外源亚精胺对模拟干旱胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧水平和抗氧化系统的影响

以耐旱性不同的2个品种番茄('粉802'和'皇冠')为试材,采用营养液栽培,研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟的干旱胁迫下喷施外源哑精胺(Spd)对番茄幼苗活性氧(ROS)水平和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,喷施0.1 mmol L-1Spd降低了7.5%PEG胁迫下2个品种番茄幼苗叶中超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2,)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升,增加了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)以及AsA-GSH循环中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,提高了抗氧化物质抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,对单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性没有影响.耐旱性较强的‘毛粉802'幼苗叶中抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂升高幅度明显大于耐旱性较弱的‘皇冠',ROS积累速度和膜脂过氧化程度相对较低,喷施Spd处理对‘皇冠'效果更为明显.这表明外源Spd通过减少干旱胁迫下番茄幼苗体内ROS的产生,提高植株体内抗氧化系统中抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量和降低膜脂过氧化水平,起到缓解干旱胁迫对番茄幼苗伤害的作用,增强幼苗对干旱逆境的适应性.图4参32     

低氧胁迫下苹果砧木根系的膜脂过氧化作用及其抗氧化机理

采用营养液水培的方法,以苹果砧木平邑甜茶(Malus hupenensis Rehd.)和变叶海棠(Malus toringoides Rehd.)为试材,研究了低氧胁迫下两种苹果砧木根系的膜脂过氧化作用及其抗氧化系统的响应.结果表明,低氧胁迫下苹果砧木根系超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率和过氧化氢(H,0,)含量增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,且随时间延长旱快一慢一快的变化趋势.同时根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性增加,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性前期有所提高而后期降低并低于对照,抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及抗坏血酸/脱氢抗坏血酸(AsA/DHA)和还原性谷胱甘肽/氧化性谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSsG)比值在胁迫早期增加而后逐渐减少,中期和后期低于同期对照.变叶海棠根系细胞膜受到的氧化伤害大于平邑甜茶,其抗氧化系统的防御能力也弱于后者.说明低氧胁迫下苹果砧木根系活性氧(ROS)积累,细胞膜脂质过氧化加重,植株根系的抗氧化防御系统能在一定程度上减轻低氧胁迫所造成的膜伤害,但当胁迫持续加重时,植株将受到更大的氧化伤害.     

外源NO对冷害胁迫下酸枣种子萌发和幼苗叶片AsA-GSH的影响

通过人工室内模拟冷害逆境胁迫,采用外源0.1、0.2、0.5 mmol/L一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(硝普钠,SNP)和0.5 mmol/L NO合成酶抑制剂(L-NAME)、硝酸还原酶非专一性抑制剂(NaN3)及NO清除剂(cPTIO)对酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill)种子和幼苗叶片进行处理,研究其对冷害胁迫下酸枣种子发芽特性和幼苗抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环系统的影响,为外源NO在未来酸枣抗逆生产中的广泛应用提供理论基础.结果表明:4℃冷害胁迫下,酸枣种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,在施加不同浓度的SNP后能显著增加冷害逆境下酸枣种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,降低幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,同时使脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和抗氧化酶活性[抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)]显著升高.上述表明外源NO可缓解冷害胁迫对酸枣种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用,且以0.5 mmol/L SNP对冷害逆境的缓解效果最佳,而采用NO清除剂和两种合成抑制剂处理明显减弱NO缓解冷害胁迫的效果.(图7表2参41)     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系

