Effect of catalyzed diesel particulate filter and its catalyst loading on emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine

In this study, the effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) coupled with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the power, fuel consumption, gaseous and particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Results showed that the after-treatment had a negligible effect on the power and fuel consumption. The reduction effect of the DOC on the CO and hydrocarbon (HC) increased with the engine load. Further reductions occurred coupling with the CDPF. Increasing the catalyst loading resulted in a more significant reduction in the HC emissions than CO emissions. The DOC could increase the NO₂ proportion to 37.9%, and more NO₂ was produced when coupled with the CDPF below 250°C; above 250°C, more NO₂ was consumed. The after-treatment could reduce more than 99% of the particle number (PN) and 98% of the particle mass (PM). Further reductions in the PN and PM occurred with a higher CDPF catalyst loading. The DOC had a better reduction effect on the nucleation particles than the accumulation ones, but the trend reversed with the CDPF. The DOC shifted the particle size distribution (PSD) to larger particles with an accumulation particle proportion increasing from 13% to 20%, and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased from 18.2 to 26.0 nm. The trend reversed with the CDPF and the accumulation particle proportion declined to less than 10%. A lower catalyst loading on the CDPF led to a higher proportion of nucleation particles and a smaller GMD.     

海拨高度对柴油机起动污染物排放的影响

以某大功率低压缩比柴油机为研究对象,进行了0,1000,2000,3000,3750,4500m 6个海拨高度的起动排放试验,研究了该柴油机不同海拨高度下起动过程中的HC,CO,NO_x和颗粒物排放特性.结果表明：海拨升高,柴油机起动过程的HC,CO和颗粒物排放增加,NO_x排放降低;与平原（0m海拨）比较,该柴油机高原（4500m海拨）冷起动排放的HC,CO和颗粒物分别增加7.1,2.6和2.1倍,NO_x降低53.8%;0~4500m海拨,该柴油机起动过程排放的颗粒物中聚集态颗粒物质量占94%~99%,颗粒物数量呈单峰对数分布,峰值粒径随着海拨的升高向大粒径方向移动,几何平均粒径增大.     

提高柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气排放质量的研究

对原机、柴油/甲醇组合燃烧,以及带氧化催化转化器的柴油/甲醇组合燃烧3种情况下的尾气排放进行了比较和研究.针对柴油/甲醇组合燃烧可以使NOx、烟度大幅度下降,但同时PM、CO和HC的排放浓度与原机相比反而增加的现状,通过加装氧化催化转化器,对废气进行处理后,发现HC、CO和PM排放明显减少.与原机相比,不仅可以实现大幅度降低NOx,而且PM排放也有较大幅度下降.采用透射电子显微镜观察发现,与原机相比,柴油/甲醇组合燃烧的PM排放中干炭烟(DS)减少,但是可溶有机物(SOF)增加.经过氧化催化转化器处理后,尾气的PM中大量SOF和HC化合物被消除,致使PM的质量明显减少.     

车用柴油机燃用棕榈生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性研究

在满足国Ⅳ排放法规的车用柴油机上研究了燃用不同掺混体积比例的棕榈油生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性.试验中棕榈油生物柴油的掺混比例分别为0%、10%、20%、50%和100%,采用DMS500型快速颗粒光谱仪测试分析了发动机在外特性和负荷特性时的颗粒物数量浓度、质量浓度及粒径分布.研究结果表明:随生物柴油掺混比例的增加,颗粒物质量浓度降低.燃用生物柴油后颗粒物的数量浓度在大负荷明显降低,中小负荷呈升高趋势.生物柴油的排气颗粒物呈核态和凝聚态的双峰分布特征,核态数量浓度所占比例高于柴油,凝聚态的质量浓度所占比例略低于柴油.生物柴油颗粒物的几何平均直径小于柴油.     

