA丝(预应变SMA丝和未预应变SMA丝)。分析了复合支座的工作原理,建立了其力学模型。在假定SMA丝总用量恒定情况下,计算比较了未预应变SMA丝与预应变SMA丝的面积(数量)对复合支座滞回性能的影响,结果表明:预应变SMA丝可明显提高支座的耗能力和阻尼系数,未预应变SMA丝可赋予支座很好的大变形恢复能力,二者结合可改善叠层橡胶支座的力学性能。     

形状记忆合金丝-橡胶支座钢框架隔震效果分析

根据作者开发研制的形状记忆合金丝一橡胶复合支座，建立了传统抗震结构和两种不同支座隔震结构体系的运动方程，并对某个实际工程四层钢框架结构进行了数值模拟，分析其在阪神波和El Centro波作用下的时程反应。研究表明，SMA丝一橡胶复合支座是一种很有效的隔震装置，将它用于钢框架结构，能有效地减小结构的位移、速度及加速度时程反应，而对于加速度峰值较大的阪神波的隔震效果更为明显，说明该复合支座能有效地提供罕遇地震作用下钢结构的隔震效果。     

叠层橡胶支座串联隔震体系抗火性能研究

对叠层橡胶隔震支座在高温作用下的温度场进行数值模拟,利用小模型试件进行温度传导及温度场分布试验。在叠层橡胶隔震支座经历420℃的高温作用后,将隔震支座模型试件与钢筋混凝土柱串联,并对串联隔震体系的力学性能进行压剪往复试验。结果表明,叠层橡胶隔震支座在高温作用下的性能退化相当明显,承载状态下的橡胶隔震支座在稍高的温度作用下就开始发生畸变。这表明在实际工程中对叠层橡胶隔震支座采取防火保护措施对保证隔震结构承载力安全非常重要。     

基于SMA隔震支座的双层球面网壳结构地震响应分析

采用橡胶支座的隔震方式是目前较成熟的隔震技术,但橡胶支座存在着水平变形大、阻尼较小、耗能不足等问题。SMA-橡胶复合隔振支座充分利用了形状记忆合金(SMA)丝的超弹性特点,在支座工作时起到恢复力主要补充作用,使得支座在抗侧移能力和耗能方面都得到了加强。通过建立双层球面网壳模型,对其在普通橡胶支座和SMA复合橡胶支座两种不同工况下的隔震效果进行对比分析,说明在采用后者的双层球面网壳结构其杆件的内力值和节点位移值都明显降低,受拉的上弦杆和受压的下弦杆无论是受力峰值及其杆件数量都有所减少,提高了网壳结构的变形协调能力,限制了网壳结构薄弱杆件的破坏,SMA复合橡胶支座起到了较好的减震耗能作用,对双层球面网壳的隔振作用优于橡胶支座。     

梁桥高阻尼橡胶支座的减隔震效果与优化配置研究

高阻尼橡胶支座(HDR支座)以其无污染、高阻尼比的优点在桥梁结构抗震设计中应用越来越广,其在地震履历中表现出了优良的减隔震性能。为了得到HDR支座在梁式桥中的优化配置方案,以连续梁桥为实例,结合超越概率水平为63%、10%、2%的地震波对结构进行动力时程分析,对板式橡胶支座及不同组合高阻尼橡胶支座的隔震效果进行研究。分析结果表明,高阻尼橡胶支座比板式橡胶支座的隔震效果更好;过渡墩处采用滑动支座会削弱过渡墩的地震分担比,而滑动支座的位移量远超过连续墩处,使得全桥各墩的荷载分配不均。全桥均采用HDR支座时过渡墩及连续墩的荷载分担比相对合理,且高阻尼橡胶支座能够在地震中发挥较好的减震耗能作用。     

铅芯橡胶支座参数变化对大跨空间网架水平隔震效果的影响

提出在上部空间网架结构和下部支撑结构之间应用铅芯橡胶支座设置水平隔震层,可以有效地减小空间网架结构的水平地震响应。采用非线性时程分析方法计算了某大跨空间网架结构采用铅芯橡胶支座水平隔震前后的地震响应,研究了铅芯橡胶支座对网架结构水平隔震效果的主要影响参数,并详细分析了铅芯橡胶支座屈服力、屈服前刚度和屈服前后刚度比等三种设计参数的变化对水平隔震效果的影响规律,在此基础上给出了网架结构的水平隔震设计建议。     

考虑支座转角的地基不均匀沉降基础隔震结构地震响应分析∗

地基不均匀沉降可能会引起沉降范围内部分隔震支座发生转动,造成隔震层刚度发生变化,进而导致上部结构地震损伤和失效风险增大。针对地基不均匀沉降条件下基础隔震结构地震响应研究,现有成果大都通过施加平动位移进行模拟,并未考虑隔震支座转角的不利影响。为了研究地基不均匀沉降条件下基础隔震结构支座可能出现的转动及其对整体结构地震响应特征影响规律,首先以隔震支座为对象,研究了支座转动变形与叠层橡胶隔震支座水平刚度变化关系,建立了叠层橡胶隔震支座转角与水平刚度变化关系函数;在此基础上系统研究了地基不均匀沉降条件下整体基础隔震结构响应特征,以及基础结构的减震系数变化规律,以期揭示地基不均匀沉降对基础隔震结构地震响应影响机理。结果表明：隔震支座转角变形会引起隔震结构体系地震响应发生显著变化,随着隔震支座转角增大,隔震层水平刚度增大的同时隔震结构体系变形能力减弱,进而造成上部结构加速度响应增大,位移响应减小,导致基础隔震结构水平减震系数增大,减震效果低于预期;当转角接近π/2 时,隔震支座将丧失降低上部结构地震响应的作用,原隔震结构将退化为抗震结构;对于存在地基不均匀沉降的基础隔震结构,应及时采取必要措施控制地震响应,以防范上部结构发生倾覆。     

隔震建筑抗极罕遇地震能力与主要破坏模式分析∗

隔震措施可以使上部结构在罕遇地震下处于弹性或轻微弹塑性状态,从而有效保护设防烈度下结构地震安全。但是,由于地震发生、强度和特性的不确定性,在设计基准期内结构也可能遭受极罕遇地震的作用,基于"大震不倒"设计的隔震结构在罕遇地震及极罕遇地震作用下隔震支座变形和结构整体抗倾覆安全以及实现抗极罕遇地震的能力和代价需要特别研究。本文通过弹塑性时程分析,比较三种不同高度的隔震结构层间位移角、叠层橡胶隔震支座位移及结构倾覆力矩,分析结构在极罕遇地震下隔震层(也即叠层橡胶支座)位移超限和整体倾覆的主要失效模式。结果表明:极罕遇地震下,基于"大震不倒"设计的隔震结构支座位移可能会超出限值,层间位移角和结构倾覆力矩通常可以满足要求。隔震支座尺寸适当增大、相应极限变形能力提高,能够控制极罕遇地震下结构隔震层变形破坏,但上部结构隔震效果有所下降;适当减小上部结构高宽比能够控制极罕遇地震下隔震结构、尤其高层隔震结构的整体倾覆破坏。因此,兼顾安全性和经济性,有效增大隔震支座极限位移、适当减小高层隔震结构高宽比,实现隔震建筑抗极罕遇地震能力,是付出代价不大、经济适用的一条有效途径。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。