逆境条件下植物体内产生并累积活性氧从而破坏植物组织结构与功能,同时植物也可以通过改变活性氧代谢相关酶活性清除活性氧而减轻活性氧伤害以适应环境胁迫。为研究铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种(Triticum aestivum L.)在活性氧代谢上的差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系,本试验选用小麦品种ET8(耐铝型)、ES8(铝敏感型)为试验材料研究了不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢变化上的差异。结果表明,50μmol·L-1铝处理24h,ET8和ES8活性氧含量显著升高,O2·ˉ产生速率增幅分别为10.5%和20.4%,H2O2含量增幅分别为3.3%和7.6%。ET8和ES8超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增幅分别为11.9%和41.6%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增幅为51.8%和77.8%,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增幅为54.4%和29.1%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增幅为32.9%和38.4%,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性增幅为83.1%和85.5%。虽然抗氧化酶活性增加后会清除一部分活性氧,但活性氧的累积仍然造成了膜脂的过氧化,ET8和ES8丙二醛(MDA)含量分别增加18.2%和50.0%,质膜透性也随着MDA含量的升高而增加,增幅分别为1.25倍和1.36倍。综上所述,不同耐铝品种间活性氧代谢的差异是小麦品种耐铝性差异显著的原因之一。     

槲皮黄素-3-α-阿拉伯糖苷胁迫下内生真菌对木麻黄幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响北大核心CSCD

采用水培方式研究不同浓度化感物质槲皮黄素-3-α-阿拉伯糖苷（Q3A）胁迫对感染（EI）和未感染（EF）内生真菌的木麻黄幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响.结果显示：不同浓度Q3A胁迫下,感染内生真菌能够有限缓解化感物质的胁迫,在中轻度胁迫（50、25、12.5 mg/L）下有明显的效果,表现在与木麻黄EF相比,木麻黄EI根系生物量、根系总长、根表面积显著增加;根系活力显著提升,根系渗透调节物质除可溶性蛋白含量显著增加外,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量显著降低;根系抗氧化系统除谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GPX）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量均能显著增强;过氧化氢（H2O2）、羟自由基（OH·）含量、超氧阴离子（O2^-）产生速率和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量也显著降低;内生真菌缓解化感物质胁迫的有效浓度与木麻黄根系能够耐受的化感物质胁迫浓度存在一定相似性.上述研究表明内生真菌能在一定条件下缓解不同浓度化感物质槲皮黄素-3-α-阿拉伯糖苷胁迫对木麻黄幼苗根系生长的抑制和氧化损伤,提升木麻黄根系的抗逆性,在木麻黄根系适应化感胁迫的调节中起关键作用.     

槲皮黄素-3-α-阿拉伯糖苷胁迫下内生真菌对木麻黄幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

采用水培方式研究不同浓度化感物质槲皮黄素-3-α-阿拉伯糖苷(Q3A)胁迫对感染(EI)和未感染(EF)内生真菌的木麻黄幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响.结果显示:不同浓度Q3A胁迫下,感染内生真菌能够有限缓解化感物质的胁迫,在中轻度胁迫(50、25、12.5 mg/L)下有明显的效果,表现在与木麻黄EF相比,木麻黄EI根系生物量、根系总长、根表面积显著增加;根系活力显著提升,根系渗透调节物质除可溶性蛋白含量显著增加外,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量显著降低;根系抗氧化系统除谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、还原型抗坏血酸(As A)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均能显著增强;过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、羟自由基(OH·)含量、超氧阴离子(O_2~-)产生速率和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量也显著降低;内生真菌缓解化感物质胁迫的有效浓度与木麻黄根系能够耐受的化感物质胁迫浓度存在一定相似性.上述研究表明内生真菌能在一定条件下缓解不同浓度化感物质槲皮黄素-3-α-阿拉伯糖苷胁迫对木麻黄幼苗根系生长的抑制和氧化损伤,提升木麻黄根系的抗逆性,在木麻黄根系适应化感胁迫的调节中起关键作用.     

O3浓度升高对不同生长期冬小麦叶片抗氧化系统的影响

由于人口的快速增长,人类活动导致近地层O3浓度不断提高,O3浓度升高将对植物、动物和人体健康产生极大的危害.采用开顶式气室(OTC)原位实验方法,研究O3浓度升高对不同生长期冬小麦叶片抗氧化系统的影响,进而分析O3对植物的伤害机制.结果表明,O3浓度升高可导致冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶...     