Unregulated emissions from a diesel engine equipped with vanadium-based urea-SCR catalyst

The present work is aimed at the study of number-size distribution of particles,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),and carbonyl compounds(CC) or carbonyls emitted from a 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine equipped with a vanadium-based urea selective catalytic reduction catalyst.The engine was run on an electric dynamometer in accordance with the European steady-state cycle.Pollutants were analyzed using an electric low pressure impactor,a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer,and a high performance liquid chromatography system for the number-size distribution of particles,VOCs,and CC emissions,respectively.Experimental results revealed that total number of particles were decreased,and their number-size distributions were moved from smaller sizes to larger sizes in the presence of the catalyst.The VOCs were greatly reduced downstream of the catalyst.There was a strong correlation between the conversion of styrene and ethyl benzene.The conversion rate of benzene increased with increase of catalyst temperature.Formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,acrolein and acetone were significantly reduced,resulting in a remarkable abatement in carbonyls with the use of the vanadium-based urea-SCR system.     

甲醇柴油双燃料燃烧结合DOC/POC耦合大幅度减少发动机微粒排放的研究

对一台四缸增压中冷柴油机采用甲醇柴油双燃料模式,研究了甲醇替代率和柴油机氧化催化转化器耦合微粒催化转化器(DOC+POC)后处理装置对该发动机烟度和微粒数量、质量浓度的粒径分布特性的影响.试验结果表明,随甲醇替代率的增加,发动机烟度和微粒数浓度、质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,核态微粒浓度显著降低,聚集态微粒浓度基本保持不变.相比于DOC+POC对纯柴油发动机排气烟度25%左右的净化效率,在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下DOC+POC对排气烟度的平均净化效率在60%以上,最大达到96%,显示了该后处理技术在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下清洁排放的良好应用前景.     

正丁醇/柴油复合燃烧对轻型柴油机排放的影响

通过在一台轻型柴油机上加装低压共轨实现在进气歧管上的正丁醇喷射,喷射压力恒定为0.35 MPa;柴油采用缸内直喷,喷射压力恒定为120 MPa;采用自主开发的电控单元(ECU)分别控制柴油与正丁醇的喷射,实现正丁醇/柴油复合燃烧.试验研究了在2800 r·min~(-1)不同负荷下正丁醇喷射量对排放量及颗粒物粒径分布的影响.结果表明:随正丁醇喷射量增加,NO_x和碳烟排放减少,高负荷时降低幅度较大;HC和CO排放增加,低负荷时增加幅度较大;颗粒物生成总量降低且粒径分布重心左移;低负荷时相比于大粒径颗粒物,正丁醇对小粒径颗粒物数浓度的减少更明显;大粒径颗粒物减少比例与小粒径颗粒物减少比例的差距随正丁醇喷射量的增加而减小.     

CDPF对重型柴油车颗粒物排放特性的影响

采用实验室底盘测功机和全流定容稀释采样系统（CVS）,搭载EEPS3090,开展了国三重型柴油车加装催化型颗粒物捕集器（CDPF）前后颗粒物排放因子和粒径分布比较,进一步分析了不同工况下CDPF对各模态颗粒物排放因子的影响.结果表明,重型柴油车加装CDPF前后基于单位里程的颗粒物数量排放因子分别为（2.7±1.1）×10¹⁵ km^-1和7.9×10¹⁴ km^-1,CDPF对颗粒物数量减排率为71.10%,其中对核模态和聚集态颗粒物数量减排率分别为28.70%和84.95%.随着车速的增加,CDPF对聚集态颗粒物数量减排效果良好,核模态颗粒物数量减排率急剧下降.高速工况下颗粒物在CDPF内部出现大粒径颗粒物向小粒径颗粒物转化的现象,导致核模态颗粒物数量排放因子的增加,应引起足够的重视.     

