中度嗜盐菌Halomonas sp.BYS-1启动子的克隆和测序

提取了中度嗜盐菌Halomonassp.BYS1的基因组DNA,以甲基对硫磷水解酶基因(mpd)为报告基因,以启动子探针pUCmpd为载体,通过鸟枪法在E.coliDH5α中构建了BYS1的启动子文库.通过筛选获得了17个阳性克隆,编号为P1～P17.测定了阳性克隆的甲基对硫磷水解酶(MPH)活性,结果表明,P3中mpd基因的启动子活性最强,它的酶活高达2554.3U/mg,而P17中mpd基因的启动子活性最弱,它的酶活只有68.3U/mg.对P3、P8、P17克隆中的重组质粒的插入片段进行了测序和在线启动子预测.图4表1参17     

嗜盐光合细菌的分离鉴定及其营养成分分析

从大连海岸的海泥中分离到 4株海洋光合细菌 :菌株C4 10、菌株DS2、菌株E3 和E4,它们都能在厌氧光照下营光异养生长 ,菌株C4 10还能够利用还原性硫化物营光自养生长 .依菌对NaCl的需求 ,菌株C4 10、DS2归属于嗜盐光合细菌 ,菌株E3 和E4属于耐盐光合细菌 .根据形态和培养特征、生理生化特征、光合作用内膜结构、泛醌组成、(G +C)的摩尔百分比等指标 ,菌株C4 10鉴定为Rhodovulumsulfidophilus (嗜硫小红卵菌 )、菌株DS2鉴定为Rhodobiummarinum (海红菌 )、菌株E3 和E4鉴定为Rhodobacterazotoformans.4株菌的营养成分分析表明 ,它们的细胞的最大生长量为 4× 10 9mL-1.粗蛋白含量占细胞干重的 5 5 %左右 ,菌株DS2高达 6 4 .2 % .4菌株所含氨基酸种类齐全 ,特别具备人和动物所必需的氨基酸 .4株菌均含有辅酶Q10和类胡萝卜素 .其中菌株C4 10的类葫萝卜素含量最高 .图 1表 6参 14     

青海湖嗜盐菌的分离与优势菌株QHL5的特性

采用高盐选择性培养基从20份青海湖水样中筛选分离获得35株青海湖嗜盐微生物.耐盐梯度实验分析表明:水体中以中度嗜盐菌为主,约占65.7%;弱嗜盐菌次之,约占25.7%;非嗜盐菌与耐盐菌相对较少,约占8.5%.其中优势菌QHL5的生长盐度耐受范围为0.04～3.0 mol/L,最适生长范围为0.3～0.9 mol/L,隶属于中度嗜盐菌.菌体形态和生长特性分析表明:QHL5菌落大小为4～6 mm,圆形或椭圆形,边缘整齐厚实,乳白色,中间微隆起,不透明,革兰氏染色阴性.显微形态呈杆状,最适生长pH为8.5～9.5,最适生长温度为35℃.生理生化、16S rRNA的全序列Blast和系统发育分析表明:QHL5菌株分类定位于γ变形菌纲海洋螺菌目盐单胞菌属樊氏盐单胞菌(Halomonas ventosae).通过80%乙醇法抽提胞内相溶物质,采用TLC法检测出该菌积聚四氢嘧啶.     

高效液相色谱检测青海湖嗜盐菌胞内积聚的相溶物质四氢嘧啶

从20份青海湖水样中,分离获得了35株中度嗜盐菌株.耐盐梯度实验表明:水体中以中度嗜盐菌为主,约占65.7%;弱嗜盐菌次之,约占25.7%;非嗜盐菌与耐盐菌相对较少,约占8.5%.采用80%乙醇法抽提中度嗜盐菌胞内的Ectoine,利用TLC和HPLC分析,结果表明:青海湖中度嗜盐菌中,大多数胞内积聚相溶物质Ectoine;在最适生长盐度下,中度嗜盐菌QHL1、QHL5、QHL10、QHL26和QHL28的胞内Ectoine含量分别为258.6μg·mL-1、325.47μg·mL-1、208.8μg·mL-1、292.31μg·mL-1和295.13μg·mL-1,以此初步获得5株具有Ectoine高产潜力的野生菌株.     

