高铁酸钾氧化降解硝基苯水溶液

采用高铁酸钾氧化降解硝基苯水溶液,研究表明,反应时间、pH值、高铁酸钾投加量、硝基苯水溶液浓度4个因素都会对硝基苯的降解效果产生影响.硝基苯水溶液浓度为55mg·l~(-1)时,初始pH=7-9,高铁酸钾投加量n_(k_2FeO_4):n_(C_6H_5NO_2)10:1,反应时间30min为最优反应条件,硝基苯去除率达到85%左右,COD_(Cr)去除率达到55%左右.通过对反应产物的分析,推测硝基苯首先被高铁酸钾氧化为对硝基苯酚,再进一步被氧化开环生成终产物.     

Al/H_2O_2体系氧化降解甲基橙

考察了Al/H_2O_2体系对甲基橙(MO)的氧化降解行为,探讨了Al粉、H_2O_2投加量、溶液初始pH以及共存阴离子等因素对MO降解的影响,并利用荧光光谱法通过证实·OH自由基的形成对降解机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,Al/H_2O_2体系对MO的降解受溶液pH影响较大,在初始pH 3.0,铝粉投加量为4.8 g·L~(-1),H_2O_2投加量为7.2 mmol·L~(-1),对于含MO 20 mg·L~(-1)的染料废水,10 h MO降解率可达95.2%,而当初始pH3.5时,MO的降解被强烈抑制.无机阴离子(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)单独存在时,对Al/H_2O_2体系降解MO影响较小,MO降解率仍可达90.0%以上.无机阴离子(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)共同存在时,对Al/H_2O_2体系降解MO具有叠加效应,MO降解率仅达60.0%左右.Al/H_2O_2体系重复利用性能良好,对MO降解经7个周期后,降解率仍可达92.0%.降解机理研究表明,Al/H_2O_2体系氧化降解MO过程中,·OH发挥了主要作用.     

铁碳微电解降解磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平

以两种典型人工合成有机物(磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平)为主要研究对象,采用铁碳微电解法降解上述两种目标污染物,研究了铁碳质量比、反应时间、pH、铁投加量等因素对磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平降解效果的影响.结果表明,pH=1,铁碳比为1∶1,铁投加量为80 g·L~(-1)时,磺胺甲恶唑的去除率最高,60 min几乎全部去除.pH=1,铁碳比为1∶4,铁投加量为80 g·L~(-1)时,卡马西平的去除率最高,60 min卡马西平去除率接近90%.在这过程中磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平发生氧化还原反应,它们的氮被还原成氨氮.磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平的降解符合假一级反应动力学.     

高铁酸钾/254nm紫外光氧化降解水体中双酚A

采用高铁酸钾/紫外光氧化降解双酚A水溶液.考察了高铁酸钾投加量、双酚A初始浓度、pH、降解时间等参数对双酚A的CODCr去除率的影响,通过正交实验得出了最佳降解参数,并对降解产物进行了紫外光谱分析.研究表明,高铁酸钾投加量为39 mg,pH值为11,双酚A浓度10 mg·L-1条件下降解30 min,双酚A最佳CODCr去除率为88.24%.     

高铁酸钾降解嗅味物质异佛尔酮的效能及机理

采用高铁酸钾降解水中典型嗅味物质异佛尔酮(IPO),考察了高铁酸钾投加量、溶液初始pH、IPO浓度、温度和反应时间等因素对IPO降解率的影响.采用响应面法进行多因素实验设计,利用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了IPO降解率、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)与降解条件之间的关系,对降解条件进行了优化.采用GC-MS分析IPO的降解产物,探讨了IPO的降解机理.结果表明,高铁酸钾可以在1 min内迅速降解IPO. IPO降解率与高铁酸钾投加量正相关,与溶液初始pH负相关.在IPO初始浓度为6.0 mg·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为4.0、高铁酸钾投加量为0.9 g·L~(-1)、反应时间为5 min时,IPO降解率可达100%. Mn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH~+_4和HCO~-_3等共存离子会抑制高铁酸钾对IPO的降解.高铁酸钾对IPO的氧化降解作用大于吸附、混凝的去除作用. GC-MS检测到的降解产物有4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、5-异丙基-5-甲基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮和4-甲基-4-戊烯-2-酮等物质,推测高铁酸钾对IPO的降解途径主要是氧化、加氢和脱碳等.     

