Inorganic elemental concentrations in birch bolete mushroom (Leccinum scabrum) and top soil: contamination profiles,bioconcentation and annual variations

Abstract

Analysis of inorganic and organic contaminants in foodstuffs aids in understanding the human exposure to these compounds via consumption. In this study, an edible mushroom species (Leccinum scabrum) and top soil samples were analysed for essential and toxic substances including phosphorus and inorganic elements over a period of three fruiting seasons. Analysis of silver (Ag), aluminium (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn) in mushrooms and topsoil were performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with ultrasonic cross flow nebulizer. Total mercury was determined by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). The results exhibited wide variation in concentrations of metals between soil and mushroom (cap and stipes) during three fruiting seasons. Positive bioconcentration factors (BFCs) indicate on bioaccumulation of several metals including, Cd, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb and Zn in caps and stipes of fruitbodies of this mushroom, while other metals such as Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Sr were not exhibiting significant positive BFCs. Over a period studied, the caps were characterised by different (p?<?0.05) concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Sr. Contamination profiles, temporal fluctuations, BCFs should be taken into consideration when assessing the nutritional value of this mushroom.     

Hg、Cd污染对2种外生菌根真菌氮素营养吸收的影响

以从中国西南林区分离获得的外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius 715,简称Pt715)、松乳菇(Lactarius delicious.ex Gray-1(简称Ld-1)、Lactarius delicious.exPink-2(简称Ld-2)、Lactarius delicious.ex White-3(简称Ld-3))为供试菌种,研究Hg、Cd对其吸收氮素的影响,从而筛选出在营养吸收上具有重金属耐受性的菌株。结果表明,重金属对外生菌根真菌吸收氮素营养的影响因重金属元素种类、真菌种类和氮素形态不同而异,Hg、Cd基本不会抑制供试菌种对有机态氮的吸收,而对NH+4-N、NO-3-N的吸收有不同程度的抑制或促进作用,但无明显的规律可循;Ld-1菌株具有一定的耐Hg性,在培养液中加入不同浓度的Hg后,Ld-1菌株对3种氮源的吸收均未受到明显抑制,相反在高Hg浓度下还促进了对NH+4-N、NO-3-N的吸收。Ld-1菌株有可能在Hg的胁迫下诱导合成了新的特异性蛋白,Hg与特异性蛋白结合从而缓解了其污染胁迫。     

Evaluation of heavy metal concentrations of edible wild-grown mushrooms from China

ABSTRACT

The heavy metal contents (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn) of eight species of wild edible mushrooms from China were determined. The analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry after microwave digestion. The contents of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in caps of mushroom samples were 0.7–7.2, 16.2–70.4, 371–1315, 12.5–29.8, 7.1–58.5, and 77.8–187.4 mg kg^?1 dry matter (dm), respectively, while considerable differences were found to be 1.8–25.9, 9.8–36.3, 288–6762, 13.3–103.9, 5.9–78.7, and 38.7–118 mg kg^?1 dm for stipes. The results indicated that higher levels of Co, Fe, and Ni were found in the mushrooms samples analyzed. Zinc and manganese levels were similar to previous reports, whereas Cu was lower than literature values. Correlation analysis suggested that significant correlations were found between the minerals determined and the greatest amount of contamination is associated with Co, Mn, Ni, and Fe. The results of this study indicate that heavy metal contents in mushroom species are mainly related to the mineral resources of sampling sites.     

Bio- and toxic elements in mushrooms from the city of Umeå and outskirts,Sweden

Edible mushrooms (Albatrellus ovinus, Boletus edulis, Clitocybe odora, Gomphidius glutinosus, Leccinum scabrum, Leccinum versipelle, Lycoperdon perlatum, Suillus bovinus, Suillus luteus, and Xerocomus subtomentosus) collected from unpolluted areas of the city of Umeå and its outskirts in the northern part of Sweden were examined for contents of toxic metallic elements (Cd, Pb, and Ag) and essential macro- and microelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) using a validated method and a final measurement by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The median values of the toxic metallic element concentrations (in mg kg^?1 dry biomass, db) ranged from: 0.12–3.9, 0.46–5.1, and 0.91–6.2 for Ag, Cd and Pb, respectively. For the essential metallic elements, the median values of concentrations ranged from: 24000–58000, 15–2000, 59–610, 520–1900, 2.0–97, 16–150, 15–120, and 4.3–26 mg kg^?1 db for K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively. The baseline concentrations of the metallic elements determined in mushrooms were mainly affected by the fungal species. The assessed probable maximal dietary intake of Cd (0.002 mg kg^?1 body mass) solely from a mushroom meal was only slightly below a revised value of the tolerable weekly intake for this element, while for Pb (0.003 mg kg^?1 body mass) it was tenfold below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake.     