发动机燃用GTL柴油的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律

以一台汽车电控高压共轨柴油机为样机,采用发动机尾气颗粒粒径谱仪EEPS研究了发动机燃用天然气制油(GTL柴油)的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律.所用燃油分别为纯柴油(G0)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及GTL柴油掺混比为10%、20%的燃料(分别表示为G10、G20).试验工况为最大转矩转速1500r.min-1和标定转速2300r.min-1的负荷特性试验,负荷百分比分别为10%、25%、50%、75%和100%.结果表明:无论燃用柴油,还是GTL柴油或混合燃料,该机排气颗粒数量随粒径变化大都呈现明显的双峰对数分布状态,其排气核态颗粒的峰值粒径在10nm附近,聚集态颗粒峰值集中出现在40～50nm之间.随着GTL柴油配比的增加,各工况下不同粒径的颗粒数量大都持续下降,其中,排气核态颗粒数量明显下降,在高速高负荷下更为显著;而聚集态颗粒也较纯柴油有一定的降幅,其中,G20和G100柴油更为明显.     

重载柴油机采用非SCR和DPF实现国Ⅳ排放研究

在1台电控高压共轨重载柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇二元燃料(DMDF)燃烧方式,后处理采用氧化催化转化器(DOC)紧耦合微粒氧化催化器(POC),对其排放特性开展了试验研究.结果表明:DMDF模式可以同时减少NOx和炭烟排放,且随着甲醇掺烧比例的增加降低效果更加显著;在80%负荷时当甲醇掺烧比例为50%时,NOx和炭烟排放分别减少了25.3%和69.3%;DOC+POC对HC、CO和甲醛排放的催化效率均超过了98%,优于原机水平;经ETC、ESC和ELR检测,柴油机采用DMDF模式结合后处理器DOC+POC可满足国Ⅳ排放要求.     

Experimental study on filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system for heavy-duty diesel engines

This study investigated the filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system on an engine test bench, consisting of a diesel oxidation catalyst（DOC） and a catalyzed diesel particulate filter（CDPF）. Both the DOC and the CDPF led to a high conversion of NO to NO2 for continuous regeneration. The filtration efficiency on solid particle number（SPN） was close to100%. The post-CDPF particles were mainly in accumulation mode. The downstream SPN was sensitively influenced by the variation of the soot loading. This phenomenon provides a method for determining the balance point temperature by measuring the trend of SPN concentration.     

Combination of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend and SCR catalyst assembly to reduce emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine

In this study, the efforts to reduce NOx and particulate matter （PM） emissions from a diesel engine using both ethanol-selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx over an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and a biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend （BE-diesel） on an engine bench test are discussed. Compared with diesel fuel, use of BE-diesel increased PM emissions by 14% due to the increase in the soluble organic fraction （SOF） of PM, but it greatly reduced the Bosch smoke number by 60%-80% according to the results from 13-mode test of European Stationary Cycle （ESC） test. The SCR catalyst was effective in NOx reduction by ethanol, and the NOx conversion was approximately 73%. Total hydrocarbons （THC） and CO emissions increased significantly during the SCR of NOx process. Two diesel oxidation catalyst （DOC） assemblies were used after Ag/Al2O3 converter to remove CO and HC. Different oxidation catalyst showed opposite effect on PM emission. The PM composition analysis revealed that the net effect of oxidation catalyst on total PM was an integrative effect on SOF reduction and sulfate formation of PM. The engine bench test results indicated that the combination of BE-diesel and a SCR catalyst assembly could provide benefits for NOx and PM emissions control even without using diesel particle filters （DPFs）.     

Impacts of continuously regenerating trap and particle oxidation catalyst on the NO2 and particulate matter emissions emitted from diesel engine

Two continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) with different configurations and one particles oxidation catalyst (POC) were employed to perform experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to evaluate their effects on NO₂, smoke and particle number emissions. The results showed that the application of the after-treatments increased the emission ratios of NO₂/NO_x significantly. The results of smoke emissions and particle number (PN) emissions indicated that both CRDPFs had sufficient capacity to remove more than 90% of total particulate matter (PM) and more than 97% of solid particles. However, the POC was able to remove the organic components of total PM, and only partially to remove the carbonaceous particles with size less than 30 nm. The negligible effects of POC on larger particles were observed due to its honeycomb structure leads to an inadequate residence time to oxidize the solid particles or trap them. The particles removal efficiencies of CRDPFs had high degree of correlations with the emission ratio of NO₂/NO_x. The PN emission results from two CRDPFs indicated that more NO₂ generating in diesel oxidation catalyst section could obtain the higher removal efficiency of solid particles. However this also increased the risk of NO₂ exposure in atmosphere.     

