三种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的降解及吸附特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了氟胺磺隆、氯吡嘧磺隆和磺酰磺隆3种磺酰脲类除草剂在5种不同种类土壤(江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土、南京黄棕壤、陕西潮土)中的降解及吸附特性.结果表明,这3种磺酰脲类除草剂在这5种不同土壤中的降解速率均比较快,且降解过程均遵循一级动力学方程,土壤pH值是影响土壤降解速率的主要因素.3种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的吸附均符合Frendlich模型,且具有较低的吸附容量.3种磺酰脲类除草剂在不同土壤中的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ.mol-1,吸附主要以物理吸附为主,吸附常数随土壤pH值的增大而逐渐减小.     

环丙沙星在亚高山草甸土和沼泽土中的吸附特性

为了研究环丙沙星（Ciprfloxacin,CIP）在土壤中的吸附过程及主要影响因素,以川西北高原亚高山草甸土和沼泽土为研究对象,采用OECD guideline 106批平衡方法,分析了亚高山草甸土和沼泽土对CIP的吸附动力学特征、吸附热力学特征以及pH、温度、CIP初始浓度等对其吸附过程的影响.结果表明:①不同初始浓度CIP在两种土壤中的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学模型,R2为0.920 2~0.988 6.②Freundlich等温吸附模型能够较好地拟合两种土壤对CIP的吸附热力学过程,吸附等温线符合“L”型.③在15~35℃范围内,吸附热力学参数ΔHθ（吉布斯自由能）和ΔGθ（焓变）均小于0,ΔSθ（熵变）大于0,表明两种土壤对CIP的吸附过程以物理吸附为主,属于吸附体系混乱度增加的自发进行的放热反应.④吸附容量lg K_f满足沼泽土大于亚高山草甸土,说明沼泽土对CIP的吸附能力强于亚高山草甸土,且两种土壤的吸附能力与CIP的初始浓度呈正相关.⑤在pH为3~9条件下,吸附量均随pH的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,当pH为5时,两种土壤对CIP的吸附效果均最好,表明强酸和碱性环境均不利于土壤对CIP的吸附.研究显示,CIP在两种土壤中的吸附容量、吸附强度以及吸附速率均存在较大差异,温度、CIP的初始浓度和pH对两种土壤吸附CIP存在一定影响.      

两种铁氧化物对土壤有效态汞的吸附作用研究

利用氧化物对土壤中汞的吸附特性,研究了汞污染土壤中添加铁锰和铁铝复合氧化物对土壤汞有效性的影响.结果表明,在土壤中添加氧化物后,土壤中有效态汞的含量明显降低,在相同添加量下铁铝复合氧化物比铁锰复合氧化物的吸附效果好.14 d时间内,添加铁铝氧化物后,两种土壤中有效态汞的含量分别降低了94.60%和93.11%;添加铁锰氧化物后,两种土样中有效态汞的含量分别降低了88.69%和87.85%,可见两种氧化物是土壤中有效态汞的有效吸附剂.通过方程拟合研究了氧化物对土壤中有效态汞吸附的规律,其中,铁铝氧化物对土壤中有效态汞的吸附规律以Elovich方程和权函数方程拟合度较好,铁锰氧化对土壤中有效态汞的吸附规律以Elovich方程拟合效果最好,零级速率方程及指数方程的拟合效果则相对较差.     

多氯联苯在土壤中的吸附行为

对多氯联苯在多组分体系中的吸附行为进行了初步研究, 考察了多氯联苯在土壤中的 吸附动力学及在5种不同性质土壤中的吸附行为.结果表明,多氯联苯在5种土壤上的吸附等温 线无法用线性、Freundlich或Langmuir中的一个方程来描述,而本实验建立的组合模型可以 很好地反映多氯联苯在各种土壤中的吸附行为,其数据拟合结果明显优于其他3种模型.多氯 联苯在土壤中的吸附分为两个部分,一部分是线性吸附,另一部分是Langmuir非线性吸附.随 着土壤有机碳含量的增加, 非线性吸附愈明显.     