盐胁迫下耐盐与盐敏感水稻的RAPD和POD同工酶检测

对耐盐、一般耐盐和盐敏感３种水稻材料进行了ＲＡＰＤ和同工酶检测,结果发现：３３个引物（Ｎ－１－Ｎ－１２,Ｓ４５０－Ｓ４７０）中,２７个引物具有拉增产物,拉增片段大小分布在０．２－３．４ｋｂ之间,说明在一定程度上反映了３种对盐具有不同耐盐性水稻在基因组ＤＮＡ分子水平上的差异,以Ｓ４５０为引物,在强耐盐的７７９中扩增出１个１．１ｋｂ的特异ＤＮＡ片段（Ｓ４５０１１００）,而在对盐敏感的早花２号中,以Ｎ－     

泌盐盐生植物研究进展

根据盐生植物的抗盐生理机制及其形态结构和生态学特征 ,可将盐生植物区分为真盐生植物 (ｅｕｈａｌｏｐｈｙｔｅ)、泌盐盐生植物 (ｒｅｃｒｅｔｏｈａｌｏｐｈｙｔｅ)和假盐生植物 (ｐｓｅｕｄｏｈａｌｏｐｈｙｔｅ)三种类型[1 ] ,每一种类型都有其独特的形态结构、生理功能和生态特征 .泌盐盐生植物体中具有特殊的泌盐结构———盐腺或盐囊泡 ,可将植物体内过多的盐分排到体外 ,故能很好地适应盐渍生境 ,在多种盐渍生境中皆能生存 ,如盐湖、盐漠、盐渍草甸、盐沼等 .中国地域广阔 ,存在各种盐生植物生境 ,但是 ,由于我国专门从事研究盐生…     

盐生植物在盐渍土壤改良中的作用

盐生植物盐爪爪〔Kalidiumfoliatum (Pall.)Moq.〕、盐地碱蓬 (SuaedasalsaL .Pall)、中亚滨藜 (AtriplexcentralasiatieaIljin)、西伯利亚白刺 (NitrariasibiricaPall) ,在中国禹城地区〔φ(N) =36°5 5′,λ(E) =116°40′〕含盐量较高 (1%～ 1.3%)的试验田中分别种植 .出苗后定苗 ,株密度n =80m-2 ,小区面积为 4m2 ,每种植物 3个重复 .种植前分别测定土壤Na+ 含量 ,N、P、K含量 ,有机质含量 ,细菌和真菌数量 .萌发后 15d测定植株干重、植株Na+ 含量 .在花芽形成期收获 ,再测定植物干重和植株Na+ 含量 ,以及土壤Na+ 含量 ,N、P、K含量 ,有机质含量 ,细菌和真菌数量 .结果发现 ,盐渍土壤种植 4种盐生植物 1个季度后 ,土壤Na+ 含量显著降低 ,每季盐爪爪从土壤中吸收Na+ 量 934 5 .6kg/hm2 ,盐地碱蓬吸收Na+ 量 6 85 1.4kg/hm2 ,西伯利亚白刺吸收 6 0 19.2kg/hm2 ,中亚滨藜吸收 6 0 98.4kg/hm2 .土壤有机质 ,N、P、K以及细菌和真菌数量也有不同程度的增加 .这再次证明 ,盐生植物是一类良好的吸盐植物 .并对盐渍土壤种植盐生植物后Na+盐降低、土壤肥力和微生物数量增加的原因进行了讨论 .表 7参 13     

耐盐异养硝化菌驯化方法及分离菌株鉴定

采用高C/N、逐渐降低DO、菌体对数生长期前期转接以及增加培养液中海水比例的方法完成了耐盐异养硝化菌的富集和驯化,并从中分离筛选出两株高效异养硝化菌qy37和gs2.通过对两株菌的形态观察、生理生化试验以及16S rRNA序列分析,确定菌株qy37和菌株gs2分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas).     