DOC对柴油机燃用生物柴油颗粒物微观形貌及SOF组分的影响

为研究氧化催化转化器（DOC）对柴油机燃用调合生物柴油（B0,B20）后排放颗粒物微观形貌及可溶性有机组分（SOF）的影响规律,对DOC作用前后的排气颗粒物进行采样,利用透射电镜（TEM）和气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）开展颗粒物理化特性研究.结果表明：未加装DOC时,与B0相比,B20排放颗粒物基本碳粒子粒径减小,分形维数增加,团聚堆积现象加剧;SOF组分中的脂类和酸类物质质量分数增加,烷烃类、芳香烃和酚类物质质量分数减少,C26~C35的质量分数降低.加装DOC后,B0和B20排气颗粒物团簇程度降低,分形维数降幅分别为10.1%和15.5%;SOF组分中芳香烃类和酚类物质质量分数增加,烷烃类、脂类、酸类质量分数减小,C15~C25质量分数下降;B0排放颗粒物SOF中C26~C35质量分数降低41.4%,而B20增加865.8%.     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油燃烧颗粒排放特性的影响

以一台满足国五排放法规的车用柴油机为样机,研究加装氧化催化转化器DOC与催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF(DOC+CDPF后处理装置)前后,柴油机燃用B20燃料(燃料含20%体积掺混比的生物柴油)的颗粒排放特性.结果表明,在未加装该后处理装置时,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈双峰形态,B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在10nm和50nm附近,纯柴油的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在50nm和200nm附近.在颗粒粒径小于120nm的区域,该机燃用B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度大于纯柴油.加装该后处理装置后,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈多峰形态,峰值粒径在10nm、20nm和60nm附近.加装DOC+CDPF后,不论是柴油还是B20燃料,与原机相比,柴油机排气颗粒总数量下降明显,其中60~200nm粒径范围的颗粒数量浓度降幅更为显著.在相同工况下,DOC+CDPF对柴油机燃用B20燃料的颗粒总数量净化效率高于纯柴油.     

Control of diesel soot and NOx emissions with a particulate trap and EGR

The exhaust gas recirculation(EGR), coupled with a high-collection efficiency particulate trap to simultaneously control smoke and NOx emissions from diesel engines were studied. This ceramic trap developed previously provided the soot cleaning efficiency of 99%, the regeneration efficiency reaches 80% and the ratio of success reaches 97%, which make EGR used in diesel possible. At the presence of EGR, opening of the regeneration control valve of the trap was over again optimized to compensate for the decrease of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas resulted from EGR. The results indicated the cleaning efficiency and regeneration performance of the trap were maintained at the same level except that the back pressure increased faster. A new EGR system was developed, which is based on a wide range oxygen(UEGO) sensor. Experiments were carded out under steady state conditions while maintaining the engine speed at 1600 r/min, setting the engine loads at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%respectively. Throughout each test the EGR rate was kept at nine different settings and data were taken with the gas analyzer and UEGO sensor. Then, the EGR rate and engine load maps, which showed the tendencies of NOx, CO and HC emissions from diesel engine,were made using the measured data. Using the maps, the author set up the EGR regulation, the relationship between the optimal amounts of EGR flow and the equivalence ratio, σ, where σ = 14.5/AFR.     