纳米铁锰氧化物对钒的吸附特性研究

为寻求处理土壤和地下水钒污染的吸附剂,采用模拟实验,开展了纳米铁锰氧化物(MnFe_2O_4)对五价钒(V~(5+))的吸附特征研究,分析了纳米铁锰氧化物浓度、pH值、时间、温度和初始钒浓度等因素对MnFe_2O_4吸附V~(5+)的影响,以揭示纳米铁锰氧化物的吸附动力学及热力学等特征,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)等表征方法分析了纳米铁锰氧化物吸附V~(5+)的机理.结果表明,在初始钒溶液为100 mg·L~(-1),MnFe_2O_4加入量为0.1 g,pH=4,温度为25℃的条件下,吸附过程在24 h达到平衡,且此条件下有最大吸附值和吸附率,分别为15.14 mg·g~(-1)和60.54%.纳米铁锰氧化物吸附钒的动力学过程符合伪二级动力学模型,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型.热力学研究表明,升高温度有利于吸附,吸附过程为吸热过程.由扫描电镜结果可知,纳米铁锰氧化物有较大的比表面积,可提供较多的活性位点.因此,纳米铁锰氧化物可作为一种吸附材料用于钒污染废水处理.     

除草剂草甘膦在土壤中的吸附行为

研究了除草剂草甘膦在3种土壤中的吸附行为, 观察了pH和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响. 结果表明:草甘膦在3种土壤中的吸附过程均符合一级动力学规律, 吸附等温线均为直线,吸附常数K_d 2.2207～3.5280mL/g; 随着离子强度的降低, 草甘膦在3种土壤中的吸附量明显增大; 随着pH(9～3)逐渐减小, 草甘膦在呼和浩特特市土壤和东胜土壤中的吸附量增大, 在杭锦2号土中的吸附量先增大, 在pH=7时达到最大值, pH=5时开始下降, 下降到4时的吸附量与pH=9时的相等.     

铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附作用研究

铁铝氧化物是土壤的重要组分之一,其对土壤中有机无机组分的迁移具有重要影响.本文以枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌为研究对象,通过批吸附实验和DLVO理论,探究铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附作用及其作用机制.结果表明,铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附随着平衡浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程可用Langmuir方程拟合.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3717.43和2792.29 mg·g~(-1),铁铝3∶1复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3455.58和2760.33 mg·g~(-1).随着pH值的增大,两种铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均呈下降趋势.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均大于铁铝3∶1复合氧化物.静电吸引力是铁铝复合氧化物与细菌之间相互作用的主要因素之一.     

锑矿冶炼区周边土壤吸附Sb (V)的行为研究

本文通过吸附平衡和动力学实验方法对Sb（V）在锑矿冶炼区周边土壤表面开展吸附行为研究,用常用的等温吸附模型和动力学吸附模型分别对等温吸附曲线和动力学吸附曲线进行拟合。结果表明：Langmuir与Freundlich模型对荒地土和林地土吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的等温吸附曲线均有较好的拟合效果,拟合系数R²0.988。荒地土对Sb（Ⅴ）的吸附能力大于林地土,其吸附量是林地土的2.9±0.2倍,这与Langmuir模型预测的该两种土壤的吸附倍数相当,荒地土表现出强烈吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的能力,尤其在锑浓度较高的体系中更为明显。结合土壤基本理化性质及矿物学特征,认为土壤秥粒、铁矿物和碳酸钙是影响土壤吸附Sb（V）的主要因素。有机质对土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）有一定促进作用,但这种影响只表现在Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度低的条件下;而在Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度高的条件下,有机质对土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的影响不明显。土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的过程分为快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段,快速反应发生在70 min以内。初始浓度低（0.01 mmol/L）的条件下,Elovich方程能够很好地拟合荒地土和林地土吸附Sb（V）的动态曲线;初始浓度高（2 mmol/L）的条件下,双常数方程对荒地土吸附Sb（V）的拟合效果较好,拟一级动力学方程和拟二级动力学方程则适用于拟合林地土吸附Sb（V）的过程。     