parDE基因对重组质粒pLM2在Enterobacter gergoviae 57-7中稳定性的影响

将 parDE基因克隆到载有组成型表达nifA基因的质粒 pST10 2 1上 ,得到重组质粒pLM2 .将 pLM2 ,pST10 2 1分别转到玉米联合固氮菌Enteorbactergergoviae 5 7 7(E5 7 7) ,获得转化子E5 7 7(pLM2 ) ,E5 7 7(pST10 2 1) ,二者在c(NH+ 4 ) =5 0mmolL-1的Kp培养基中表达的固氮活性一致 .将pLM2 ,pST10 2 1分别转到E .coliDH5α(pMGFP2 .1) ,培养物用 4 88nm光激发后在 5 10nm均有相同的的荧光特征发射峰 .上述实验表明 ,重组质粒pLM2仍保留了原质粒pST10 2 1中nifA的功能 .但质粒 pLM2和 pST10 2 1在E5 7 7中的稳定性试验表明 ,E5 7 7(pST10 2 1)在无抗生素的LB中继代培养 70代后 ,质粒几乎全部丢失 (仅存 1% ) ;而E5 7 7(pLM2 )继代培养 10 0代后 ,质粒全部存在 (10 0 % ) .图 4表 1参 12     

耐盐菌Pseudomonas brassicacearum YZX4的筛选、鉴定及其植物促生特性

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)具有促进植物生长的作用.从盐碱地植物根际土壤中分离筛选耐盐菌,测定其在盐胁迫下的1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶活性、吲哚乙酸(IAA)合成能力、嗜铁素合成能力、无机磷溶解能力,以及在Ashby无氮培养基上的生长情况;并对同时具有以上促生功能的耐盐菌进行不同盐浓度下的促生功能测定、小黄白(白菜Brassica pekinensis的一个品种)种子萌发促生实验和菌株鉴定.结果显示,在筛选得到的15株耐盐菌中,菌株YZX4在10 g/L NaCl浓度下同时具有多种促生特性.在不同盐浓度下促生功能测定实验中,当盐浓度为10 g/L时,菌株的ACC脱氨酶活性(以α-KA/Pr计)、IAA合成量和嗜铁素相对含量最高,分别为11.07(±1.89)μmol mg~(-1)h~(-1)、36.42 (±1.81) mg/L和0.61 (±0.15),且随着盐浓度的增加而降低;在20 g/L盐浓度下,该菌株的固氮量、有机磷溶解量和无机磷溶解量最高,分别为4.79 (±1.61) mg/L、1.68±(0.04) mg/L和23.77 (±1.30) mg/L.在小黄白种子萌发促生实验中,当盐浓度为5.84 g/L时,YZX4的菌液(105 CFU/mL)对小黄白的种子萌发率、幼苗根、茎长和平均鲜重分别提高了7.19%、17.33%、23.85%和22.69%.根据形态特征、生理生化鉴定结果和16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定菌株YZX4为油菜假单胞菌(Pseudowonas brassicacearum).上述研究结果表明在盐胁迫下同时具备多种促生特性的菌株YZX4可作为盐碱地改良微生物菌剂的优良菌源.(图6表4参37)     

Identification of a sex pheromone from a rotifer

The first isolation and characterization of a sex pheromone from a zooplankter is reported. A 29 kdalton glycoprotein on the surface of females of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis acts as a contact-mating pheromone. This glycoprotein (gp29) is glycosylated with oligosaccharides containing Nacetylglucosamine, mannose, and fucose residues, and these oligosaccharides are necessary for male recognition of females. Males detect this signal by contact chemoreception with receptors located in their corona. Binding of purified glycoprotein to male receptors reduces mating attempts by 93%. An antibody to the glycoprotein binds to females, reducing male mating attempts by 86%. When purified gp29 is bound to sepharose beads, it is sufficient to elicit male mating behavior. This glycoprotein is likely to play a key role in the evolution and maintenance of reproductive isolation in rotifers.     

