建筑自动喷水灭火系统减少水渍损失的方法探讨

本文通过比较分析自动喷水灭火系统与消防射流灭火过程的水渍损失,将水渍损失分为必要水渍损失和非必要水渍损失,指出了减少建筑火灾水渍损失的关键在于自动喷水灭火系统的灭火效能和可靠性能否得到保证,同时进一步分析了影响自动喷水灭火系统灭火效能和可靠性的关键因素,提出了提高自动喷水灭火系统灭火效能和可靠性的几点方法。     

无水快速自动灭火装置问世

一种将航天技术的超音速技术成果应用于消防系统的无水快速自动灭火装置 ,日前在西安通过国家经贸委委托国家烟草专卖局组织的应用鉴定。鉴定委员会认为 ,这一系统技术含量高 ,属国内、国际首创。陕西兰德森茂消防科技有限公司研制的固定式燃气型超音速干粉自动灭火系统 ,应用固体火箭发动机原理研制成以干粉为灭火剂的先进消防装置。一旦接到火警信号 ,这种装置采用超音速燃气发生器产生高速射流 ,同时高速射流使干粉进一步细化 ,一般在干粉喷出的瞬间即可灭火 ,而且形成固相、气相混合的保护空间 ,可以控制火灾蔓延。与常规灭火技术产品相…     

某液化天然气接收站及码头消防安全系统分析

参考国内外相关标准规范对山东LNG接收站及码头防火设计和消防系统配置进行了系统研究,对消防水系统、高倍数泡沫灭火系统、干粉灭火系统和消防站等关键消防设施进行了重点论述。     

火灾自动报警系统的管理与维护

火灾自动报警系统是一种先进的消防技术设施,虽然价格高昂,但性能强大.用户在安装后,要加强管理和维护,使之在防火灭火中充分发挥作用.对其管理和维护应注意以下几个方面.     

气体灭火系统安全性比较与应用

气体灭火是以化学气体或惰性气体为组份的灭火剂,与探测报警系统相配合的自动灭火系统,用于扑灭固体、液体、气体和电气火灾。由于高效、快速、简洁方便,被越来越多的室内消防采用。目前,国内外常用的气体灭火剂有:CO2、FM-200、气溶胶、INERGEN等,由于种类繁多,环保安全等性能各异,价格不一,用户选择起来较困难。本文将对几类气体灭火剂的安全、环保性能进行比较,供用户参考使用。     

北山岭原油罐区消防水系统可靠性分析

《石油化工企业设计防火规范》和储罐消防喷淋设计的角度计算北山岭原油罐区消防用水总量、系统储水能力和储罐消防冷却喷淋强度,分析罐区目前消防储水系统的可靠性。     

基于“互联网+”的全民消防灭火救援机制构建

在全民消防的背景下,结合互联网普及率高、移动终端使用广泛的社会现状,以消防部门灭火救援工作为例,将"互联网+"模式与消防灭火救援工作相联系,从"全民救援"对接报警工作、出警途中救援工作、救援决策及经验总结工作以及后续火灾事故原因调查工作的促进作用方面,探讨了基于"互联网+"的全民消防灭火救援机制构建的必要性、可行性和方法,并对该机制的运行过程及主要作用进行了阐述。基于"互联网+"的全民消防灭火救援机制及工作模式也可以推广至其他应急救援工作中。     

电商冲击下的百货业态空间环境改造关键技术及消防安全疏散

在电商的冲击下,传统的大型百货商场面临着向大型商业购物中心体验业态转型升级的调整,但在改造过程中,如何进行空间调整、业态布局等,并合理解决由此带来的消防安全问题是传统百货能否转型成功的关键。以郑州万象城一期室内商业街改造项目为案例,对改造中的空间改造方法、商业业态布局要点、防火分区及安全疏散等问题进行了探讨,并对需要进行改造的消防系统进行了分析,如对给排水设计主要包括的消防用水量、室内消火栓系统、自动喷水灭火系统和暖通消防设计进行了实证分析,可为同类商业地产的百货业态空间改造方法及消防疏散问题提供参考与借鉴。     

高压细水雾系统在化工厂中央控制室的应用

根据国标对化工厂中央控制室的消防要求,通过对比常见的几种灭火方式,提出高压细水雾系统解决方案。研究分析超高大空间使用分区高压细水雾的可行性,比较细水雾几种系统构成的异同,确定在超高大空间采用区域应用细水雾系统最合适。分析系统设计应考虑的相关因素,确定了高压细水雾系统在中央控制室消防的消防方案。     

“119”宣传日声势大四平联化公安队专职队联合演练

20 0 0年 1 1月 9日上午 ,四平市铁东区消防二中队官兵与四平联合化工股份有限公司专职消防队在平东大路共同进行了一次大型消防演练。此次演练共设 7个科目 :(1 )消防战斗员接警、着装、出警 ;(2 )二节拉梯攀楼 ;(3)挂钩梯攀五层楼 ;(4)个人防护器材使用 ;(5 ) 32米登高车高层楼房灭火 ;(6 )家庭灭火表演 ;(7)灭火器材灭火表演。此次演习得到四平市和铁东区领导的高度重视 ,并亲自到现场观看演练。此次演练对提高市民消防意识、增强他们的灭火知识 ,防止火灾事故 ,起到了较好的宣传教育作用“119”宣传日声势大四平联化公安队专职队联合演…     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.