北京市酸雨变化趋势及成因分析

1993-2002年中国气象局酸雨观测站网在北京地区有两个观测站,2003年增至3个。根据北京3个酸雨观测站的有关资料,研究了北京市酸雨变化的特征及成因。研究结果表明:第一,1993-2007年北京地区降水酸度呈现两个阶段,即1993-2002年降水酸度稳定在较弱水平,而2003-2008年呈逐年增强趋势。第二,与2003年以前相比,2003年以后硫酸根和硝酸根离子浓度均呈明显增加趋势,二者比值逐步下降并低于3,这表明北京乃至华北地区的酸雨已由硫酸型转为硫酸与硝酸并重型。第三,北京周边省、市二氧化硫年排放量的增加及钙离子和可吸入颗粒物浓度减少是近年来北京地区酸雨增强的人为原因。第四,气象条件是酸雨发生的主要动力因素。一般情况下,在地面风速较小的季节酸雨频率较高,850hPa高度为弱的偏南风或发生低层逆温时可促进酸雨的发生。此外降水量的大小也与酸雨有密切关系,24 h降水量达暴雨量级时酸雨频率最高。     

2016—2020年云南省主要城市酸雨污染特征及趋势分析

为评价云南省酸雨的污染特征及变化趋势,收集了2016—2020年云南省21个主要城市连续5 a的降水监测数据,利用spearman秩相关系数法分析了云南省"十三五"期间城市酸雨污染的变化趋势,并与"十二五"末期进行对比,结果表明:5 a降水pH平均值均高于5.6,呈逐年上升趋势;酸雨发生频率呈逐年下降趋势;总体上酸雨污...     

近50年北京地区主要灾害性天气事件变化趋势

应用1958-2008年逐日气象观测资料,对北京地区的几种主要灾害性天气事件进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)各种灾害性天气事件的发生频率与强度均具较大的年际变化特征,高温事件的分布为双峰型结构,1990年代以来为高温多发期,年极端高温强度及连续高温日数均有增加的趋势,低温事件的变化趋势则正好相反;(2)强对流天气事件如暴雨、冰雹、雷暴日数的下降趋势不明显,但强度有减弱的迹象,大风、沙尘暴、大雾事件下降趋势明显;(3)北京年酸雨日数上升趋势明显,酸雨pH值的变化表明污染日趋严重;(4)北京气候变暖突变发生前后某些极端天气频率和强度表现出明显差异,其突变点相差1～2 a间隔,表明极端事件对于气候增暖变化需要一个响应过程。     

基于格点数据的柴达木盆地极端干旱变化特征分析

利用标准化降水蒸散指数,分析了柴达木盆地极端干旱事件发生的时空变化特征。研究得到以下结论:(1)1961-1990年极端干旱发生面积覆盖率相对较低,从1990年开始显著增大。极端干旱发生面积覆盖率1961-1970年最小,2001-2010年最大;(2)7,8,9这3个月,整个盆地都发生了极端干旱状况。1994-2001,2004-2007,2009-2013年是柴达木盆地极端干旱发生状况比较严重的时间段;(3)1961-1976年中小灶火有极少年份发生极端干旱。都兰1977-2013年极端干旱发生频率显著上升,大柴旦发生频率变化不大。小灶火和茫崖1977-2013年所有等级干旱发生频率均高于1961-1976年;(4)都兰极端干旱发展过程呈显著的双峰发展态势,小灶火和茫崖呈显著的双月型发展态势,大柴旦呈显著的U型发展态势。     

基于DFA法的江苏省极端降水时空分布特征研究

为进一步掌握江苏省极端降水的时空分布特征,基于该省1961-2010年均一性较好的逐日降水数据,利用去趋势波动分析法确定了全省13个站点的极端降水阈值,并通过Morlet小波及Mann-Kendall法分析了江苏省极端降水频数的振荡周期及其突变。结果表明,江苏省极端降水年频数和夏季极端降水均呈现8～10 a的变化周期,且1998年和2006年分别为其突变增加年,而秋季极端降水主要呈2～3 a与5～7 a的变化周期;极端降水与降水总量的空间分布具有较好的一致性,均呈南部大、北部小的特征。     

基于SPEI的豫东地区近50年干旱演变特征

干旱是我国发生最频繁、持续时间最长、波及面积最大的一种自然灾害。基于1961-2010年逐月平均气温和降水数据,应用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量分析了商丘地区月尺度、季尺度和年尺度上的干旱发生频率和发生强度,揭示了该地区干旱发生的时空演变特征及干旱发生的原因。结果表明,SPEI值能够较好地反映商丘地区干旱的时空特征;随着时间尺度的增大,SPEI值波动幅度减小,干旱发生频率降低。近50年商丘地区历年、各季及月尺度均有干旱发生,干旱发生频率总体呈上升趋势,且各地区之间分布不均匀;四季中以冬、春两季干旱发生最为严重,其次为秋季。在干旱发生的年际变化方面,商丘地区在1966年、1968年和2008年发生了大范围的持续干旱。干旱发生强度分布呈现东部较高,中西部较低的特点。欧亚大气环流异常稳定、厄尔尼诺现象和气温的升高对干旱发生的贡献不可忽视。     