双酚A对青岛大扁藻的干扰效应

为了探讨双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)对海洋微藻的生态毒性效应,实验选择了以青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica)作为受试物种,设置6个实验浓度(即0、2、4、6、8、10 mg·L-1)对微藻进行了96 h暴露处理,测定了不同浓度暴露下对青岛大扁藻的生长以及抗氧化系统酶活性等指标。研究结果表明,BPA对青岛大扁藻的96h-EC50为9.32 mg·L-1,属高毒类污染物。青岛大扁藻经过BPA暴露处理后,细胞密度下降,细胞色素含量降低,并且呈现明显的剂量-效应关系;细胞抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均受到干扰。     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系

逆境条件下植物体内产生并累积活性氧从而破坏植物组织结构与功能,同时植物也可以通过改变活性氧代谢相关酶活性清除活性氧而减轻活性氧伤害以适应环境胁迫。为研究铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种（TriticumaestivumL．）在活性氧代谢上的差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系,本试验选用小麦品种ET8（耐铝型）、ES8（铝敏感型）为试验材料研究了不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢变化上的差异。结果表明,50μmol·L-1铝处理24h,ET8和ES8活性氧含量显著升高,O2产生速率增幅分别为10．5％和20．4％,H202含量增幅分别为3．3％和7．6％。ET8和ES8超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增幅分别为11．9％和41．6％,过氧化物酶（POD）活性增幅为51．8％和77．8％,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性增幅为54．4％和29．1％,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增幅为32．9％和38．4％,谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性增幅为83．1％和85．5％。虽然抗氧化酶活性增加后会清除一部分活性氧,但活性氧的累积仍然造成了膜脂的过氧化,ET8和ES8丙二醛（MDA）含量分别增加18．2％和50．0％,质膜透性也随着MDA含量的升高而增加,增幅分别为1．25倍和1．36倍。综上所述,不同耐铝品种间活性氧代谢的差异是小麦品种耐铝性差异显著的原因之一。     

Zn2+胁迫及恢复下番茄幼苗根系中抗氧化系统的动态变化

通过温室水培试验,研究1.0×10-4mol/LZn2 胁迫及解除胁迫对番茄(Lycopersicom esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系中抗氧化系统的动态变化.结果表明,胁迫条件下,番茄根系丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白质含量增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD,EC1.15.1.1),过氧化氢酶(CAT,EC1.11.1.6)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX,EC1.11.1.9)活性上升,而过氧化物酶(POD,EC1.11.1.7)活性下降;AsA-GSH循环代谢受影响;抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX,EC1.11.1.11)活性在胁迫d1、d3上升,随后下降,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR,EC1.6.4.2)活性在胁迫1~5d时下降,随后上升;抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量上升.解除胁迫后,根系中MDA和蛋白质含量随时间延长逐渐减少,接近对照;POD和APX活性增加,而SOD、CAT和GR活性及GSH含量先升高,随后减少;GPX活性和AsA含量却降低;恢复后根系中抗氧化物水平仍然高于对照.依据实验结果,文中讨论了胁迫及恢复过程中植物AsA-GSH循环代谢的作用.图3参16     

The effect of oxytetracycline on physiological and enzymatic defense responses in aquatic plant species Egeria densa,Azolla caroliniana,and Taxiphyllum barbieri

