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1.
Shamama Afreen Nitasha Sharma Rajiv K. Chaturvedi Ranjith Gopalakrishnan N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(2):177-197
Due to large scale afforestation programs and forest conservation legislations, India’s total forest area seems to have stabilized
or even increased. In spite of such efforts, forest fragmentation and degradation continues, with forests being subject to
increased pressure due to anthropogenic factors. Such fragmentation and degradation is leading to the forest cover to change
from very dense to moderately dense and open forest and 253 km2 of very dense forest has been converted to moderately dense forest, open forest, scrub and non-forest (during 2005–2007).
Similarly, there has been a degradation of 4,120 km2 of moderately dense forest to open forest, scrub and non-forest resulting in a net loss of 936 km2 of moderately dense forest. Additionally, 4,335 km2 of open forest have degraded to scrub and non-forest. Coupled with pressure due to anthropogenic factors, climate change
is likely to be an added stress on forests. Forest sector programs and policies are major factors that determine the status
of forests and potentially resilience to projected impacts of climate change. An attempt is made to review the forest policies
and programs and their implications for the status of forests and for vulnerability of forests to projected climate change.
The study concludes that forest conservation and development policies and programs need to be oriented to incorporate climate
change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. 相似文献
2.
Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans,climate, the atmosphere,and ecosystems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sandra Lavorel Mike D. Flannigan Eric F. Lambin Mary C. Scholes 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):33-53
Fires are critical elements in the Earth System, linking climate, humans, and vegetation. With 200–500 Mha burnt annually,
fire disturbs a greater area over a wider variety of biomes than any other natural disturbance. Fire ignition, propagation,
and impacts depend on the interactions among climate, vegetation structure, and land use on local to regional scales. Therefore,
fires and their effects on terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. Fires can cause dramatic changes
in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. They have significant impacts on the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles.
By contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (e.g., with the release of 1.7–4.1 Pg of carbon per year) and aerosol emissions,
and modifying surface properties, they affect not only vegetation but also climate. Fires also modify the provision of a variety
of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism, and can hence
trigger land use change. Fires must therefore be included in global and regional assessments of vulnerability to global change.
Fundamental understanding of vulnerability of land systems to fire is required to advise management and policy. Assessing
regional vulnerabilities resulting from biophysical and human consequences of changed fire regimes under global change scenarios
requires an integrated approach. Here we present a generic conceptual framework for such integrated, multidisciplinary studies.
The framework is structured around three interacting (partially nested) subsystems whose contribute to vulnerability. The
first subsystem describes the controls on fire regimes (exposure). A first feedback subsystem links fire regimes to atmospheric
and climate dynamics within the Earth System (sensitivity), while the second feedback subsystem links changes in fire regimes
to changes in the provision of ecological services and to their consequences for human systems (adaptability). We then briefly
illustrate how the framework can be applied to two regional cases with contrasting ecological and human context: boreal forests
of northern America and African savannahs. 相似文献
3.
O. F. Malykh L. M. Faleychik 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):291-295
The area covered by forests in the Chita region (Russian Federation – northern ecological region), is currently administered
within the framework of Russian Federation (RF) legislation. Forests that need to be protected in the Chita region because
of their natural significance were identified based on their status and use regime. The possibility of creating a regional
network of “nature-protection forests” as a first step in the implementation of a boreal forest conservation strategy is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Mitigation and adaptation synergy in forest sector 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):843-853
Mitigation and adaptation are the two main strategies to address climate change. Mitigation and adaptation have been considered
separately in the global negotiations as well as literature. There is a realization on the need to explore and promote synergy
between mitigation and adaptation while addressing climate change. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the synergy
between mitigation and adaptation by considering forest sector, which on the one hand is projected to be adversely impacted
under the projected climate change scenarios and on the other provide opportunities to mitigate climate change. Thus, the
potential and need for incorporating adaptation strategies and practices in mitigation projects is presented with a few examples.
Firstly, there is a need to ensure that mitigation programs or projects do not increase the vulnerability of forest ecosystems
and plantations. Secondly, several adaptation practices could be incorporated into mitigation projects to reduce vulnerability.
Further, many of the mitigation projects indeed reduce vulnerability and promote adaptation, for example; forest and biodiversity
conservation, protected area management and sustainable forestry. Also, many adaptation options such as urban forestry, soil
and water conservation and drought resistant varieties also contribute to mitigation of climate change. Thus, there is need
for research and field demonstration of synergy between mitigation and adaptation, so that the cost of addressing climate
change impacts can be reduced and co-benefits increased. 相似文献
5.
