首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Three selected aspects of vehicle active safety are presented in this article: (a) modeling the driver and the driver–vehicle environment system, (b) the dynamic aspects of vehicle rollover, and (c) an analysis of the process of passing. Sample solutions and results show the need for further research in the field of vehicle safety in order to lower the probability of drivers, passengers, and other road users being involved in road accidents.  相似文献   

2.
    
Objectives: Though there is a growing body of literature on crash risks in the developed world, little is known about how well these models apply to motoring in developing countries, the context in which the majority of road traffic fatalities occur. This qualitative study explores factors perceived to influence crash risks for commercial drivers in Ghana.

Method: Twenty commercial drivers of varied ages and experience were sampled from 7 major lorry terminals in 3 regions (Greater Accra, Ashanti, and Volta) of Ghana. Data were collected through semistructured interviews.

Results: The participants identified some issues that are shared with drivers in the developed world, though moderated by the Ghanaian context. These included work pressures (e.g., fatigued driving), speeding, distracted driving, and inadequate vehicle maintenance. Other factors identified by participants are less frequently considered in research addressing driving behavior in developed countries. These included aggressive competition over passengers and corruption (e.g., improper licensing practices), among others.

Conclusion: The findings have implications for building a research base to support the development of road safety policy and interventions in developing countries.  相似文献   


3.
基于模糊综合评价法的重型柴油车排放控制技术评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
机动车已成为我国城市大气污染的重要来源,尤其是重型柴油车已成为当前机动车污染控制的重点。应用模糊综合评价法对重型柴油车排放控制技术进行评价,针对重型柴油车排放控制技术的特点,构建了包括环境、经济、技术等3方面共8项指标的综合评价指标体系,可为有效筛选最佳适用技术提供重要参考。以国六重型柴油车为例,对EGR、SCR、ASC、DOC、DPF等排放控制技术及(EGR+DOC+DPF+SCR+ASC)、(DOC+DPF+SCR+ASC)等技术组合,定量评价了其环境、经济、技术指标,筛选出国六重型柴油车最佳可行技术。结果表明,国六重型柴油车排放控制技术得分较高的是(EGR+DOC+DPF+SCR+ASC)排放控制技术组合,该路线是目前重型柴油车达到国六排放法规主流的技术组合,各排放关键零部件的分担压力比较均衡,可以减少95%以上的氮氧化物和颗粒物排放,从而满足未来更严格的排放标准。  相似文献   

4.
Objective: The Useful Field of View (UFOV) assessment, a measure of visual speed of processing, has been shown to be a predictive measure of motor vehicle collision (MVC) involvement in an older adult population, but it remains unknown whether UFOV predicts commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driving safety during secondary task engagement. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the UFOV assessment predicts simulated MVCs in long-haul CMV drivers.

Method: Fifty licensed CMV drivers (Mage = 39.80, SD = 8.38, 98% male, 56% Caucasian) were administered the 3-subtest version of the UFOV assessment, where lower scores measured in milliseconds indicated better performance. CMV drivers completed 4 simulated drives, each spanning approximately a 22.50-mile distance. Four secondary tasks were presented to participants in a counterbalanced order during the drives: (a) no secondary task, (b) cell phone conversation, (c) text messaging interaction, and (d) e-mailing interaction with an on-board dispatch device.

Results: The selective attention subtest significantly predicted simulated MVCs regardless of secondary task. Each 20 ms slower on subtest 3 was associated with a 25% increase in the risk of an MVC in the simulated drive. The e-mail interaction secondary task significantly predicted simulated MVCs with a 4.14 times greater risk of an MVC compared to the no secondary task condition. Subtest 3, a measure of visual speed of processing, significantly predicted MVCs in the email interaction task. Each 20 ms slower on subtest 3 was associated with a 25% increase in the risk of an MVC during the email interaction task.