Oxytetracycline is an antibiotic widely employed in aquaculture to control and treat bacterial diseases of fish. Due to ineffective wastewater treatment, antibiotic residues from fish ponds are directly released into surface and groundwater affecting the environment. The Green Liver System® is a sustainable and cost-effective water treatment based on the ability of aquatic plants to biotransformation xenobiotics. To expand the application range of this system, Egeria densa, Azolla caroliniana, and Taxiphyllum barbieri were tested in response to oxytetracycline exposure. The aquatic plants were exposed to 0.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 25 μg/L oxytetracycline (n = 4) for 24 h in order to analyze the physiological responses (photosynthetic pigment contents and hydrogen peroxide formation -- H₂O₂), the biotransformation process (activity of glutathione S-transferase), and the antioxidant defense (glutathione reductase; peroxidase; and catalase) responses. There were no statistical differences in the photosynthetic pigment contents and H₂O₂ level between the treatment and control groups in the three aquatic plant species. It can be concluded that oxytetracycline does not provoke physiological damage to the tested species within 24 h of exposure. Nevertheless, the antioxidant defense mechanism was activated. Peroxidase and catalase were the most prominent antioxidant enzymes in the three plant species, whereas glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased in A. caroliniana and T. barbieri.     

双酚A对紫背浮萍生长和光合色素及抗氧化系统影响

以紫背浮萍为实验对象,探究双酚A(bsiphenol A, BPA)对其生长、光合色素含量、抗氧化系统和渗透压调节物质的影响。结果表明,不同浓度(0、1、5、20和50 mg·L~(-1))BPA连续暴露7 d后,与对照组相比,随暴露浓度升高,紫背浮萍湿重和叶绿素含量呈现先显著增加后降低的趋势;暴露组过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量和抗超氧阴离子自由基活性显著降低;丙二醛(MDA)含量在20和50 mg·L~(-1)组显著升高;暴露组抗氧化酶活性包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均低于对照组;谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在高浓度组显著升高,20 mg·L~(-1)组可溶性糖含量显著升高,可溶性蛋白含量在中高浓度组显著增加。研究表明,中低浓度BPA会提高紫背浮萍光合色素含量,有机物积累增多,促进其生长;但随BPA浓度不断升高,紫背浮萍体内产生氧化损伤,抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素含量降低,生长受到抑制。本研究结果将为BPA污染控制及对水生植物生态毒性效应评价提供理论基础。     

Salinity stress and hydrogen peroxide regulation of antioxidant defense system in Ulva fasciata

The regulation of antioxidant defense system in macroalgae exposed to salinity stress was examined in Ulva fasciata Delile. As compared to the 30‰ control, a long-term (4 days) exposure to hyposaline (5, 15‰) and hypersaline (60, 90, 120, 150‰) conditions inhibited growth rate and TTC reduction ability. A decrease in maximum quantum efficiency (F _v/F _m ratio) and the maintenance of superoxide dismutase activity under salinity stress indicate the potential generation of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts. An exposure to 15, 60, and 90‰ decreased seawater H₂O₂ contents but increased thallus H₂O₂ contents that are positively correlated with TBARS and peroxide contents. Alleviation of oxidative damage and H₂O₂ accumulation at 15 and 90‰ by a H₂O₂ scavenger, dimethylthiourea, suggests that oxidative damage occurring under moderate hyposaline and hypersaline conditions is ascribed to accumulated H₂O₂. Increased glutathione reductase activity and glutathione content and decreased ascorbate content are responsible for accumulated H₂O₂ at 15, 60, and 90‰, while ascorbate peroxidase activity increased only at salinity ≥ 90‰. Catalase and peroxidase activities also increased at 60 and 90‰ for H₂O₂ removal, but only catalase showed activity increase at 15‰. For the regeneration of ascorbate, the activities of both dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase were increased at 5 and 15‰ while only monodehydroascorbate reductase activity increased at 60 and 90‰. It is hypothesized that the availability of antioxidants and the activities of antioxidant enzymes are increased in U. fasciata to cope with the oxidative stress occurring in hyposaline and hypersaline conditions.     

Effects of vanadate supply on plant growth, Cu accumulation, and antioxidant capacities in Triticum aestivum L.

