NBS氧化流动注射化学发光法在土壤腐殖酸含量测定中的应用

在碱性条件下,NBS直接氧化腐殖酸产生强烈的化学发光信号,结合流动注射技术,建立了测定土壤腐殖酸含量的流动注射化学发光分析法并详细研究了影响化学发光信号强度的各种因素。方法的测定线性范围为1.0×10-7-1.0×10-3g/ml,检出限(3σ)为3×10-8g/ml。对5.0×10-5g/ml的腐殖酸进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为1.8%。将该法用于实际土壤样品分析,结果令人满意。     

五氟苯甲酰氯衍生-气相色谱-质谱法测定地表水中一甲基肼

建立了五氟苯甲酰氯衍生-气相色谱-质谱法测定地表水中一甲基肼的方法。取200ml水样,调节后的pH为10,加入20ml衍生剂,在室温下剧烈振荡衍生1h,40ml二氯甲烷萃取10min,浓缩至1.0ml后用气相色谱-质谱联用分析。方法在5～500μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.996,方法检出限为2.67μg/L;加标水样的相对标准偏差为9.54%和8.38%;加标水样回收率为79.08%～102.96%。     

反向流动注射化学发光测定微量甲醛

基于在甲醛存在下 ,高锰酸钾与Fe(Ⅱ )在酸性介质中发生化学发光反应 ,建立了反向流动注射化学发光测定微量的甲醛分析方法 ,该法测定甲醛的线性范围为 5 0× 10 - 7～ 1 5× 10 - 2 g ml,检出限为 3 0× 10 - 7g ml,相对标准偏差为2 5 % (1 5× 10 - 5g ml甲醛 ,n =11)。该法应用于测定空气中微量的甲醛 ,结果令人满意。     

反相流动注射—ABEI发光体系测定天然水中痕量钴

本文采用反相流动注射新技术和ABEI-H_2O_2-C_(o(Ⅱ))化学发光体系,测定了天然水中痕量钴.该方法线性范围为5×10~(-11)-1×10~(-7)g/ml,检出限为1×10~(-11)g/ml,对5×10~(-10)g/ml C_(o(Ⅱ))13次测定,相对标准偏差为1.2％.分析速度为90样/小时.     

反相流动注射化学发光法测定天然水中钴

本文采用反相流动注射新技术和ABEI——H_2O_2——CO(Ⅱ)化学发光体系,测定了天然水中痕量钴.该分析方法的线性范围为5×10~(-11)g/ml——1×10~(-7)g/ml,检出限为1×10~(-11)g/ml.对5×10~(-10)g/mlCO(Ⅲ)的13次测定,其相对标准偏差为1.2%.分析速度为90样/小时.     

碘酸钾-三溴偶氮氯膦催化光度法测定水样中的痕量锰

研究了以氨三乙酸（NTA）作活化剂,在pH=4.74的HAc—NaAc缓冲溶液介质中,Mn（Ⅱ）催化碘酸钾氧化三溴偶氮氯膦的褪色反应。通过实验,确定了该反应体系的最佳条件,由此建立了一个测定痕量锰的新方法。本方法的检出限是2.3×10^-9g/ml,测定范围为0.0-100.0 mg/L。该法具有较好的选择性,用于环境水体试样中痕量锰的测定,结果令人满意。     

自来水中铅和镉的分离富集和原子吸收测定

采用PAN[1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚]—Ni(Ⅱ)共沉淀体系,在pH=10条件下分离富集自来水中的铅和镉,再采用微量注射进样火焰原子吸收法(FAAS)进行测定,水样中的共存离子不干扰测定,加入铅和镉的回收率均在90—106％之间。对铅含量为0.1μg/ml和镉含量为0.05μg/ml的水样进行8次平行测定,其相对标准偏差分别为2.9％和6.4％。溶液中铅的浓度在0—0.4μg/ml,镉的浓度在0—0.2μg/ml范围内,工作曲线呈线性。     

离子色谱法测定水和污水中的痕量肼

本文研究用铂工作电极安培检测器离子色谱法测定水中痕量肼,测定的相对标准偏差低于10％,回收率在90～95％之间,最低检出浓度为0.005μg/ml,测定一个样品仅需5分钟     

锌-双硫腙-溴化十六烷基三甲铵水相光度法测定水中微量锌

研究了双硫腙水相光度法测定微量锌的条件.在阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB存在下,于pH9.8～12.4的缓冲溶液中,锌与双硫腙形成红色配合物,其最大吸收波长为545nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为8.92×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),锌含量在0～12μg/25ml范围内符合比耳定律.用该方法测定水样中的微量锌,获得了较满意的结果.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物

建立固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC-ECD)分析环境水样中痕量硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。选用65μm PDMS-DVB萃取纤维,磁力搅拌速度为200 r/min,萃取温度为60℃时,对水中硝基氯苯类物质萃取富集50 min,直接注入GC进样口,在250℃温度下解吸2.0 min后分析测定。优化条件下,方法线性良好,检出限为0.2~0.4 ng/L,加标水平为0.000 5、0.005、0.05μg/L时,回收率为56.02%~136.38%,RSD(n=7)为9.34%~28.33%。用该方法对实际水样进行实验,结果良好,能够满足环境水样中痕量硝基氯苯类化合物的测定。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.