Conclusions: The UFOV subtest 3 may be a promising measure to identify CMV drivers who may be at risk for MVCs or in need of cognitive training aimed at improving speed of processing. Subtest 3 may also identify CMV drivers who are particularly at risk when engaged in secondary tasks while driving.  相似文献   


5.
为深入理解和解决城市道路信号控制交叉口两难区问题,归纳与综述两难区定义、基本性质、驾驶员行为以及两难区管理与控制等领域的国内外研究脉络与最新进展。首先,描述与回顾2种两难区的基本定义与性质,总结两难区基本研究内容;然后,分析与总结两难区下驾驶员行为决策研究方法,指出驾驶员行为研究缺失与不足;最后,介绍两难区各类管理与控制方法的基本原理和实施效果。结果表明:现有两难区研究基本性质还未明确与统一;在驾驶员行为决策方面,以定性分析为主,缺乏定量分析;在两难区管理与控制手段上,所提出的各类交通管理与控制方法并不能完全消除两难区,其根本原因为城市道路交叉口环境与驾驶员的认知方面存在差异。  相似文献   

6.
为解决传统车道保持系统控制精度较差、驾驶员模型对大曲率道路适应性不足的问题,对传统预瞄加速度驾驶员模型非零频率点进行泰勒展开以改进模型;利用驾驶模拟器试验数据和快速傅里叶方法(FFT)研究双移线道路下的主要转向频率,并搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型以验证改进前后驾驶员模型的双移线路径跟踪精度。仿真试验表明:改进后模型的横向位移误差比改进前明显减小,车速为60、70和80 km/h时的最大横向位移误差比改进前分别降低了0.2、0.15和0.11 m;与常规道路人工势场车道保持系统的对比,改进驾驶员模型能够更好地控制车辆跟随期望路径行驶,体现出良好的车道保持能力。  相似文献   

7.
针对淮安市淮海南路现行交通信号控制系统存在交通拥挤、停车次数多、运行车速慢等问题,提出交通信号协调控制方式.应用Webster法对各进口道进行重新配时,然后进行各交叉口的信号协调控制方案设定,再用图解法求得各交叉口信号相位差,最后通过vissim仿真.通过研究得到以下结论:干道信号协调控制方案在交通延误、停车次数、运行车速等指标方面比现行的信号控制方案优越.  相似文献   

8.
为了更精确地反映城市路网交通能耗实际情况,将微观层面的交叉口交通运行与宏观层面的交通网络能源消耗优化结合在一起进行研究,考虑信号控制优化对路网能源消耗的影响,从而实现优化微观的信号控制参数,对宏观的路网能源消耗进行控制。在分析无信号控制交叉口冲突类型的基础上,建立了不同冲突类型下的饱和流率模型,结合排队论理论求解无信号控制交叉口的逗留时间。同时,结合车辆在信号控制交叉口的加减速行为,建立信号控制交叉口的逗留时间模型。同理对信号和无信号控制交叉口的能源消耗量进行建模。综合信号控制和无信号控制交叉口的逗留时间和能源消耗模型,建立路网总能源消耗优化模型,运用Frank-Wolf算法对非线性规划问题进行求解。结合路网各项指标对模型进行分析。结果显示,研究方法相对于传统的定时控制和时间最优信号配时方法均有优势,通过算例应用证明了方法的有效性。  相似文献   

9.
基于AHP的列车司机非技术技能综合评价模型   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
列车司机的非技术技能对保证驾驶安全、降低人因事故发生概率有至关重要的影响。为了客观、准确地评价列车司机的非技术技能,从决策能力、人际能力、自我管理和情景意识4个维度通过问卷对非技术技能的指标进行筛选,得到11个列车司机非技术技能指标;然后使用层次分析法建立非技术技能综合评价递阶层次模型,为了获得各层指标权重,结合群决策方法建立各层的判断矩阵,获得各层指标的权重,最终构建了列车司机非技术技能综合评价模型。该模型既可以分析导致人因事故的非技术技能因素,也能够用于列车司机的评价、选拔和培训。  相似文献   

10.
    