Content and bioconcentration factors of mercury by Parasol Mushroom Macrolepiota procera

The carpophores of Parasol Mushroom and underlying soil substrate collected from several unpolluted and spatially distant sites across Poland were examined to know content and bioconcentration potential of mercury by this species. The total mercury content of the caps of Parasol Mushroom for the particular sites ranged from 1.1 ± 1.0 to 8.4 ± 7.4 μ g/g dry matter (total range from 0.05 to 22 μ g/g dm), while in the stalks were from 0.53 ± 0.27 to 6.8 ± 7.1 μ g/g dm (total range from 0.078 to 20 μ g/g dm). A top soil layer (0–10 cm) showed baseline mercury concentration from 0.022 ± 0.011 to 0.36 ± 0.16 μ g/g dm (total range from 0.010 to 0.54 μg/g dm). Parasol Mushroom is an effective mercury accumulator in the carpophores and bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of this element in the caps and depending on the sampling site ranged from 16 ± 6 to 220 ± 110 (total range from 0.52 to 470), while for the stalks were from 7.6 ± 2.6 to 130 ± 96 (total range from 0.52 to 340). It seems reasonable to state that tolerance (maximum allowable concentration) of the total mercury in a single cap of Parasol Mushroom at unpolluted areas should not exceed 25 μ g/g dm. A value greater then 25 μ g/g dm will imply an elevated content due to site pollution problems. Nevertheless, knowledge on highly toxic methylmercury content and its fraction in the total mercury content of Parasol Mushroom is lacking.     

Accumulation of metallic elements by Amanita muscaria from rural lowland and industrial upland regions

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out on the accumulation and occurrence of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sr and Zn in the mushroom Amanita muscaria and forest topsoil from two lowland sites in the Tuchola Pinewoods in the north-central region and an upland site in the ?wietokrzyskie Mountains in the south-central region of Poland. Topsoil from the upland location showed Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Na and Zn at significantly higher concentration levels (pseudo-total fraction and often also the labile or extractable fraction) than at both lowland locations, where topsoil was richer in Mg, and similar in Rb. Amanita muscaria from the upland region differed from individuals collected in the lowland sites by higher concentration levels of Cd, Cu, Hg and Mn in caps. This could be related to higher concentration levels of the metallic elements in topsoil in the upland region. On other side, A. muscaria from the upland site was poorer in Co and Fe in caps, and in Ca, Co, Fe and Sr in stipes. In spite of the differences in content of the geogenic metallic elements in topsoil between the lowland and upland locations, A. muscaria from both regions was able to regulate uptake and accumulation of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Rb and Zn, which were at similar concentration levels in caps but not necessarily in stipes.     

Metals in edible fish from Vistula River and Dead Vistula River channel,Baltic Sea

Metals including Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn were determined in muscle tissue of 12 fish species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and cold vapour-atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). Fish were collected from Vistula River at lower course and Dead Vistula River channel in south of Baltic Sea in Poland. The fish species examined include Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus), Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius), Bull-rout (Myoxocephalus scorpius), Tench (Tinca tinca), Bream (Abramis brama), Burbot (Lota lot), Perch (Perca perca), Roach (Rutilus rutilus), Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Pikeperch (Stizostediun lucioperca), Brown salmon (Salmo trutta m. Trutta) and Eel (Anguilla anguilla). The median values of metal concentrations in fresh muscle tissue of 11 fish species varied as follows: Al < 0.5–60; Ba < 0.05–0.31; Ca 120–1800; Cd < 0.05–0.096; Co < 0.10; Cr < 0.10–0.50; Cu < 0.15–0.77; Fe 1.5–21; Hg 0.0058–0.65; K 1800–4200; Mg 130–560; Mn 0.12–0.59; Na 350–840; Ni < 0.2–0.31; Pb < 0.75; Sr 0.079–2.9; Zn 3.3–23 μg/g fresh weight. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values calculated in this study for Cd and Hg from muscles of fish species collected from Vistula River were low in the range of 0.4 for Hg and 0.8 for Cd. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B to view the free supplemental file.     