DOC技术对柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度的影响

利用ELPI(电子低压冲击器)对不同转速、不同负荷以及安装DOC(氧化催化转化器)前后颗粒物排放及粒径分布进行了研究. 结果表明:无论安装DOC与否,柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度均随发动机转速的增加而增加. 增大负荷,颗粒物数浓度峰值处的粒径也随之增大. 经过DOC催化转化后,柴油机排放颗粒物的大部分仍呈单峰正态分布,且DOC对核模态粒子的氧化转化效率较高. 经过DOC后,在低转速下,不同粒径的颗粒物数浓度均有所降低;中、高转速下,DOC对粒径大于120 nm的颗粒物数浓度无明显降低作用.      

柴油烃族组分对柴油机排放的影响

柴油烃族组分可影响柴油的理化特性,从而影响柴油机的燃烧过程,进而对排放产生重要影响.本研究针对烃族组分含量不同的14种柴油,开展了排放特性的试验研究,基于试验结果采用主成分分析法及回归分析法揭示影响柴油机排放性能的关键组分及作用规律,并得到了柴油机排放与关键组分的经验公式,可在一定程度上预测排放特性.分析结果表明,总芳烃是影响柴油机排放的关键组分,当其含量介于5%～17%时,可使NO_x、soot(碳烟)、CO、HC排放均处于较低水平.此外,多环芳烃对柴油机排放有重要影响,其中的苊类、苊烯类对NO_x、碳烟、CO排放的影响作用更为显著,而其他烃族组分与柴油机排放的规律性相对较差.不同工况下,柴油机排放规律有所不同,在低负荷下柴油机排放对总芳烃含量更加敏感.     

掺混聚甲氧基二甲醚对柴油机排放的影响

为研究聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）/柴油混合燃料对柴油机颗粒物（PM）粒径分布和各模态颗粒捕集效率的影响,将PODE按照体积百分比0%、10%、20%和30%与柴油混合,在不对柴油机做任何改动的情况下,进行排放测试,测量NO_x排放和DPF前后的颗粒粒径分布.结果表明：随着PODE掺混比提高,NO_x排放在10%~50%负荷工况下呈上升趋势,75%~100%负荷工况下呈先上升后下降的趋势;NO₂/NO_x随着PODE掺混比的提高呈上升趋势.PODE的添加可有效降低PM排放.与柴油相比,燃用PODE掺混比20%的混合燃料时,降低PM效果最好;100%负荷工况下,PM总数量浓度降低了18.93%,总体积浓度降低了31.27%.掺混PODE,使DPF对PM的捕集效果减弱,10%~50%负荷工况下较为明显,但捕集率依然可以达到95%以上.     

Characterization of particulate matter from diesel passenger cars tested on chassis dynamometers

Emission characterization of particle number as well as particle mass from three diesel passenger cars equipped with diesel particulate filter(DPF), diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) under the vehicle driving cycles and regulatory cycle.Total particle number emissions(PNEs) decreased gradually during speed-up of vehicle from 17.3 to 97.3 km/hr. As the average vehicle speed increases, the size-segregated peak of particle number concentration shifts to smaller size ranges of particles. The correlation analysis with various particulate components such as particle number concentration(PNC),ultrafine particle number concentration(UFPNC) and particulate matter(PM) mass was conducted to compare gaseous compounds(CO, CO_2, HC and NOx). The UFPNC and PM were not only emitted highly in Seoul during severe traffic jam conditions, but also have good correlation with hydrocarbons and NOxinfluencing high potential on secondary aerosol generation. The effect of the dilution temperature on total PNC under the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), was slightly higher than the dilution ratio. In addition, the nuclei mode(DP: ≤ 13 nm) was confirmed to be more sensitive to the dilution temperature rather than other particle size ranges. Comparison with particle composition between vehicle speed cycles and regulatory cycle showed that sulfate was slightly increased at regulatory cycle, while other components were relatively similar. During cold start test, semivolatile nucleation particles were increased due to effect of cold environment. Research on particle formation dependent on dilution conditions of diesel passenger cars under the NEDC is important to verify impact on vehicular traffic and secondary aerosol formation in Seoul.