川东华蓥山废弃矿井水化学特征及影响因素分析

对废弃煤矿酸性矿井水(AMD)、地表水、地下水的水化学特征及影响因素进行分析，可为保护华蓥山水环境提供理论支撑。以广安市华蓥山废弃煤矿群为研究对象，基于水化学参数统计，运用水化学、相关性分析和离子比等方法对水样进行了综合分析研究。结果表明：岩溶水化学类型大多为HCO₃-Ca型；非酸性矿井水主要为HCO₃-Ca型为主；酸性矿井水主要主要为SO₄-Ca和SO₄-Na;受酸性矿井水影响的地表水化学类型以SO₄-Ca和SO₄-Na型为主；酸性矿井水的形成演化除了受溶滤、浓缩、混合及阳离子交换作用外，主要受黄铁矿(FeS₂)的氧化还原反应影响。研究该区废弃矿井水化学特征及控制因素，将为酸性矿井水治理方案提供理论基础，从而削减入江污染负荷，从“源头”上保护长江生态环境。     

赵各庄煤矿矿井排水资源化综合利用研究

赵各庄矿井排水主要为巷道涌水及奥灰水疏水降压排水,排水量大;巷道涌水悬浮物、矿化度均较高,Cd、Pb含量超标,奥灰水疏水降压排水水质良好。针对矿井排水水量、水质特征,给出了矿井排水处理方式及利用规划,可使矿井水得到综合利用,取得良好的水资源化效益。     

贵州省凯里市鱼洞岩溶大泉成因与水质污染研究

为推进凯里市鱼洞河流域酸性矿井水治理，进而改善鱼洞河流域水环境现状，采用资料收集、地质及水文地质测绘、物探、钻探、水质分析、地下水动态长观等工作方法，深入研究了鱼洞河岩溶大泉形成及水质污染成因。研究结果表明鱼洞岩溶大泉出露于平路河断层破碎带中，由泥盆系尧梭组承压水与栖霞茅口组潜水混合而成，受地形切割，在平路河(鱼洞河支流)右岸出露。水质污染主要是因为原高家庄煤矿、州煤矿采矿破坏了顶板二叠系栖霞茅口组岩层中地下水径流管道，顶板含水层中地下水充入采空区中与黄铁矿(FeS₂)发生水解反应，致使铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)、pH等指标严重超标，煤矿关闭后老空区水位上升，老空水再次通过斜井、导水裂缝带等进入岩溶管道，进而污染了鱼洞泉。通过该项研究，夯实了鱼洞河流域煤矿酸性矿井水地学治理的理论基础，进一步完善了鱼洞河流域酸性矿井水治理路径，对类似流域酸性矿井水治理研究更是一个不可或缺的经验参考。     

国内外废弃矿井资源化开发模式述评

通过收集整理国内外大量废弃矿井开发利用的实践案例及相关理论研究成果,把废弃矿井的开发利用模式划分为7种基本类型,并对各类模式的国内外实践现状和理论研究进行了总结分析。结合矿井地下空间在平面和深度方向上延伸范围较大的特点,分析了埋藏深度和区位对废弃矿井地下空间开发模式的限制。     

阿尔金山自然保护区地表水水化学现状调查与评价

结合2011年阿尔金山保护区水文地质科学考察工作,在对保护区地表水水系、水体类型及特征进行调查分析的基础上,采集了主要地表水体类型的水化学样本,对各样本中的阴阳离子含量、矿化度、pH等水化学指标进行了测试,分析了保护区主要地表水类型的水化学现状特征及其空间变化规律,并与历史调查资料进行了对比分析,探讨了近30年保护区地表水水化学特征发生的变化及主要原因。     

某公司矿井水管理利用现状与对策

某公司所属羊东矿、大社矿和万年矿矿井水为低矿化度矿井水,矿井水利用率较低.为提高矿井水利用率,根据矿井水处理后水质与《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中主要水质指标对比结果,控制矿井水入河水质主要指标,将处理后的矿井水作为河道生态补水进入矿区河流.对在煤矿生产过程实施清洁生产,从源头控制污染物进入矿井水...     

柳江盆地某矿井水文地质类型划分探讨

通过对井田内水文地质特征及矿井充水因素进行分析,认为该矿井水文地质条件复杂,开采易受水害威胁。依据规范中矿井水文地质类型各单项指标的分类要求,从受采掘破坏或影响的含水层及水体、矿井涌水量、矿井开采受水害影响程度以及防治水工作难易程度等方面,对各单项指标所属类别进行判定,从而确定矿井水文地质类型。结果表明该矿井水文地质类型为复杂。     

影响乾安县地下水化学特征的不合理的人类活动探讨

乾安县地表水资源十分贫乏。研究区地下水水化学具有时空分布的特征。空间分布特征可分为水平特征和垂向特征。影响研究区地下水化学特征的不合理的人类活动主要有不合理的农业活动、不合理的打井取水活动和不合理的土地利用活动。     

新疆准东煤田大气降尘中Hg含量分析与污染风险评价

选择新疆准东煤田五彩湾露天煤矿为研究区,通过测定研究区内8个采样点(点1为背景点)大气降尘中Hg元素的含量,利用地质累积指数法及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对研究区内的大气降尘进行重金属汞污染等级和潜在生态风险等级评价,结果表明:1与背景点相比,位于煤矿区上风向的采样点基本不受煤矿区开采过程中Hg的影响,下风向的采样点均受到煤矿区开采过程中Hg的影响,总体来看,研究区内大气降尘已受到Hg的污染;2研究区所有大气采样点均存在不同程度的Hg的潜在生态风险,其中,大气降尘中Hg含量相对较高的点8和点9的潜在生态风险等级为强,风险所占比率为25%。说明受矿区煤矿开采影响,Hg的潜在生态风险在下风向显著增强。     