我国18种不同理化性质的土壤对硒酸盐的吸附解吸作用研究

硒在土壤中的环境化学行为及其生物有效性在很大程度受到吸附解吸作用的影响,土壤对硒的吸附解吸因为土壤理化性质的不同差异很大.本文采用批量吸附实验,选择土壤性质差异较大的我国18种农田土壤,探讨了土壤p H、无定形铁铝氧化物、有机质和机械组成等对SeO_4~(2-)吸附的影响.结果表明,18种土壤对SeO_4~(2-)的吸附均是一个先快后慢的过程,在24 h达到吸附平衡;二级动力学方程为描述SeO_4~(2-)吸附的最佳模型(R20.976),18种土壤对SeO_4~(2-)吸附大多符合Freundlich模型(R20.842);土壤对SeO_4~(2-)吸附量与p H值(P0.01)、碳酸盐含量(P0.05)呈显著负相关,而与无定型铁、铝含量(P0.01)及有机质含量(P0.05)呈正相关;18种土壤对SeO_4~(2-)吸附的固液分配系数(Kd值)均很低(0.99~18.18 L·kg~(-1));土壤SeO_4~(2-)解吸率均大于80%,表明吸附是可逆的;土壤吸附SeO_4~(2-)的低Kd值和高解吸率反映了硒酸盐易迁移淋溶的特性,这应当在区域环境硒的评价和调控中受到关注.     

两种木材生物炭对铜离子的吸附特性及其机制

为探索高效利用废弃生物质资源制备生物炭去除水体和土壤中Cu~(2+)污染的可行性,本文以常见的农林废弃物苹果树枝和梧桐木锯末为原料,采用450℃限氧热裂解法制备生物炭,通过两种生物炭对Cu~(2+)的批量吸附试验,利用4种等温吸附模型(Langmuir、Freundlich模型、Temkim、D-R模型)和4种吸附动力学模型(准一级动力学、准二级动力学、Elovich模型、颗粒内扩散模型)研究了苹果枝和锯末生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附行为.同时,使用FTIR红外、SEM和BET比表面积及孔径分析等技术表征了生物炭的理化性质,研究了两种生物炭对Cu~(2+)吸附机制,分析了两种生物炭之间的吸附特性差异及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)苹果枝生物炭在3 h达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量为15.85 mg·g~(-1),锯末生物炭在6h达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量为17.44 mg·g~(-1),与其他研究相比,这两种生物炭体现了较高的Cu~(2+)吸附性能;(2)两种生物炭对Cu~(2+)的热力学吸附均较好地符合Langmuir模型,表明吸附过程主要是近似单分子层的有益吸附;动力学吸附均符合准二级吸附动力学模型,表明其对Cu~(2+)的吸附包括表面吸附、颗粒内扩散和液膜扩散等多种过程;(3)吸附机制主要包括静电吸附,配体(酚羟基)/离子(H+)交换和阳离子—π键作用.     

Adsorption and correlation with their thermodynamic properties of triazine herbicides on soils

IntroductionAdsorptionofherbicidesonsoilfromwaterisanimportantfactoraffectingtheirfate,biologicalactivity,andpersistenceinsoil watersystem .Itisoftenaffectedbyseveralpropertiesofsoil.Betterunderstandingofadsorptionanditsaffectingfactorswillmakeitpossibletoadjusttheherbicidedosageaccordingtosoilproperties,thusreducingtheenvironmentalpollutionofherbicidesintheenvironment.Fig .1　StructuresofthreetriazineherbicidesAmongthepost emergentherbicides,triazineherbicidesaremostcommonlyusedworldwideonco…     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components Ⅲ. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca2 + -, Mg2 + -. Al3 + -and Fe3 + -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor ＞ acetolachlor ＞ alachlor ＞ propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg2+ ＜ Ca2+ ＜ Al3+ ≤ Fe3+ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.     

Adsorption kinetics of the herbicide safeners, benoxacor and furilazole, to activated carbon and agricultural soils