To ascertain the prevalence and pattern of alcohol impaired driving in an African nation, we conducted a random, roadside, breathalyzer survey of drivers in Ghana. A total of 149 (21%) of 722 drivers tested had a detectable blood alcohol concentration (BAC). In addition, 7.3% of drivers had a BAC ≥ 80 mg/dl. The prevalence of impaired driving (BAC ≥ 80) was higher among private drivers (9.8%) than commercial drivers (6.4%). However, due to a higher volume, the majority (64%) of impaired drivers were commercial drivers. Alcohol use was higher among uneducated (11%) compared to educated drivers (5.4%) and was higher among middle aged drivers (30 - 49 years, 9.1% impaired) compared with younger (< 30 years; 5.0%) or older drivers (≥ 50 years; 0%). Alcohol impaired driving is a significant problem in this African nation. Anti-drunk driving measures should be an important component of road safety efforts. Such measures may need to be different than industrialized nations and will need to target less educated drivers, middle aged drivers, and commercial drivers.  相似文献   

11.
针对干熄焦系统大修中点多、线长、面广等特点,提出了安全网络控制技术,该技术在干熄焦系统大修中具有极为重要的安全保障和指导作用.  相似文献   

12.
本文主要介绍了ISO22320:2011国际标准的作用、使用范围和内容,重点强调了指挥和控制的要求、操作信息的需求、合作与协调的要求等,以为我国应急管理及其相关组织实施该国际标准提供帮助。  相似文献   

13.
    
Scholars have hypothesized that experiencing incivility not only negatively affects well‐being, but may even trigger further antisocial behavior. Previous research, however, has focused mainly on the relation between incivility and well‐being. Thus, little is known about the behavioral consequences of incivility. With this in mind, we conducted an interaction‐record diary study to examine whether supervisor incivility causes retaliatory incivility against the supervisor. Using the self‐control strength model as a framework, we further examined whether the target's trait (trait self‐control) and state (exhaustion) self‐regulatory capacities moderate this effect. In addition, we examined the role of time by testing the duration of the effect. When we analyzed the full data set, we found no support for our hypotheses. However, using a subset of the data in which the subsequent interaction happened on the same day as the prior interaction, our results showed that experiencing incivility predicted incivility in the subsequent interaction, but only when the time lag between the two interactions was short. Furthermore, in line with the assumption that self‐regulatory capacities are required to restrain a target from retaliatory responses, the effect was stronger when individuals were exhausted. In contrast to our assumption, trait self‐control had no effect on instigated incivility. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
为科学、及时、合理地对城市应急物资进行调度,综合考虑突发事件发生后道路的实时通行状况,通过改变道路交通的交叉口限流以及物资运输路径,以最小化配送时间和成本为目标,构建1套完整的应急交通管制模型,使得所需的应急物资在被要求的最短时间窗内抵达受灾点;利用遗传算法进行编码设计求解模型,并通过仿真分析,设计配送路径的交叉口的支...  相似文献   

15.
为优化防汛应急物资在各个应急节点仓库的配置,从多仓库协同储备角度,构建最短运输时间、最小储运成本(含最少运输费用、最小储备成本)、最少缺货损失等多目标优化的防汛应急物资配置优化模型。在构建缺货损失定量函数时,采用重心法处理需求量。采用进化算法求解模型,经方法对比后选用NSGAII算法求解结果,最终确定模型的帕累托解,再用逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)筛选确定最优配置方案,从而合理确定不同类别的防汛应急物资在各仓库的储备规模。设定洪涝灾害为强降水影响下13个地级市均产生物资需求的情况,以江苏省水利防汛物资储备中心5大分中心的仓库物资配置为例,进行实证分析。结果表明:优化后的物资储备方案可大幅降低缺货损失和运输成本,有助于提高防汛应急调度效率。  相似文献   