林业REDD~+机制对中国低碳经济的启示——以环境与资源保护法为视角 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
森林固碳不仅成本低,并且还具有多种生态效益和巨大的经济、社会效益。发展碳汇林业,加强以林业为主的生态保护和建设,充分发挥森林生态系统作为生物措施对应对气候变化的作用显得尤为重要,也更具有长远和治本的意义。REDD+机制的提出,为广大发展中国家在共同但有区别的原则下参与全球气候变化活动带来了新的活力,也为中国的低碳经济带来了政策和法律的启示。但该机制对不同的国家有不同的内涵,国家责任不同,利益不同,代价亦不同,中国需持谨慎态度制定与之相关的政策法律。 相似文献
6.
Adaptation Options Strategies for Hazards and Vulnerability Mitigation: An International Perspective
The broad objective of this special issue of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change is to address some of the gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the policies, programs, and measures that might be applied
to natural hazards and their impacts in an era of climate change. Given the global impacts of climate change and world-wide
pattern of increasing losses from natural hazards we necessarily adopt an international perspective. The specific goals of
the special issue are to: (a) encompass experiential aspects, emphasizing current practice of mitigation and its associated
measures, and their results; and (b) explore primary or root causes of alarming shifts in human and economic costs of environmental
extremes. Special emphasis is placed on how human activities are playing a key role in enhancing vulnerability to NTEE (nature-triggered
environmental extremes), quite independently from the anthropogenic causes of climate change. The goals are also (c) to examine
costs, risks, and benefits (of all kinds including social, political, ecological) of mitigation, and adjustment and adaptation
measures; and (d) analyze policy implications of alternative measures. These components are expected to make significant contributions
to policy considerations – formulation, implementation and evaluation. There is much uncertainty about the rate of climate
change; however, the fact of increase of the atmospheric temperature in the last century is no longer a subject of scientific
or policy debate. Due to such changes in the geophysical parameters, certain types of nature-triggered environmental extreme
events are likely to continue to increase. How global warming will affect regional climates and pertinent variables is not
well known, limiting our ability to predict consequential effects. This factor poses serious constraints against any straightforward
policy decisions. Research findings of the work of this volume reaffirm that human dimensions, specifically our awareness
and decision-making behavior, are powerful explanatory factors of increasing disaster losses. Disaster mitigation through
addressing human, social, and physical vulnerability is one of the best means for contributing to ‘climate change adaptation
plans’, and sustainable development goals. Recent lessons from various countries have depicted that the formulation of mitigation
strategies cannot be exclusively top-down as it requires social, political, and cultural acceptance and sense of ownership.
An interactive, participatory process, involving local communities, produces best expected outcomes concerning mitigation,
preparedness, and recovery. An emerging consensus is that there is a need to move towards the ‘mission’ of the International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction which aims at building disaster resilient communities by promoting increased awareness of
the importance of disaster reduction as an integral component of sustainable development, with the goal of reducing human,
social, economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards and related technological and environmental disasters. Sharing
of best practices and lessons globally is certain to produce more efficiency and understanding in policy and decision making. 相似文献
7.
Adger W. Neil Kelly P. Mick 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1999,4(3-4):253-266
The objective of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of vulnerability to climate change as the first step in appraising and understanding the social and economic processes which facilitate and constrain adaptation. Vulnerability as defined here pertains to individuals and social groups. It is the state of individuals, of groups, of communities defined in terms of their ability to cope with and adapt to any external stress placed on their livelihoods and well-being. This proposed approach puts the social and economic well-being of society at the centre of the analysis, thereby reversing the central focus of approaches to climate impact assessment based on impacts on and the adaptability of natural resources or ecosystems and which only subsequently address consequences for human well-being. The vulnerability or security of any group is determined by the availability of resources and, crucially, by the entitlement of individuals and groups to call on these resources. This perspective extends the concept of entitlements developed within neo-classical and institutional economics. Within this conceptual framework, vulnerability can be seen as a socially-constructed phenomenon influenced by institutional and economic dynamics. The study develops proxy indicators of vulnerability related to the structure of economic relations and the entitlements which govern them, and shows how these can be applied to a District in coastal lowland Vietnam. This paper outlines the lessons of such an approach to social vulnerability for the assessment of climate change at the global scale. We argue that the socio-economic and biophysical processes that determine vulnerability are manifest at the local, national, regional and global level but that the state of vulnerability itself is associated with a specific population. Aggregation from one level to another is therefore not appropriate and global-scale analysis is meaningful only in so far as it deals with the vulnerability of the global community itself. 相似文献
8.
