利用水准测量资料计算局部地区地壳的主倾斜方向和倾角

地震形变资料表明,震中往往位于形变量较大或者形变差异剧烈的地方,也即大致上位于形变梯度矢量的方向,如果掌握某地区形变梯度的失量方向,尤其是掌握多地区形变梯度矢量方向,这对从形变资料推断未来可能发震的危险区域显然具有现实意义。当某地区有限长度水准路线水准点高程变化呈现较强的地形变信息,一定程度上表现为面的趋势倾斜时,用本文介绍的方法,根据水准点平面座标和高程可以计算其主倾斜方向和倾角。本文利用上海佘山地区基岩水准点资料计算出1984年5月21日南黄海6.2级地震前一年,其最大倾斜方位为NE43°,倾角0.16角秒;1975年9月2日郎家沙5.3级地震前,其主倾斜方位为NE28°,倾角0.08角秒。倾斜应变的方向基本上指向震中。     

常熟—太仓M_S5.1级地震地形变前兆特征

<正> 1990年2月10日在常熟—太仓发生了Ms5.1级地震,震前具有明显的地形变前兆显示。学科组曾在1989年10月提交的《1990年地震趋势研究报告》中作出中期地震预测:“1990年省内有发生≥5级地震的可能,至于发震的具体时间,尚要视形变(应变)曲线的发展变化而定”。随着发震时间的逼近,南通台短水准前兆显示的阶段性亦呈明显。1989年10月进入短期异常阶段后,曾多次在例行会商会上指出,局分析预报中心于1990     

固镇五级地震前的地震活动性

本文研究了1979年3月2日固镇5.0级主震前的地震活动特征。震前在震中附近存在小震活动的孕震空区。临震前于孕震空区的边缘上发生了一组具有某些临震信息的逼近地震。空区上地震的频度比和应变释放速率出现了加速异常变化。一定区域上的频度、b值、波速比等在震前也有异常显示。     

菏泽5．9级地震的发震构造及其前兆构造活动

在分析了地震地质、物探、卫片等新的资料的基础上，认为在菏泽地震区地下隐伏着一条北东向深大断裂带。地震区内的解元集—小留集断裂与北面向的成武—定陶断裂构成共轭破裂导致菏泽５．９级地震发生，北东向断裂是其主要的发震构造。由菏泽５．９级地震前沿发震断层的ＭＬ≥３．０级地震震中迁移、震源深度的变化及跨断层形变测量资料表明，发震断层在区域构造应力场的作用下逐步克服障碍，使断层贯通，与此同时在发震构造断层面上，断层上盘向上逆冲，使应力最后集中在两条断层的交汇部位致５．９级地震发生。     

芦山地震科学考察工作举行专题报告会

正2014年4月22日,中国地震局举办"芦山地震科学考察工作"的专题报告会,中国地震局地球物理研究所所长、芦山地震科学考察队队长吴忠良从中国地震局党组对芦山地震科学考察工作提出的芦山地震的发震构造和成因机制、芦山地震与汶川地震的关系、龙门山断裂带南段及周边地区的强震危险性等三个科学问题出     

公元前70年诸城——昌乐地震发震构造的初步研究

本文通过历史记载的地震破坏情况、现代形变测量资料、地震活动性分析和野外考察,~(14)C 年代测定等结果的综合研究,初步认为北西向益都断裂为公元前70年诸城一昌乐7.3级地震的发震构造,该断裂长约30公里。地震震中位于北纬118°41′、东经36°26′,震中烈度Ⅸ—Ⅹ度,震源深度15—37公里。     

连云港海平面变化与地震相关性的探讨

为探索海平面变化与地震相关的前兆信息,利用了连云港验潮站长达４３年的验潮资料。结合华北地区４次７级以上强震和江苏及其以东黄海海域１８次中强以上地震的震例分析后认为：经基本消除主要干扰因素的连云港平均海平面变化,表征了与地震有关的地壳形变信息。它对监测华北地区强震和江苏及邻近地区的中强震,具有一定的参考价值。     

应用GPS卫星定位系统建设江苏地区高精度地壳形变监测网

提出了应用GPS卫星定位系统建设江苏地区高精度地壳形变监测网方案。旨在通过本项目的研究和实施 ,掌握江苏及其邻近区域的块体运动及块内地壳形变的现状与活动趋势 ,进而为地震预报服务 ,为省内重点工程的选址、施工运行服务。     

地震发生有前兆吗?

地震前兆是指地震前出现的与该地震孕育和发生相关联的现象。地震是地壳运动中岩石应力应变不断积累、增加,当其超过岩石破裂强度时所发生的岩体突然破裂。所以,地震的孕育总是伴随有一个应力应变长时期积累的过程,当这个过程中应力强度增长到接近岩石破裂强度时,岩石中出现小的破裂,且其数量和长度随应力的增长而增大,并因此而导致岩石体积变形,于是在地表就能观测到地壳形变。例如,1966年邢台地震前,震区内某水准点的高程变化有明显的震前异常,从1964年底开始,一反其历年来长趋势下降的常态,而以每年100毫米的速度急剧上升,至震前又转为     

地应力壶与临震预测

设计和安装了地应力壶，在１９７７～１９７８年进行了观测。用日变曲线异常进行临震预测。在地震三要素预测中，发震时间预测较准确；在地点上震中方位角预测较准，震中距难以预测；震级预测误差较大。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.