不同滤料除铁除锰效果研究

具有除铁除锰能力的滤料品种和产地不同,其物理吸附能力、对化学氧化的催化作用也不同,因此,在相同环境条件下,除铁除锰的效果也不同。针对这一问题选取了三种滤料进行试验研究,并对其中的一种进行了微生物接种。试验研究表明所有滤料对铁都有较好的去除效果,出水铁含量均低于0.30mg/L的水质标准。而锰的去除效果受滤料性质影响较明显。     

洞庭湖区浅层地下水氧化还原分带规律

在收集洞庭湖区1258个浅层地下水样检测数据的基础上,利用地统计学克里金方法分析Eh的空间分布规律,并基于氧化还原敏感指标的浓度空间数据对湖区地下水系统开展氧化还原分带规律研究.结果表明,受地质构造、地层岩性特征、沼泽湿地与水稻田等因素的控制,自湖区外围山地和丘陵区至洞庭湖腹地,Eh值呈现逐渐减小的趋势,地下水环境逐渐由外围的氧化环境转为湖区腹地的还原环境;洞庭湖区地下水系统可分为硝酸盐稳定及还原带、锰（Ⅳ）还原带和铁（Ⅲ）还原带等3个氧化还原带.3个分带较好地反映了Eh的空间分布规律,但是在部分区域受含水层介质Mn元素富集的影响,氧化还原分带与Eh的空间分布存在错位现象.     

浅谈地下水净化厂除铁除锰试验及应用

通过对齐齐哈尔市自来水公司铁锋水厂除铁、锰工艺的分析,得出曝气接触氧化除铁、锰是一种好方法.     

控制ORP实现连续流反应器部分亚硝化稳定运行

利用ORP在线监控设备,研究了控制ORP值实现连续流部分亚硝化反应器稳定运行的可行性,并使出水水质满足厌氧氨氧化需求.结果表明,在亚硝氮与氨氮比值、温度和pH值恒定的条件下,反应器内ORP值波动主要由于DO浓度波动引起.在稳定的亚硝化系统中,当ORP值大于250mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值大于2.1;当ORP值控制在150mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值稳定在1.2~1.3之间.ORP值控制在120mV时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮浓度比值为0.9~1.06.将ORP值控制在150mV时,随着进水氨氮浓度由300mg/L提高至813mg/L,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值基本维持在1.1~1.3之间.但随之增加的游离氨浓度易导致亚硝化菌活性抑制.因此,在低氧环境下ORP作为连续流部分亚硝化反应器亚硝化程度的控制指标,其灵敏度和精度明显优于DO监测设备.     

地下水涵养量影响预测的计算示例

本文根据环评工作实践,以某大学新建项目为例,汇总了几种常见的地下水涵养量影响分析的计算方法,为丰富地下水评价手段和思路提供借鉴。     

某危险废物填埋场地下水污染预测及控制模拟

以某危险废物填埋场为研究对象,在收集其水文地质资料基础上,运用Visual Modflow建立填埋场地下水水流和溶质运移耦合模型,对填埋场防渗层发生渗漏后,渗滤液中Cr6+在地下水中的运移过程以及地面硬化、防渗墙和排水沟3种污染控制措施对污染羽阻隔效果进行模拟预测.结果表明,Cr6+随地下水流方向运移形成污染羽,10 a后污染羽到达水塘边界,运移距离约为1 450 m,但随后10～20 a之间污染羽扩散范围没有明显扩大;地表硬化后,20 a内污染羽未扩散至水塘边界;防渗墙设置到上层含水层底部时,监测井Cr6+浓度高于未设置防渗墙时浓度,设置到下层含水层底部时,Cr6+浓度与设置于上层含水层时监测结果相反;排水沟日排水量达到2 642 m3时能有效控制污染羽扩散,20 a后污染羽尚未污染监测井;地表硬化与排水沟组合控制污染物扩散,效果最佳,同时排水沟日排水量可减少为1 878 m3.因此,当填埋场发生渗漏时,建议采用设置排水沟与周边地表硬化组合的地下水污染控制措施.     

地下水污染控制与修复的研究

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,已在人类生产中的重要地位和作用,国家经济生活的发展,并且地下水污染修复是一个巨大的工程,因此,保护地下水不受污染是每个人的责任和义务。基于此,本文首先分析了影响地下水污染的地下水的保护性能和特性的因素,随后力图在分解污染物在地下水系统行为特征的基础上,对地下水污染控制与修复策略进行探讨。     

pH、ORP监控在亚硝酸型生物脱氮过程中的应用

目前亚硝酸型生物脱氮因为其节约能源和碳源备受人们的关注。国内外学者提出了多种实现及维持的控制途径,但仍存在一些问题。文章分析了pH、ORP作为亚硝酸型硝化过程控制参数的理论基础,并阐述了亚硝酸型生物脱氮过程中pH、ORP过程控制国内外研究现状和发展趋势。     