云南近46年降水与气温变化趋势的特征分析

利用云南1961-2007年降水与气温资料进行线性趋势分析和突变检验。结果表明,近46年来云南年均降水量是趋于减少的,其中夏季降水量减少较为明显,减少率为4.5 mm/10a,且夏季降水在1971年前后发生了由多到少的突变。从降水的季节变化特征及异常值统计结果来看,云南雨季平均降水量是趋于减少的,而干季平均降水量趋于增加;从降水的地域分布来看,滇南地区降水呈缓慢减少趋势;滇中降水呈缓慢减少后略升状态;滇西北降水呈略升趋势;滇东北降水为明显下降趋势。近46年云南年平均气温是升高的,从全省气温变化的季节特征及异常值统计结果来看,春夏秋冬四季增温都明显,但冬季气温增加最为显著,增加率为0.27℃/10a,冬季平均气温在1995年出现了一次由冷到暖的突变。滇中及以东地区的气温变化增暖趋势明显,滇西地区气温也为增暖的变化趋势。     

东北三省近55a旱涝时空演变特征

东北三省是我国重要的粮食主产区,而干旱和雨涝对该区域农业生产的影响不容忽视。为全面反映东北三省旱涝时空分布特征,基于研究区70个气象站点1960-2014年逐月降水数据,计算了不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI)。在分析旱涝频率、旱涝发生范围及旱涝空间分布特征的基础上,利用经验正交函数(EOF)及K-means聚类方法,对不同时间尺度分别进行了旱涝分区。结果表明:(1)旱涝时空变化特征:不同时间尺度旱涝频率与其发生范围差异显著,1960-2014年间东北三省春季与冬季存在湿润化趋势,夏季、秋季、生长季及年际尺度均略呈干旱化趋势,且东北三省遭遇雨涝的风险略大于干旱;(2)旱涝分区方面:黑龙江省同时受干旱和雨涝风险最大,其次分别为辽宁省与吉林省。     

中国未来极端降水事件的变化——基于气候变化预估结果的分析

利用区域气候模式PRECIS单向嵌套Hadley气候中心海-气耦合模式HadCM3高分辨率的大气部分HadAM3P,分别进行了气候基准时段(1961—1990年)和2080 s时段(2071—2100年)中国区域各30年时间长度的模拟试验,以分析PRECIS对当代中国区域极端降水事件的模拟能力和SRES B2情景下2080s时段相对于气候基准时段中国区域极端降水事件的可能变化趋势。气候基准时段模拟结果与观测值的对比分析表明:PRECIS能够较好地模拟出中国区域年平均极端降水事件的空间分布特征,但模式模拟的大雨事件和湿日数高值区范围较观测值偏大,对华南地区暴雨事件和日最大降水事件的模拟结果较观测值偏低。SRES B2情景下,2080s时段年平均大雨事件除东北和华南地区外,全国均呈增多趋势。暴雨事件在西部地区以减少为主,而东部地区主要呈增加趋势。年平均日最大降水事件的分布型与大雨事件基本一致。湿日数除华北、西北和青藏高原部分地区外均呈减少趋势。未来长江流域洪涝灾害事件发生的频率将可能增大。     

近40年增暖背景下岷江流域降水异常变化

气候变化是我国西南地区滑坡、泥石流等主要山地灾害的重要致灾因子,而岷江流域又是山地灾害典型分布区。为此,本文采用1979-2018年流域及其周边47个地面气象站点日值观测资料,综合考虑了海拔高度和距海岸线距离等因素对气温、降水空间分布的影响,基于ANUSPLIN空间插值,利用线性趋势、M-K检验和滑动t检验等方法,分析了增暖背景下岷江流域降水时空变化特征;并通过11个极端降水指数,分析了流域极端降水变化趋势和突变特征,检测了降水异常年份,提取了旱涝急转出现频次;在此基础上,讨论了流域气候变化对典型山地灾害事件的影响。分析表明：1979-2018年,岷江流域普遍增暖,上游山区升温幅度更为突出;年、季降水量整体均呈增多趋势,降水增多主要发生在春、秋两季,且以流域上游、中游西部山地增幅最大;流域高山站点有极端降水量增多、降水强度增大的趋势或突变,流域中下游站点则多表现为极端降水减少、降水强度减弱;降水异常变化与西南涡,特别是更加频繁的九龙涡活动有关;流域由旱向涝急转发生的频次显著增多。上述温湿组合与极端降水变化均加大了岷江流域山地灾害发生概率,使得灾害风险加剧。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.