The effects of normal vanadate (V) supply (40 μM) on copper (Cu) accumulation, plant growth and reduction in Cu toxicity in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated. The results showed Cu accumulation (mg g^?1 dw) in the applied V treatment was about 10.2 % in shoots and 16.7 % in roots higher up on exposure to excess Cu (300 μM) than that observed only in excess Cu plants. Compared with the treatment of the normal concentration used in Hoagland’s culture solution Cu (0.6 μM), excess Cu significantly induced lipid peroxidation indicated by accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (MDA). The seedlings showed apparent symptoms of Cu toxicity and plant growth were significantly inhibited by excess Cu. The applied V significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in roots caused by excess Cu and inhibited the appearance of Cu toxicity symptoms. Moreover, the applied V effectively improved the antioxidant defense system to alleviate the oxidative damage induced by Cu. Although the addition of V could promote superoxide dismutase in both shoots and roots to reduce superoxide radicals, peroxidase and catalase in shoots and ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase in roots were major enzymes to eliminate H₂O₂ in wheat seedlings.     

Screening of endogenous antioxidants in some medicinal plants

The evaluation of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant metabolites was done in leaf tissues of Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Mangifera indica, and Syzygium cumini growing in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India. The plants are naturally exposed to drought stress and high temperatures during summer. Enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms in plants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants including the carotenoids, proline, and vitamin C were studied. The strategies to cope up with ROS under these extreme conditions are plant-specific. The highest activity of APX was found in M. indica (13.6?±?2.4?units?g^?1 fresh wt.). A. indica exhibited maximum guaiacol peroxidase activity (0.024?±?0.006?units?min?g^?1 fresh wt.), while S. cumini showed maximum SOD (12.5?±?2.3?units?g^?1 fresh wt.) and catalase activities (6.9?±?2.2?units?g^?1 fresh wt.). M. indica and S. cumini have been found to be more potent antioxidant systems among the studied plants.     

Beurteilung des Ozonrisikos für die Waldregionen Bayerns am Beispiel des Jahres 2002 und des Extremtrockenjahres 2003 auf der Basis der externen Ozonexposition und der internen Ozonaufnahme

Background, aim, and scope Increasing background concentrations of ground-level tropospheric ozone and more frequent and prolonged summer drought incidences due to climate change are supposed to increase the stress on Bavarian forests. For such scenarios growth reduction and yield losses are predicted. Sustainable forest management in Bavaria aims to significantly increase the proportion of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) because of its broad ecological amplitude. In our regional study different approaches for calculating ozone impact were used to estimate the risks for Bavarian forests in the average climatic, rather moist year 2002 and the extremely dry year 2003.Materials and methods Measurements were conducted for eleven forest ecosystem sites and two forest research sites representing typical Bavarian forest stands under different climatic conditions and situated in different altitudes. For risk assessment currently used approaches were applied either based on the calculation of the cumulative ozone exposure (external dose; MPOC maximal permitted ozone concentration; critical level AOT40_phen? accumulated ozone exposure over a threshold of 40 nl [O₃] l^–1, for the effective phenolgy of beech) or based on the calculation of the phytomedically relevant ozone flux into the stomata (internal dose, critical level AF_st>1,6, accumulated stomatal flux above a flux threshold of 1.6 nmol O₃?m^–2 PLA; PLA = projected leaf area). For calculations continuously recorded ozone concentrations and meteorological and phenological data from nearby rural open field background measuring stations from the national air pollution control and from forested sites were used. Additionally ozone induced leaf symptoms were assessed.Results The exposure-based indices AOT40_phen and MPOC as well as the flux-based index AF_st>1.6suggest that Bavarian forests are at risk from O₃ during a rather moist average year concerning climate conditions (2002) as well as in an extreme dry year (2003). Thus, growth reductions of 5?% are predicted when thresholds are exceeded. Threshold exceedance occurred in both years at all plots, mostly already at the beginning of the growing season and often even many times over. Ozone induced leaf symptoms could be detected only on a few plots in a very slight occurrence.Discussion The results for the applied critical level indices differed depending on climatic conditions during the growing seasons: Regarding exposure-based indices, the highest degree of threshold exceedance occurred in the dry year of 2003 at all plots; the flux-based approach indicated the highest stomatal ozone uptake and thus an increased risk at moist sites or during humid years, whereas the risk was decreasing at dry sites with prolonged water limitation. Hence, soil and accordingly plant water availability was the decisive factor for the flux-modelled internal ozone uptake via stomata. Drought and increased ozone impact can generate synergistic, but also antagonistic effects for forest trees. At water limited rather dry forest sites restricted transpiration and thus production, but concurrently lower ozone uptake and reduced risk for damage can be expected.Conclusions, recommendations, and perspectives For realistic site-specific risk assessment in forest stands the determination of the internal ozone dose via modeling flux based internal stomatal ozone uptake is more appropriate than the calculation of the external ozone dose. The predicted 5?% growth reductions are in discrepancy with the frequently observed increment increase during the last decades in forest stands. Comprehensive and significant statistical verification for ozone induced forest growth reduction as well as the systematic validation of thresholds for ozone in the field is still lacking. However, a multiplicity of different specific new and retrospective growth analysis data should allow closing the gap. Moreover, the determination of canopy transpiration with sap flow measurements is a novel approach to provide cause-effect related, site specific results for the effective internal ozone dose as well as for canopy water supply and consecutively for regional risk estimation. A further future objective is the refinement of O₃ flux modelling by further consideration of soil/water budget characteristics and the above mentioned improved estimations of crown and canopy transpiration. Further, the introduction of threshold ranges for forest trees in view of their specific regional climatic conditions and their validation in real forest stands is necessary for developing meaningful ozone risk predictions for forests.     