碳源和硝态氮浓度对反硝化聚磷的影响及ORP的变化规律

利用间歇试验研究了反硝化除磷过程中有机碳源和硝态氮浓度对厌氧放磷和缺氧吸磷的影响,同时对反硝化除磷过程ORP的变化规律及以其作为控制参数的可行性作了探讨.试验结果表明:厌氧段碳源COD浓度越高(100～300mg/L),放磷越充分,则缺氧段反硝化和吸磷速率越大;但当碳源COD浓度高达300mg/L时,未反应完全的有机物残留于后续缺氧段对缺氧吸磷产生抑制作用.随着缺氧段硝态氮浓度升高(5、15、40 mg/L),反应初期反硝化和吸磷速率也随之升高;当硝态氮耗尽后,系统由缺氧吸磷转变为内源放磷,且随着初始硝态氮浓度的增高,这个转折点的出现时间向后延迟.ORP可作为厌氧放磷的控制参数,在缺氧吸磷过程可预示反硝化的反应程度,但是无法作为吸磷过程的控制参数.     

催化氧化除锰活性滤料去除地下水中双酚A性能

以催化氧化除锰活性滤料(简称活性滤料)为研究对象,考察了地下水中锰污染对于活性滤料去除双酚A效能的影响.结果表明,进水中含有高浓度锰(5mg/L)时,会显著降低活性滤料对于双酚A的去除能力;同时,双酚A也会降低活性滤料对锰的去处能力.双酚A脱附实验结果表明,脱附的双酚A量不足双酚A去除总量的10％,且双酚A去除过程...     

Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: Batch uptake behavior

Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests. The presence of arsenate reduced the removal e ciency of chromium by Fe(II), while the presence of chromate significantly increased the removal e ciency of arsenate by Fe(II) at pH 6–8. In the absence of arsenate, chromium removal by Fe(II) increased to a maximum with increasing pH from 4 to 7 and then decreased with a further increase in pH. The increment in Fe(II) dosage resulted in an improvement in chromium removal and the improvement was more remarkable under alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions. Chromium removal by Fe(II) was reduced to a larger extent under neutral and alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions due to the presence of 10 mol/L arsenate. The presence of 20 mol/L arsenate slightly improved chromium removal by Fe(II) at pH 3.9–5.8, but had detrimental e ects at pH 6.7–9.8. Arsenate removal was improved significantly at pH 4–9 due to the presence of 10 mol/L chromate at Fe(II) dosages of 20–60 mol/L. Elevating the chromate concentration from 10 to 20 mol/L resulted in a further improvement in arsenate removal at pH 4.0–4.6 when Fe(II) was dosed at 30–60 mol/L.     

地下水脱砷技术的研究现状及发展趋势

为明确地下水脱砷技术研究现状及未来发展趋势,采用文献计量学方法统计分析了Web of Science（WoS）数据库中2008—2020年发表的关于地下水脱砷技术的文献资料,并从年度发文量、发文机构、发文期刊、发文作者以及论文关键词等方面进行分析。结果表明：WoS数据库中地下水脱砷技术方面的研究型论文共1 501篇,年度发文量总体呈上升趋势;中国、美国和印度为发文量排名前3的国家;共计1 503家研究机构、4 875名作者参与地下水脱砷技术研究,其中高等院校为主要研究机构,而高校教师与硕士、博士研究生则为研究的主力军;关键词分析表明,吸附和电絮凝技术是地下水脱砷的主流方法,其中零价铁材料作为吸附剂是贯穿2008—2020年的研究热点;通过突现分析得出,二元甚至多元氧化物和纳米复合材料的制备将成为未来地下水脱砷技术研究的热点方向。

     

改性纳米铁/炭填充PRB去除地下水硝态氮研究

采用鼠李糖脂对纳米铁进行改性后负载在活性炭上制备出改性纳米铁/炭,将其作为PRB填充材料,并采用有机玻璃柱模拟连续墙式PRB来进行水中硝态氮地去除研究.结果表明：经过改性后的纳米铁能够有效负载在活性炭上,悬浮稳定性得到明显提高;改性纳米铁/炭粒径远大于纳米铁,将其作为填充材料可有效缓解PRB堵塞问题;当纳米铁与活性炭质量比为5：2时,PRB运行效果最佳;pH值越小,污染液硝态氮浓度越低,水流速度越小均有利于硝态氮地去除.     