Consideration of translocation into a growth model of a plant organ

Taking account of the Bertalanffy's differential equation on animal growth, plant growth is also considered as the net result of anabolism and catabolism. When we, however, consider the growth of a plant organ, it is necessary to add a term of translocation because it plays an important role in the growth of plant organs, such as leaf and fruit. Considering translocation, therefore, a growth model of a plant organ was proposed on the basis of the compartment model for estimating the carbon balance in the organ by using the experimental data on translocation, photosynthesis and respiration of a tropical fruit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray). The present growth model of a plant organ belongs to an extended Bertalanffy's growth equation, and was possible to be transformed into the simple Bertalanffy's growth equation on the basis of the proportionality between the growth and translocation rates. The Bertalanffy's growth equation of a plant organ was also possible to apply to that of the whole plant on the assumption of the allomeric relationship between a plant organ and the whole plant.     

Larvae of a colonial ascidian use a non-contact mode of substratum selection on a coral reef

The rate at which larvae successfully recruit into communities of marine benthic invertebrates is partially dependent upon how well larvae avoid benthic predators and settle on appropriate substrata. Therefore, to be able to predict recruitment success, information is needed on how larvae search for settlement sites, whether larvae preferentially settle on certain substrata, and the extent to which there are adequate cues for larvae to find these substrata. This article describes how larvae of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma similis find settlement sites on a coral reef. Direct field observations of larval settlement were made on a fringing reef in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, between September 1985 and April 1986. A comparison of the substrata that larvae contacted prior to settlement relative to the percentage cover of these substrata on the study reef suggests that larvae are using a non-contact mode of substratum identification to locate suitable settlement sites. This mode of substratum identification allowed 74% of larvae to evade predation by benthic organisms who would otherwise have eaten larvae if they had been contacted. Of those larvae that evaded predation, 88% subsequently settled on the same two substrata upon which most adults are found (dead coral or the green alga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa). This pattern of settlement was probably a result of active selection, since the two substrata cover only 14.4% of the reef's surface and currents had little effect on the direction in which larvae swam. An important contributing factor to the high success rate of larval settlement on suitable substrata was the lack of any temporal decay in substratum preference. It is concluded that for Diplosoma similis larval supply is a sufficient predictor of larval settlement rate. However, for marine invertebrates whose larvae are passively dispersed and exhibit a greater temporal decay in substratum preference, larval settlement should generally have a greater dependency on spatial variation in the abundance of benthic predators and suitable substrata.     

Measurement of Odor-Plume Structure in a Wind Tunnel Using a Photoionization Detector and a Tracer Gas

The patterns of stimulus available to moths flying along pheromone plumes in a 3-m-long wind tunnel were characterized using a high frequency photoionization detector in conjunction with an inert tracer gas. Four contrasting flow regimes and source conditions were produced: odor released in pulses from a vertical and horizontal array of four sources, odor released continuously from a point source, and odor released continuously from a point source into an oscillatory wake. Although the four flow regimes produced plumes of intermittent and fluctuating concentration, there were considerable differences in the structure of the signal presented to the sensor. Pulses of tracer gas released at 10 Hz retained most of their longitudinal and lateral separation. The plume growing in the disturbed flow (`oscillatory'), was broader in its lateral extent than the plume growing in an undisturbed flow (`continuous'), and the concentrations in the former were lower at each downstream position. The signal recorded in the disturbed flow had higher intermittency, but the ratio between the peak concentration and the signal mean was lower than in the continuous plume. Time scales were typically longer in the tunnel than in a field setting, but length scales and the main features of intermittency and fluctuation were similar. Moths flying along plumes of pheromone in this and similar wind tunnels typically slow their velocity and narrow the lateral excursions of their flight track as they approach a pheromone source. Which features of the plumes measured in this study account for these behavioral reactions remains to be determined.     

Change in a bacterial population during the process of degradation of a phytoplankton bloom in a brackish lake

Change in a bacterial population during the process of degradation of a phytoplankton bloom was investigated at Lake Hamana, Japan in June 1981. The predominant phytoplankton were Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg and P. triestinum Schiller. While most phytoplankton cells were living and moving actively, most bacteria were those in a free-living state (free-living bacteria) and the number of bacteria associated with particulate materials (attached bacteria) was less than a few percent of the total bacterial number. As the decline process proceeded, the number of free-living bacteria remained almost constant or decreased slightly; on the other hand, the number of attached bacteria increased gradually and reached about 40% of the total bacterial number. These results indicate that some of the free-living bacteria become attached to particulate organic matter and grow on the surface of the particles.     