L. V. Mukhortova I. N. Bezkorovainaya 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):191-202
The evaluation of biospheric role of the boreal forests in the accumulation of carbon is connected with the evaluation of
organic matter (OM) pool in soils. The research sites were larch forests, they are situated on Nizhne-Tungusskoe Plateau.
Larch forests of feather-moss and lichen types (110 and 380 years old) were formed on 'ochric podbur' soils. Litter stocks
are 3.5–4.5 kg m− 2 with thickness 10–25 cm. Cryomezomorphic northern taiga soils contains 38–73 t (carbon) ha− 1. Pool of fast mineralized OM has average value 38.1 t (carbon) ha− 1, including 20.5 and 6.4 t (Carbon) ha− 1 of labile compounds on surface and in the soil, and 11.2 t (carbon) ha− 1 of mobile OM. Microbial mass reaches 1.78–3.47 t (carbon) ha− 1, its proportion is 3.6–4.9% of the total OM carbon. Zoomass of feather-moss larch forest is 0.20–0.61 * 10− 2, in lichen larch forest −0.01–0.07 * 10− 2 t (carbon) ha− 1. A pool of resistant to biological decomposition and bonded to mineral soil matrix OM is 17.7 t (carbon) ha− 1 and it varies from 18.6 to 29.0 in feather-moss larch forest, and from 6.4 to 17.0 t (carbon) ha− 1 in lichen larch forest. Two-years field experiment has been performed to determine transformation rates of various plant
litter fractions and to clarify the role of soil biota in these processes. The results showed participation of all biota groups
in the decomposition of plant residues caused weight loss of larch-needles and root mortmass. Isolation of organic matter
from all-size invertebrate groups leads to some decrease of decomposition activity. 相似文献
9.
Forests in climate policy: technical,institutional and economic issues in measurement and monitoring
Despite the economic and environmental significance of the world’s forests, we have limited data about them. Estimates of
deforestation in tropical countries and rates of reforestation or afforestation in boreal and temperate countries are inconsistent.
Accordingly, estimates of emissions released in deforestation vary widely and range from 7% to 17% of all sources of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions. The lack of good data severely hampers efforts to shape climate policy because it is difficult to model
the role of forests both in the physical global carbon (C) cycle and in cost-effective regimes to abate GHG. Data limits strain
the capacity of even the best models to estimate marginal cost functions for forest carbon (C) sequestration. It is technically
possible to obtain better information, but for institutional and economic reasons these technologies have not yet been fully
deployed. The emergence of carbon (C) trading or tax policy in which forest carbon (C) storage becomes valued would strengthen
incentives to supply better data, as would nonmarket regulation if it elicited a shadow value of forest carbon (C) in substituting
for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. “Geo-wiki” may provide a short-term solution to at least part of the data problem.
The ultimate solution is the development of a comprehensive forest monitoring system involving remote sensing and on-the-ground
truthing. This paper briefly discusses the role of forests in climate policy and then describes data gaps, the capability
of technology to fill them, the limits of institutions and budgets in realizing this capability, and possible near-term solutions. 相似文献
10.
Virginia Wittrock Suren N. Kulshreshtha Elaine Wheaton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(3):267-290
Droughts can have severe negative effects on the environment, society and economy. The drought of 2001–2002 caused severe
strain on economic and social activities in western Canada, particularly on rural communities through changes in water resources.
This paper examines physical and social vulnerabilities and associated adaptation measures undertaken and the adaptive capacity
in communities in the South Saskatchewan River Basin, Canada. Although all of these communities were exposed to the 2001–2002
drought, they had different levels of impacts, resulting in different types of drought adaptation measures, some due to experience
with previous droughts and some in response to the 2001–2002 drought. Communities with unreliable water supply were the most
vulnerable to these droughts. This vulnerability resulted in historic adaptations being implemented (e.g., Hanna, Alberta)
and re-active adaptations (e.g., Cabri, Saskatchewan). It is important to examine the effectiveness of the current adaptive
strategies to cope with more extensive and extended drought situations. First Nation communities, such as the Kainai Blood
Indian Reserve, have many social and environmental issues but the impacts from the drought were minor. The Reserve had implemented
economic changes in the late 1980s to make it less vulnerable to drought but resulted in negative impacts to the Reserve’s
social health. It is imperative to determine how vulnerable First Nation communities are and will to improve future adaptive
capacity. This paper provides a snap shot view of how Canadian Prairie Communities have adapted to drought and how vulnerable
they are to future drought situations. 相似文献
11.
Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate
change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic
Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional
Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices
that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs
and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to
how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to
any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing
and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct,
(2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon
explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage
risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management
that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes
driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry
planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers
to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.
相似文献
J. L. InnesEmail: |
12.