A comparison study of the start-up of a MnOx filter for catalytic oxidative removal of ammonium from groundwater and surface water

As an efficient method for ammonium (NH4+) removal, contact catalytic oxidation technology has drawn much attention recently, due to its good low temperature resistance and short start-up period. Two identical filters were employed to compare the process for ammonium removal during the start-up period for ammonium removal in groundwater (Filter-N) and surface water (Filter-S) treatment. Two types of source water (groundwater and surface water) were used as the feed waters for the filtration trials. Although the same initiating method was used, Filter-N exhibited much better ammonium removal performance than Filter-S. The differences in catalytic activity among these two filters were probed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and compositional analysis. XRD results indicated that different manganese oxide species were formed in Filter-N and Filter-S. Furthermore, the Mn3p XPS spectra taken on the surface of the filter films revealed that the average manganese valence of the inactive manganese oxide film collected from Filter-S (FS-MnOx) was higher than in the film collected from Filter-N (FN-MnOx). Mn(IV) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FS-MnOx and Mn(III) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FN-MnOx. The results of compositional analyses suggested that polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) used during the surface water treatment was an important factor in the mineralogy and reactivity of MnOx. This study provides the theoretical basis for promoting the wide application of the technology and has great practical significance.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

生物滤池净化含铁锰高氨氮地下水试验研究

以中试有机玻璃滤柱反应器进行伴生高浓度氨氮含铁锰地下水生物同步净化试验研究,结果表明,进水氨氮浓度高于2.0mg/L时,溶解氧浓度是限制锰与氨氮去除的主要原因.下向流底部曝气过滤运行(气水逆向)可解决溶解氧不足的问题,但滤柱滤水能力有限;上向流底部曝气过滤(气水同向)同样可以满足铁锰氨氮氧化需氧量,然而曝气扰动作用削弱了滤池过滤截留能力造成铁锰氧化物穿透滤层,致使滤层出水铁锰浓度无法满足标准要求,曝气量越大,其滤池截留能力越弱.     

Arsenic and chromate removal from water by iron chips-Effects of anions

The purpose of this study is to estimate the removal efficiency of As and Cr (VI) by one kind of industrial waste — iron chips, as well as to estimate the effects of typical inorganic anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), and typical organic anions (citrate, oxalate, and humate) on As or Cr (VI) removal. The results showed that 98% of As (V) and 92% of As (III) could be removed from aqueous phase by the iron chips within 60 min. Compared with As species, Cr (VI) was removed much more rapidly and efficiently with 97% of Cr (VI) being removed within 25 min. The removal efficiency for arsenic was in the order: As (III) (sulfate), As (III) (nitrate) or As (III), As (III) (humate), As (III) (oxalate), As (III) (citrate), As (III) (phosphate), and for chromate was in the order: Cr (VI) (sulfate), Cr (VI) (phosphate) or Cr (VI) (nitrate) or Cr (VI) (oxalate), Cr (VI), Cr (VI) (citrate), Cr (VI) (humate). In all the treatments, pH level increased with time except for As (III), the removal of which was either without anions or in the presence of humate or nitrate.     

生物滤池同步净化低温高铁锰氨氮地下水

为实现低温（5~6℃）高铁锰氨氮[TFe：9~15mg/L,Fe²⁺：6~12mg/L,Mn²⁺：0.8~1.2mg/L,NH₃-N：0.9~1.4mg/L]地下水的生物同步净化,以水厂实地滤柱进行实验.结果表明,在该种水质下,以1.0,3.0m/h滤速启动生物滤柱,分别历经128,91d启动成功.铁和氨氮自启动之初出水即合格,锰的去除仍然是滤池成熟的决定性因素.溶解氧（DO）充足条件下,净化所需滤层厚度随氨氮浓度的升高而加厚,氨氮极限去除浓度为1.60mg/L.进水DO不足是限制氨氮继续提升的主要因素.滤速越大,锰的去除量越少,净化所需滤层越厚,滤柱极限运行滤速为8.0m/h.沿程分析发现,铁和锰的氧化去除存在显著分级,铁和氨氮在滤层内可同步氧化去除,锰的高效氧化去除区间相对滞后.     

黄土高原中部浅层地下水化学特征及影响因素

通过采集黄土高原中部沿黄流域57个浅层地下水水样,采用定性（Gibbs模型、Na端元和离子相关关系）和定量（正向演替模型）分析方法探究了该地区地下水水化学特征、沿程变化规律和控制因素.结果表明,黄土高原中部沿黄流域浅层地下水均呈弱碱性;优势阴阳离子分别为HCO₃^-和Na⁺;水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca-Mg为主,占40%.研究区地下水主要离子自北向南变化趋势有所差异,其中Cl^-浓度保持动态稳定,SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-、Mg²⁺和Na⁺浓度沿程增加,而NO₃^-、Ca²⁺和K⁺浓度沿程降低,矿产资源开发是研究区地下水SO₄^2-重要来源,而强烈的阳离子交替吸附作用是引起Na⁺富集的重要因素.研究区地下水溶质来源主要受岩石风化作用控制,以硅酸盐岩石风化为主;大气输入、人类活动和岩石风化对地下水溶质的相对贡献分别为5%±3%、6%±13%和89%±13%.此外,下垫面因素改变、人类活动以及气候变化通过改变地下水补给与排泄等过程直接或间接的影响了地下水水量和水质.本研究结果将为黄河流域和其他类似地区当前和未来的地下水质量管理项目提供参考.