Optimal exploitation of a fishery employing a non-linear harvesting function

A harvesting function is developed to described the rate of removal of fish from a fish population. The function incorporates the effects of both the handling or processing time of the catch and the competition, between boats in the fleet, for the fish.We will assume that the growth rate of the fish population can be modelled with a concave, dome shaped growth curve. With this assumption, it has been shown that if the rate of harvesting the fish is linearly related to both effort (which can be thought of as some measure of the number of boats in the fleet) and the population size, then the population will tend towards a single equilibrium level which is globally stable. This paper shows that the saturation effects due to the handling time may generate two equilibrium levels (one stable, one unstable) rather than a single globally stable equilibrium. The results of competition between boats are economically undesirable because of the decrease in efficiency. However, this competition may be beneficial to the exploited fish population.Using the harvesting model derived earlier, the steady state or long term optimal harvesting policies as well as the transition paths to these states are developed. The only constraint is on the maximum allowable effort which is effectively an upper limitation on the fleet size or number of man-hours of fishing.     

Trajectory of a jet in crossflow in a channel bend

Mixing in rivers is an important issue with many applications in water quality and water resource management. Mixing of effluents with ambient river water is especially important, particularly in river bends, where secondary circulation complicates the mixing process. By comparing measured trajectories from dye tests to velocimetry data measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, this paper models the trajectory of a jet in an open channel bend using a modified formula for a jet trajectory in a straight crossflow. The original formula is shown to be insufficient for modeling the trajectory in the bend. Modifications are proposed using the position of the centre of the main secondary circulation cell to account for the bend effects. In the absence of secondary circulation, the modified formula reduces to the original formula. Once the secondary circulation has developed, the proposed formula is shown to have better residuals, lower root mean squared error, and higher \(R^2\) than the original formula.     

Experimental investigation of a line plume in a filling box

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - A series of experiments were conducted to quantify the dynamics of a filling box driven by a line plume that spans the full width of the enclosure. Three...     

Cohabitation of a coral reef sponge and a colonial scyphozoan

A sensitive experimental protocol using cloned corals (hereafter microcolonies) of the branching scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata and ⁴⁵Ca has been developed to enable reproducible measurements of physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in calcium transport and compartmentalization during coral calcification. Cloned S. pistillata microcolonies were propagated in the laboratory from small fragments of parent colonies collected in 1990 in the Gulf of Aqaba, Jordan. Cloned microcolonies have several intrinsic properties that help to reduce unwanted biological variability: (1) same genotype; (2) similar sizes and shapes; and (3) absence of macroscopic boring organisms. Errors specifically associated with long-standing problems to do with isotopic exchange were further reduced by producing microcolonies with no skeletal surfaces exposed to the radioisotope-labelled incubation medium. The value of the technique resides principally in its superior ability to elucidate transportation pathways and processes and not in its ability to quantitatively estimate calcium deposition by corals in nature. We describe here a rapidly exchangeable calcium pool in which up to 90% of the radioactive label taken up during incubations is located. This pool (72.9±1.4 nmol Ca mg^-1 protein) is presumably located within the coelenteric cavity as suggested by the following: (1) it has 4-min half-time saturation kinetics; (2) the accumulation of calcium is linearly correlated with the calcium concentration of sea-water; and (3) its insensitivity to metabolic and ion transport inhibitors indicate that membranes do not isolate this compartment. Washout of this large extracellular pool greatly improved estimates of calcium deposition as evidenced by 10 to 40% reduction in coefficients of variation when compared with previous ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ methods described in the literature. Comparisons of calcification measurements simultaneously carried out using the alkalinity anomaly technique and the ⁴⁵Ca protocol described here show that the correlation coefficient of both techniques is close to 1. Unlike previous reports, our ⁴⁵Ca²⁺-derived measurements are slightly lower than those computed from the alkalinity depletion technique.