本文选取小山口村、魏城村和南垛庄铺三个林权改革试点村作为调查对象,通过描述统计、交叉列联表分析和Ridit分析,就林权改革的方式、林改对经济和环境产生的影响及林权流转三个方面的问题对山东临沂市的集体林权制度改革现状展开调查研究。分析发现,在历经3年的林改中,临沂市始终坚持尊重实际、区别对待,灵活选择林权改革的方式,使当地的林权制度改革受到村民的欢迎。此外,林权改革后,当地的经济收入和生态环境及对林业的投入均有不同程度的提高和改善,村民的营林、护林积极性也大大增加。但是在涉及到林权流转方面的问题时,大部分的村民不能清楚认识到林权的价值,从而使落实处置权的目标短期内难以实现。 相似文献
13.
Boreal forests represent a biome of the planet whose unique characteristics are changing rapidly under the influence of both
human and natural pressures. These forests hold the key to current and future supply of coniferous industrial wood and at
the same time play a significant role in regulating Earth's climatic system. Expected to be one of the most rapidly impacted
regions of the world by future climate change, the boreal biome has already been substantially affected by global change.
It is likely that if unabated, continued change will lead to impoverishment and degradation of boreal ecosystems, with consequent
loss of vital services upon which human society depends. An improved systems understanding of the functioning of circumpolar
boreal forests is a pressing challenge for boreal forest science and is needed in order to estimate their resilience to perturbations,
to predict likely responses to the changing environment, and to design mitigation strategies. With such understanding, coordinated
international efforts can be focused on developing anticipatory strategies for adaptation to, and mitigation of dangerous
consequences of global change for boreal resources. The International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA) provides
a focus for international research on these issues and serves as a global window for boreal forest science and sustainable
forest management in the boreal region. 相似文献
14.
Manuel R. Guariguata Jonathan P. Cornelius Bruno Locatelli Claudio Forner G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):793-808
The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis
has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical
forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global
climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate
change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may
be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic
adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers
additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration
in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort
with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent
communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance
on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt
management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation
into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change
considerations into tropical forestry. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, we investigate the ways in which climate stressors and economic changes related to liberalisation alter the local vulnerability context. Household and key informant data from two villages in Mozambique are analysed. First, we explore how changes such as increased market integration, altered systems of agricultural support, land tenure change and privatisation of agro-industries may affect factors important for response capacity, including access to local natural resources, employment opportunities, and household labour and capital. Next, we investigate how people related to the market while coping with the 2002–2003 drought. The study reveals that there had been an increase in informal trade and casual employment opportunities; however, market relations were very unfavourable and as the drought intensified, smallholders were locked into activities that barely secured economic survival and which sometimes endangered long-term response capacity. Only a few large-scale farmers had the capital and skills necessary to negotiate a good market position in urban markets, thus securing future incomes. Inequality, social sustainability, vulnerability and natural resource use are all closely linked in the savannas. Hence, both climate change adaptation policies and sustainability measures need to target vulnerability context and the social and environmental stressors shaping it. 相似文献
16.
T. K. Vlassova 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(4):897-909
Three methods of gathering local and traditional knowledge of Indigenous Peoples were used to assess environmental changes
and human impacts in Russian boreal forest communities: structured interviews, followed by an unstructured interview, and
an education/training workshop. The most important environment changes reported by Indigenous Peoples included the disappearance
of animals and plants, climate changes, a decrease in forest and shrub area, and human impacts such as poaching, forests fires,
industrial logging, clearing of forests for firewood, and water pollution by industrial wastes and discharges. We propose
establishment of the Boreal Residents' Network for Socio-environment Assessments and Education for Sustainable Development
to acquire local and traditional knowledge as a supplement to scientific monitoring. The proposed approach would involve permanent
inhabitants living in a broad range of boreal forests to gather local and traditional knowledge and assessments. This could
lead to a meta-database to share with international networks. 相似文献
17.