两级Fenton法预处理高浓度高色度铜拉丝乳化液实验研究

金属线材厂拉制线材用的铜拉丝油由基础油(矿物油、植物油和合成油)、乳化剂、抗氧化剂、抗泡剂等物质组成,能与水形成稳定的乳化液,主要起冷却、润滑、清洗、防锈等作用,经冷热交替和微生物降解会导致其变质,需要周期性的更换,产生需要处理的废乳化液。废乳化液量随着线缆行业的快速发展越来越多,该废液呈蓝色且有机物浓度高,若排放将对周围环境产生严重污染,经过处理达标排放成为该类企业的当务之急。Fenton氧化法是一种高级氧化技术,在酸性条件下,H_2O_2被Fe~(2+)催化分解并产生大量具有强氧化性的·OH,通过·OH氧化降解废水中的有机物,达到废水净化的目的。在处理有毒有害难生物降解有机废水方面具有较强的应用优势;本研究采用两级Fenton氧化法对高浓度高色度铜拉丝乳化液进行预处理,通过实验研究了H_2O_2和FeSO_4投加量、初始反应pH值、反应时间等因素对该废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,首级Fenton法处理废水的最佳反应条件为:pH值为2、H_2O_2(质量分数30%)投加量为140 mL·L~(-1)、FeSO_4(质量分数10%)投加量为96mL·L~(-1)和反应时间为40 min;二级Fenton氧化法考察了H_2O_2及FeSO_4投加量、反应时间等因素处理首级Fenton上清液的情况,结果表明:H_2O_2(30%)投加量为144 mL·L~(-1),FeSO_4(10%)投加量为192mL·L~(-1),初始反应pH值为2,反应时间为80min。原水COD约40000mg·L~(-1)降低到2000mg·L~(-1)以下,COD去除率高达95%,颜色从蓝色变成了无色,满足了后续生化处理对进水浓度的要求。为解决同类高浓度铜拉丝乳化液废水预处理提供了技术参考。     

模拟日光-非均相Fenton光催化降解喹啉

以铝-分子筛(Al-MCM-41)为载体,采用加热回流法制备一种非均相芬顿催化剂还原氧化石墨烯-羟基铁/Al-MCM-41(r GO-Fe OOH/Al-MCM-41).以喹啉模拟有机废水,考察该催化剂在不同氧化体系、不同H_2O_2投加量、不同催化剂投加量和不同水质因素(喹啉初始浓度和p H值)条件下对喹啉降解效能的影响,同时考察了催化剂的重复使用性.结果表明,喹啉的光芬顿降解过程符合准一级反应动力学,降解过程中溶液中的NO-3浓度先升高后下降,表明喹啉的吡啶环被打开.对比芬顿反应,模拟日光芬顿反应中光的引入促进羟基自由基的产生,使得喹啉去除率由45%提高到了99%;喹啉降解速率随着催化剂和H_2O_2投加量的增加而升高,但投加量过多会消耗·OH自由基从而抑制喹啉降解,在光芬顿体系中,该催化剂在p H=3.6—9.6的范围内都表现出了很高的活性;当喹啉初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),催化剂投加量为0.5 g·L~(-1),H_2O_2投加量为20 mmol·L~(-1),p H=6.3时,该催化剂对喹啉有很好的矿化效果(TOC去除率为3%).催化剂重复使用性能稳定,重复使用5次喹啉去除率仍高达99%,但TOC去除率略有降低,铁溶出率为0.48%以下.     

垃圾渗滤液的Fenton氧化预处理研究

采用Fenton氧化法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,考察了渗滤液初始pH值、H2O2和FeSO4.7H2O投加量、H2O2/Fe2＋投加的物质的量比及氧化反应时间等对Fenton氧化处理效果的影响,获得Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺条件：初始pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为5.0 mL.L-1,FeSO4.7H2O投加量为3.48 g.L-1,H2O2/Fe2＋物质的量比为4-1,反应时间为1.5 h。最佳条件下处理后垃圾渗滤液COD为5 220 mg.L-1,COD去除率达57.8%。凝胶渗透色谱和三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中主要含有腐殖酸类大分子物质,经Fenton氧化后降解变成小分子化合物。     

电-Fenton法降解青霉素的动力学研究

采用电-Fenton法处理青霉素钠(Penicillin G sodium, PGN)模拟废水,当T=20℃,pH=3时,投加0.5g·l-1 FeSO4和0.2ml·l-1 H2O2,在0.6A电流下降解青霉素钠废水(100 mg·l-1), 20min后青霉素钠去除率为79%,40min后去除率为95%.拟合实验数据得到青霉素钠降解反应的速率方程式为:-d[PGN]/dt=2.35×106 exp(-32869.4/RT )[Fe2 ]0.53[H2O2]0.8[PGN]1.14反应速率常数和反应级数表明,初始阶段降解反应进行非常迅速,且H2O2浓度比Fe2 浓度对电-Fenton降解反应的影响重要.     

Fenton氧化法处理生物性污染废水

采用Fenton氧化法对经化学混凝沉淀处理后的生物性污染废水进行深度处理,通过正交试验和单因素实验,研究H2O2投加量、溶液pH值、反应时间和H2O2/Fe2+2(摩尔比)四个主要因素对有机污染物去除效果的影响.实验结果表明H2O2投加量的影响明显高于其它三个因素,影响能力从大到小依次排序为:H2O2投加量＞溶液pH＞反应时间＞H2O2/Fe2+,反应的最佳工艺条件为:H2O2投加量为0.088mol.l-1,溶液pH值在3.5左右,反应时间为4h,H2O2/Fe2+为20:1.在此条件下,经Fenton氧化法深度处理后的出水细菌总数和三磷酸腺苷均未检出,保障出水的生物卫生安全性;同时其相对抑光率为10%,属低水平毒性.此外,其化学需氧量小于76mg·l-1,氨氮、总氮、总磷分别为1.10mg·l-1,2.92mg·l-1和0.002mg·l-1,出水满足<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB8918-2002)>一级B标准.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.