Chloroacetamide herbicides, namely acetochlor and metolachlor, are common herbicides used on corn and soybean fields. Dichloroacetamide safeners, namely benoxacor and furilazole, are commonly used in formulations containing chloroacetamide herbicides. Extensive reports on adsorption of chloroacetamide herbicides are available, yet little information exists regarding adsorption potential of co-applied safeners. Herein, the adsorption and desorption characteristics of selected herbicide safeners to granular activated carbon (GAC) and in agricultural soils are reported. Further, soil column studies were performed to understand the leaching behaviour of the herbicide Dual II Magnum. Equilibrium sorption experiments of safeners to three agricultural soils and one GAC showed that adsorption was best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm. The Freundlich adsorption constant, K_f, for benoxacor and furilazole sorption onto three agricultural soils ranged from 0.1 to 0.27 and 0.1 to 0.13 (mg/g) × (mg/L)?(1/n), respectively. The K_f for benoxacor and furilazole to GAC was 6.4 and 3.4 (mg/g) × (mg/L)?(1/n), respectively, suggesting more favorable sorption of benoxacor to GAC than furilazole to GAC. The sorption to soils was reversible as almost 40%–90% of both safeners was desorbed from three soils. These results were validated in four replicated soil column studies, where S-metolachlor was shown to leach similarly to the safener benoxacor, originating from the herbicide formulation. The leaching of S-metolachlor and benoxacor was influenced by soil texture. Cumulatively, these results show that safeners will move through the environment to surface waters similarly to the active ingredients in herbicides, but may be removed during drinking water treatment via GAC.     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components Ⅲ. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca²⁺-, Mg²⁺ -. Al³⁺ -and Fe³⁺ -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor ＞ acetolachlor ＞ alachlor ＞ propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg²⁺ ＜ Ca²⁺ ＜ Al³⁺ ≤ Fe³⁺ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.     

Zeta电位法研究除草剂在土壤胶体中的吸附

应用Zeta(ζ)电位法研究比较了扑草净和扑灭通在4种土壤胶体中的吸附.结果表明,当带有正电荷的除草剂在负电荷土壤表面吸附后,土壤表面的ζ电位有所增加,甚至使ζ电位从负转变成正.通过零电荷点计算得到除草剂和土壤之间的吸附常数和Gibbs自由能,并由经典的振荡平衡法得到相近结果.     

氧化铁改性沸石对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附性能及试验废物再利用研究

为解决天然沸石去除废水中Se（Ⅳ）能力低的问题,采用氯化铁对天然沸石进行改性,制备表面负载氧化铁的改性沸石,即氧化铁改性沸石,并将其应用于去除水体中Se（Ⅳ）.首先对比天然沸石和氧化铁改性沸石的结构特征,研究二者对Se（Ⅳ）溶液的吸附特性,并通过X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、X射线衍射图谱（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和氮气吸附孔径分布测试（BET）对二者进行表征;其次进行吸附试验,考虑接触时间、pH、吸附剂投加量、初始溶液反应浓度的影响,并通过天然沸石和氧化铁改性沸石的吸附动力学及吸附等温线对吸附的机理进行阐述.结果表明:①氧化铁改性沸石表面形成细碎的球状颗粒,分布在沸石的表面.②氧化铁改性沸石能够高效地吸附水体中的Se（Ⅳ）,且在pH为3时吸附效率最高,其对Se（Ⅳ）溶液的去除率最高达97.7%,其理论最大吸附量为46.901 mg/g.③氧化铁改性沸石对Se（Ⅳ）的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型.④添加负载Se（Ⅳ）后的氧化铁改性沸石土壤均达到富硒土壤标准（>0.4 mg/kg）.研究显示,氧化铁改性沸石吸附Se（Ⅳ）的效果较好,显著优于天然沸石的吸附效果,且吸附Se（Ⅳ）废水后的废弃氧化铁改性沸石还可应用于土壤改良方向.      

Cadmium adsorption in montmorillonite as affected by glyphosate

Behaviors of soil heavy metals are often affected by coexisting herbicides due to their physical and chemical interaction. Effect of glyphosate, an herbicide containing -PO~3- and -COOH groups, on cadmium adsorption in montmorillonite was studied in detail. The results showed that the cadmium adsorption quantity in montmorillonite increased with increasing soil solution pH and cadmium concentration as usual, but decreased with glyphosate, which is due to the formation of a low affinity complex of Cd and glyphosate and decreasing solution pH induced by glyphosate addition. When the equilibrium solution pH was below 6.7, glyphosate has little effect on cadmium adsorption, but when the equilibrium solution pH was above 6.7, glyphosate significantly decreased cadmium adsorption quantity in montmorillonite. In addition, the adding order of Cd and glyphosate also influenced Ccl adsorption quantity in montmorillonite.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb2+ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb2+ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agro- ecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb2+ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb2+. Of the...