16.
为探究自适应巡航控制(ACC)系统对驾驶安全性的影响,首先通过实际道路驾驶试验获取我国典型道路交通场景,用驾驶模拟器进行场景仿真,并在有/无ACC状态下开展模拟驾驶试验;然后分析ACC系统在中国典型道路中的表现,通过对比分析ACC模式下不同特征驾驶人的碰撞时间(TTC),探讨不同类型驾驶人的应急反应。结果表明,ACC能较好地处理大多数路况;但面对危险路况时,不管是哪种类型的驾驶人,ACC的应急反应都没有手动驾驶迅速;且女性、年老和对ACC认知度低的驾驶人更容易受ACC的不良影响;驾驶人对ACC的认知度决定其ACC驾驶的安全性。  相似文献   

17.
通过对基础设施、单项综合交通、环境保护、绿地系统及河湖水系、城市排水、综合防灾规划中雨洪相关内容进行整合,建立科学的雨洪专项综合规划模式.对雨洪专项综合规划中的城市基础设施用地规划、道路雨水收集方式、绿地系统、河湖水面及大型公共设施的雨洪调蓄用地、雨水的环境污染、雨水工程及防洪工程等雨洪内容进行控制,确保雨洪专项综合规划的实施.采用区域统筹、科学调度的综合管理模式,保障雨洪专项综合规划健康持续发展,为提高城市雨洪基础设施安全保障性能、提升城市防灾减灾能力提供科学依据.  相似文献   

18.
生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属在浸出柱中的浸出规律   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
通过浸出柱实验,研究生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的动态浸出规律.结果表明,浸出液中各种重金属的质量浓度均随浸取剂与飞灰比值(L/S)增大而减小,并在L/S>2后趋于稳定.除Pb外,浸出质量浓度均低于污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)限值.对比原灰与浸出残留物重金属多级提取结果表明,飞灰的重金属在浸出柱实验中释放能力由强到弱依次为:Cd、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr.受浸取剂pH值和固液接触方式影响,浸出柱重金属累计浸出量都小于国家标准(GB 5086.2-1997)浸出量(Cd除外),尤其Cr、Hg和Pb的浸出柱累计浸出量分别是国标浸出量的23.25%、1.29%和14.29%  相似文献   

19.
阐述MSComm控件实现串行通信的两种方式和一般步骤,基于该原理和方法,将其应用于重大危险源状态参数(温度、压力、浓度等)的实时监测,在GIS集成的区域重大危险源事故后果三维动态可视化仿真系统与MSComm控件的串行通信技术相结合的基础上,设计了友好的人机交互界面,开发了重大危险源实时监测系统.通过在主控机上测试试验,其结果表明:该系统对重大危险源安全状态参数进行实时采集及动态可视化是成功可行的;实现人机友好交互通信,可增强系统的可视直观性和灵活性,使监测、预报、预警、预控形成一体化,从而提高重大危险源的监管水平.  相似文献   

20.
为提高政府防汛应急物资资金使用效率,结合实际防汛物资储备调运流程,研究外包还是自主的防汛物资政企联合储备模式,在政企双方总储备量一定的情况下,以政府一次性补贴和委储物资储备比例为决策变量,分别考虑供应链整体利润最优、政府成本最优、供应链协调3种目标,设计3个基于期权契约的防汛应急物资储备模型。通过推导得到各模型不同参数条件下,协议企业的最优物资储备比例和相应的政府一次性补贴金额。以江苏省为例,选取木方、编织袋、块石3种防汛物资进行实证分析,并给出建议的物资储备模式。结果表明:供应链协调模型可以有效提高供应链整体利润,同时一定程度上保证政府储备成本最优和协议企业利润最优;委储物资生产成本和政府直储物资持有成本对物资储备比例具有较大影响。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号