Contamination of wild-grown edible mushrooms by heavy metals in a former mercury-mining area

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of six edible wild species of mushrooms (Boletus pulverulentus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius quietus, Macrolepiota procera, Russula xerampelina and Suillus grevillei) by heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn and Fe). Mushroom samples were collected from sites contaminated by emissions from mining and processing of polymetallic ores in operation during the period 1969–1993 in Rudňany, southeast Slovakia. The four study sites spanned up to a 5-km distance from the emission source. The collected mushroom samples were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and/or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with graphite furnace. Mercury, Cd and, in some samples, also Pb present the highest risks in terms of contamination of the food chain following subsequent consumption. The content of two metals in the dry matter (dm) of the mushrooms exceeded the limits set by the European Union (EU; Cd: 0.5 mg/kg dm, Pb: 1.0 mg/kg dm). The highest mean contents of the eight metals recorded for S. grevillei were 52.2, 2.15, 107, 104, 2.27, 2.49, 81.6 and 434 mg/kg dm for Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively. The highest content of Cd was recorded in M. procera (3.05 mg/kg dm) and that of Co in L. quietus (0.90 mg/kg dm). The calculated weekly intake for Hg, Pb and Cd shows that regular consumption of mushrooms from the studied area poses risks to human health.     

餐厨垃圾有机酸发酵液淋洗去除土壤重金属

餐厨垃圾发酵产生的大量酸性发酵液可淋洗去除土壤重金属。为增加餐厨垃圾发酵液中的挥发性有机酸产量,并探讨发酵液淋洗去除土壤重金属的效果,研究了控制pH、添加酵母菌和醋酸菌以及预处理3种手段对发酵过程产酸的影响。结果表明：添加酵母菌和醋酸菌可有效提高乙酸的产量,添加5%时乙酸产量为7.32 g·L-1,添加10%时为15.06 g·L-1;持续调控pH为6.00和碱预处理可增加发酵液中乙酸的比例。在5种预处理条件下,碱预处理对反应的促进作用最大,乙酸产量可提高到18.29 g·L-1。小型批实验中,采用最佳预处理条件发酵液对土壤重金属进行去除,Cd去除率为92.9%、Cu去除率为78.8%、Pb去除率为34.5%、Zn去除率为52.2%、Ni去除率为61.2%。在柱淋洗实验中,发现Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni的去除效果较好,Pb的去除效果稍差。发酵液的重金属淋洗效果相比醋酸提高了20%~52%。有机酸发酵液是一种具有应用前景的土壤重金属淋洗剂。     

Mercury in European Blushers,Amanita rubescens,mushrooms and topsoils: Bioconcentration potential and intake assessment

Total mercury content has been determined in fruiting bodies of European Blushers and topsoils collected from 11 sites across Poland in 2006-2008. Mercury analysis was carried out using a validated analytical method and cold-vapour atomic absorption (CV-AAS). The European Blusher effectively accumulated mercury in fruiting bodies. The mean values of total mercury in caps of European Blushers from background (uncontaminated) areas were from 0.22 to 1.0 (0.067-3.2) and in stipes from 0.16 to 0.65 (0.071-2.7) μg/g dry weight. In topsoil beneath to fruiting bodies, the median Hg concentration at 10 sites in Northern Poland varied between 0.030 and 0.072 (0.0096–0.19) μg/g dw, and in one site in Southern Poland was 0.20 (0.079–0.34) μg/g dw. Data on Hg in European Blushers from different countries were reviewed. The mean concentrations of total Hg in caps of European Blushers from two “pristine” sites in northern part of Poland were ～1.0 μg/g dw. A meal made with 300–500 g of fresh caps of European Blushers collected at such sites (assuming 90% water content in caps) can result in Hg intake of 0.0003–0.0005 mg Hg/kg bm (assuming a 60 kg bm), which is a dose equipotent to a new provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) value set for inorganic Hg.     

有机酸淋洗和废菌棒添加对铜尾矿盆栽实验中养分和重金属的影响

尾矿作为矿山开采后的废弃物,针对其重金属毒性高和养分贫瘠等导致生态修复工程难度增加的问题,采用有机酸淋洗和菌棒添加的方式实现尾矿中重金属稳定和养分提升,以使得其能够满足植物生长。通过选取5 种有机酸按0.1 mol·L⁻¹浓度对尾矿进行淋洗然后再添加菌棒,采用微生物-植物的生态修复方式进行盆栽实验模拟尾矿生态修复过程,研究了有机酸淋洗和菌棒添加对铜尾矿中养分和重金属变化情况及作用机理。结果表明,当有机酸淋洗和菌棒添加时,铜尾矿中有机质提高了12.08~17.37 g·kg⁻¹,碱解氮提高了96.89~114.00 mg·kg⁻¹,速效磷提高了8.68~10.68 mg·kg⁻¹,速效钾提高了44.73~92.96 mg·kg⁻¹,其养分质量分数基本达到绿化种植土壤肥力技术要求;同时,减少了Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn弱酸提取态比例,对Cu的效果最明显,有机酸处理最高可减少7.3%,菌棒添加能减少18.82%~15.55%。本研究结果可为尾矿生态修复过程养分改善及重金属稳定提供理论参考。     

Effect of a heavy metal model mixture on biological parameters of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