Antioxidant responses in the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis (Nereididae) exposed to the carbon nanomaterial fullerene (C60)

The objective of this study was to analyse biochemical responses induced by the carbon nanomaterial fullerene (C₆₀) in the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis (Nereididae). The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), as well as total antioxidant capacity, concentration of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (TBARS), were analysed. Estuarine worms were maintained in sediments collected at an unpolluted site and spiked with fullerene (3 mg C₆₀·g^?1 sediment). A control group was run in parallel. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of sediment and fullerene indicated that the size of the carbon nanomaterial should enable it to be ingested by the polychaete. No evidence of oxidative damage (TBARS) was observed in any of the treatments, and the same was true for GSH and GCL measurements (p>0.05). Total antioxidant capacity was higher in the C₆₀ group after 2 and 7 d when compared with the control group (p<0.05), suggesting that fullerene is acting as an antioxidant. The fact that P. gualpensis is an infaunal organism diminishes the chance of fullerene photoexcitation with consequent reactive oxygen species production. Thus, the data indicated an absence of toxic responses mediated by oxidative stress in estuarine worms exposed to C₆₀ mixed in sediments.     

铅与纳米SiO2联合染毒对A549细胞氧化损伤的影响

为了研究铅与纳米SiO2联合染毒所致的细胞损伤特征,并从氧化应激方面探讨其可能的作用机制。用铅和SiO2处理A549细胞,采用四唑盐(MTT)比色法检测细胞存活率,评价铅和SiO2联合染毒所致的细胞损伤特征;采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)比色法检测细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量,评价铅与SiO2联合染毒所致细胞的氧化应激状态;检测了细胞内抗氧化物还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及细胞内抗氧化酶的活性,以评价铅与SiO2联合染毒对细胞抗氧化系统的影响。将实验数据进行ANOVA分析。结果表明,铅、SiO2单独染毒组各指标没有明显改变;而联合染毒能造成细胞氧化损伤,表现为细胞存活率、GSH水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著低于对照组及2个单独染毒组(P<0.05),细胞内MDA含量显著高于对照组及各单独染毒组(P<0.05)。可见,联合染毒可引起明显的细胞毒性,氧化损伤可能是铅与SiO联合染毒致肺细胞毒性损伤的作用机制之一。