Aggrey Ochieng Adimo John Bosco Njoroge Leaven Claessens Leonard S. Wamocho 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(2):153-171
Climate variability and change mitigation and adaptation policies need to prioritize land users needs at local level because
it is at this level that impact is felt most. In order to address the challenge of socio-economic and unique regional geographical
setting, a customized methodological framework was developed for application in assessment of climate change vulnerability
perception and adaptation options around the East African region. Indicators of climate change and variability most appropriate
for the region were derived from focused discussions involving key informants in various sectors of the economy drawn from
three East African countries. Using these indicators, a structured questionnaire was developed from which surveys and interviews
were done on selected sample of target population of farming communities in the Mt. Kenya region. The key highlights of the
questionnaire were vulnerability and adaptation. Data obtained from respondents was standardized and subjected to multivariate
and ANOVA analysis. Based on principle component analysis (PCA), two main vulnerability categories were identified namely
the social and the bio-physical vulnerability indicators. Analysis of variance using Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant
statistical variation (P ≤ 0.05) in the perceived vulnerability across the spatial distribution of the 198 respondents. Three insights were distinguished
and were discernible by agro-ecological zones. Different vulnerability profiles and adaptive capacity profiles were generated
demonstrating the need for prioritizing adaptation and mitigation efforts at local level. There was a high correlation between
the bio-physical and social factor/livelihood variables that were assessed. 相似文献
18.
Vladimir Stolbovoi 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):203-222
The 50% variation in the estimates of carbon (C) content in the forest soils of Russia at present is caused by confusion of
terms and ignorance of the soil geographical representativeness in forests. The GIS-based analysis closes the gap to the estimate
published earlier by Alexeyev and Birdsey (1994, p. 170). The average soil carbon density (SCD) for the 0.3 meter (m) layer
of the forest soils in Russia is about 8.1 kg C m−2; the 1 m layer captures some 11.4 kg C m−2; and the 2 m layer holds nearly 12.3 kg C m− 2. The mass of C is about 61.6 Pg C concentrated in the 0.3 m layer of forest soils; the 1 m layer accumulates 87.6 Pg C and
the 2 m layer holds about 94.1 Pg C. The C content in soils of the forest zone is much higher for Russia. The SCD is 18.8
kg C m− 2 and the soil C pool (SCP) is 223.6 Pg C in 1 m layer. Peat soils contribute a considerable portion of C to the forest zone
of the country. The cold climate, permafrost and vegetation residues that are rich in recalcitrant compounds support a high
accumulation rate of organic matter and associated nutrients in soils. This conservation is a mechanism to keep the production
potential of the boreal ecosystems high in spite of their relatively low actual productivity in present environments. 相似文献
19.
Synergisms between climate change mitigation and adaptation: an insurance perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evan Mills 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):809-842
As the world’s largest industry, the insurance sector is both an aggregator of the impacts of climate change and a market
actor able to play a material role in decreasing the vulnerability of human and natural systems. This article reviews the
implications of climate change for insurers and provides specific examples of insurance-relevant synergisms between adaptation
and mitigation in the buildings and energy sectors, agriculture, forestry, and land use. Although insurance is far from a
“silver bullet” in addressing climate change, it offers significant capacity and ability to understand, manage, and spread
risks associated with weather-related events, more so today in industrialized countries but increasingly so in developing
countries and economies in transition. Certain measures that integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation also bolster
insurers’ solvency and profitability, thereby increasing their appeal. Promising strategies involve innovative products and
systems for delivering insurance and the use of new technologies and practices that both reduce vulnerability to disaster-related
losses and support sustainable development. However, climate change promises to erode the insurability of many risks, and
insurance responses can be more reactive than proactive, resulting in compromised insurance affordability and/or availability.
Public–private partnerships involving insurers and entities such as the international relief community offer considerable
potential, but have not been adequately explored.
相似文献
Evan MillsEmail: URL: http://insurance.lbl.gov |
20.
Johnson N. Nkem Olufunso A. Somorin Cyprian Jum Monica E. Idinoba Youssoufa M. Bele Denis J. Sonwa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(5):513-533
The livelihood strategies of indigenous communities in the Congo Basin are inseparable from the forests, following their use of forest ecosystem goods and services (FEGS). Climate change is expected to exert impacts on the forest and its ability to provide FEGS. Thus, human livelihoods that depend on these FEGS are intricately vulnerable to climate impacts. Using the livelihood strategies of the two main forest indigenous groups; the Bantus and Pygmies, of the high forest zone of southern Cameroon; this paper examines the nature and pattern of their vulnerability to different climate risks as well as highlights how place of settlement in the forest contributes to the vulnerability of people in forest systems. Forests provide different capitals as FEGS and make direct and indirect contributions to livelihoods which are exploited differently by the two indigenous groups. The results show that vulnerability of forest communities is structured by lifestyle, culture and the livelihood strategies employed which are largely shaped by the place of settlement in the forest. The Pygmies living within the forests are engaged in nomadic gathering and foraging of non-timber forest resources. The Bantus prefer forest margins and are mostly preoccupied with sedentary farming, using the forest as additional livelihood opportunity. The contrasting lifestyles have implications on their vulnerability and adaptation to climate impacts which need to be taken into considerations in planning and implementation of national climate change adaptation strategies. 相似文献