The effects of a model mixture (HMMM) of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn) on the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at all stages of development (embryos, larvae, adults) were investigated based on the annual average concentrations of these metals in cooling waste waters discharging from Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Lithuania) into the Drūk?iai lake. According to mortality parameters, the most sensitive to HMMM were larvae, although no significant differences between the sensitivity of embryos and adult fish to HMMM were found. Maximal toxic effect of HMMM was observed during the hatching period. Long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of HMMM affected embryo development, growth of larvae, their cardio-respiratory and behavioural responses, induced significant changes in morphological, morpho-physiological, physiological and haematological parameters of adult fish. Respiratory responses and growth parameters of fish were found to be the most sensitive to low concentrations of HMMM. Adult fish were capable of detecting and avoiding low, sublethal concentrations of HMMM. Heavy metals in a mixture at low concentrations were more toxic than single ones. According to the background of the damages induced by HMMM, after-effects in a fish organism, as well as in a whole population, can be predicted.     

有机螯合剂与磷酸盐联合稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的作用机理

为探讨二硫代氨基甲酸型有机螯合剂(FACAR)和重过磷酸钙(TSP)对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属Pb、Cd、Ni的稳定作用机制,对稳定前后的飞灰采用BCR连续提取法、X射线衍射(XRD)分析以及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)联用等分析方法进行了表征。结果表明：投加质量分数5%的FACAR能有效稳定飞灰中Pb、Cd和Ni,其浸出浓度低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889-2008)规定的浸出浓度限值;采用3% FACAR和3% TSP复配药剂处理,可使飞灰达到GB 16889-2008进场要求;经复合药剂稳定处理后的飞灰颗粒表面孔隙度明显降低,飞灰中Pb、Cd和Ni的形态均由不稳定态向稳定态转化。该复合稳定剂的稳定机制主要为螯合、共沉淀和吸附联合作用机制,其中,有机螯合剂中含硫官能团是影响重金属稳定的主要因素,且重金属具有优先与含硫官能团结合的特性。     

联合硅藻土与PAC强化混凝处理含藻微污染原水

研究了联合硅藻土与聚合氯化铝（PAC）强化混凝对原水中藻类、溶解性有机物以及重金属离子的去除效果。结果表明,硅藻土的投加可以有效地改善絮体的沉降性能,增强藻类的混凝沉淀去除效率,PAC投加量为30 mg/L时,投加0.1 g/L硅藻土,叶绿素a去除率由82.5%提高到95.9%。该强化混凝过程使原水中溶解性有机物特别是大分子有机物和重金属离子的去除率有所上升。PAC投加量为30 mg/L,硅藻土投加量为1.5 g/L时,重金属Cu、Pb和Cd的去除率分别达到57.5%、83.7%和22.2%。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂稳定化研究

采用几种不同厂家提供的有机重金属飞灰螯合剂和一种无机飞灰稳定剂对湖北某垃圾焚烧厂及四川某垃圾焚烧厂所产飞灰分别进行了稳定化处理的研究。结果表明,就2种飞灰而言,有机螯合剂在处理效果上较无机药剂具有一定的优势,为使飞灰处理后的浸出毒性低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)所规定的限值,满足进入垃圾填埋场分区填埋的要求,不同种类的有机螯合剂添加量在1%~5%之间,各有机螯合剂的稳定效果与其分子结构和分子大小的关系密切。而某无机药剂在添加剂量为15%时仅能使四川某厂所产生的飞灰勉强达标。从经济上考虑,使用有机螯合剂的药剂成本费用也低于某无机药剂,同时对比实验发现,飞灰初始浸出毒性的大小,飞灰粒径大小,飞灰的物理性状对螯合过程具有一定的影响。     

水可溶性有机物在铅锌废渣生态修复中的应用

采用富含水可溶性有机质（water-soluble organic material）的有机废水作改良剂对土法炼锌产生的冶炼废渣进行处理,播种草本植物进行室外盆栽模拟生态修复实验。通过测定冶炼废渣的基本元素组成,水可溶性有机质处理前后冶炼废渣中的肥力指标,植被生长特征,盆栽实验后冶炼废渣雨水淋溶液、水浸浸出液、渣样及植物样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、As和Sb等重金属的含量。结果表明：土法炼锌冶炼废渣中富含Pb和Zn等多种有毒有害重金属污染物,介质养分极端贫瘠且比例不协调。水可溶性有机质处理能够明显改善冶炼废渣中的肥力水平,同时能显著提高冶炼废渣上植物的成活率、株高、生物量及覆盖率;能促进冶炼废渣中多种有害重金属的雨水淋失和水浸溶出;同时能降低植物重金属含量,而提高单位面积上重金属植物富集量。综上,可采用富含水可溶性有机质的有机废水进行铅锌矿渣堆场污染的生态修复。