西藏盐井盐泉地下热卤水水化学特征分析

地下水化学成分受地质、水文地质、岩性等因素的控制，水化学特征研究对水资源的利用、管理及保护具有重要的指导作用。西藏自治区芒康县盐井乡境内，沿澜沧江近岸边长约1．5km范围内出露有50余处矿化度较高、水温为中高温、无色、味咸的天然盐泉。这种地下热卤水的分布特征、水化学特征和化学组分的形成，受地质构造、地下水径流通道、径流速度等条件的影响，因此通过对其水样水化学特征的研究，进一步阐明盐泉形成的基本规律。     

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL-MINE DISCHARGES ON WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA REMINING SITES1

ABSTRACT: Under an approved remining program, a coal mine operator can remine abandoned sites without legally assuming treatment responsibilities of the previously degraded water, as long as these discharging waters are not further degraded. Determination of discharge degradation caused by remining of abandoned coal mines requires knowledge of mine water quality and discharge flow rate characteristics both before and after remining. Normality tests performed on the water quality and flow data from 57 mine discharges indicate generally nonnormal distributions and extreme right-skewness. Exploratory data analysis (notched box-and-whisker plots) of the differences among medians indicates that the water quality of underground mines was more highly degraded in terms of acidity, iron, and sulfate concentrations than that from surface mines. Spearman's rank correlation tests, normality testing, and exploratory data analysis indicate that discharge flow rate is the primary controlling factor on the variability of pollution load rate. Reduction of recharge from the surface and adjacent unmined strata should decrease the mine discharge flow rate and in turn the pollution load.     

HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGE SUSTAINABILITY FROM AN ABANDONED UNDERGROUND COAL MINE1

ABSTRACT: Discharge from flooded abandoned subsurface coal mines is considered a potential source for water supplies where other acceptable water sources are not available. The objective of this study was to develop procedures for determining sustainability of mine‐water discharge using rainfall and discharge data for a case study site. The study site is located in southwest Virginia where Late Paleozoic sequences of sandstone, coal, and shale predominate. A rain gauge and a flow rate monitoring system were installed at the site and data were collected for a period of 100 days. The recording period corresponded with one of the driest periods in recent years and, therefore, provided valuable information regarding the flow sustainability during baseflow conditions. From available data on underground mining patterns, geology, and ground water flow regimes, it was determined that a coal mine aquifer exhibits hydraulic characteristics very similar to the extremely heterogeneous systems observed in karst aquifers, and the mine discharge is analogous to springflow. Thus, techniques commonly used in karst‐water systems and springflow analysis were used to develop rainfall/mine‐discharge relationships. Springflow recession analysis was performed on five rainfall recessions and the coefficient for each recession was compared and interpreted in light of known geologic information. It was found that the recession coefficients described the mine discharge adequately and the mine aquifer response to a rainfall pulse was very similar to the response from certain types of karst aquifers. A cross‐correlation analysis was performed to verify the results of the recession analysis and to develop a “black box” statistical model for discharge data. The correlation analysis proved the validity of springflow recession analysis for mine discharge. The recorded data length was not adequate to create a statistical model, however, but a procedure was proposed for a statistical model that could be used with large flow records. For the study site, the mine discharge was found to be sustainable for a prolonged period of time.     

MINE DRAINAGE AND ROCK TYPE INFLUENCES ON EASTERN OHIO STREAM WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Stream water during fair weather (base flow) is largely ground water discharge, which has been in contact with minerals of the underlying aquifer. Base flow water quality should therefore reflect aquifer mineralogy as well as upstream land use. Three upstream mining categories (unmined lands, abandoned coal mines, and reclaimed coal mines) differed in pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, aluminum, and alkalinity for 122 streams in eastern Ohio. Aquifer rock type influenced pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, and alkalinity. Reclamation returned many components of acid mine drainage to near unmined levels, although sulfate and specific conductance were not improved. Acid mine drainage problems were less severe in watersheds underlain by the calcareous Monogahela Formation. These results should ayply to other Appalachian coal regions having similar rock units. The water quality data distributions were neither consistently normal nor lognormal. Statistical tests utilizing ranks of the water quality data, instead of the data themselves, proved useful in analyzing the influences of mining category and rock type.     

The Environmental Pollution Perception of Residents in Coal Mining Areas: A Case Study in the Hancheng Mine Area, Shaanxi Province, China

The environmental behavior of the residents depends on their perception of environmental pollution. Hence, it is important for scientific and policy experts to research on the impact of the environmental pollution perception of local residents. Owing to the richness of natural resources, Hancheng coal mine areas are abound in heavy industries, and environmental pollution is serious and typical in this area, thus, the residents are anxious about their health. Using questionnaires, this paper surveys the perception of residents living in the coal mine area. The influential factors of environmental perception were analyzed by the Rank Sum Test. The results were: (1) the majority of the residents in the coal mine area are not satisfied with their living environment. The perception order of pollution severity is: air pollution?>?noise pollution?>?sanitation?>?water pollution. The residents think that pollution is mainly caused by coal processing. Hence, coal mining is not the main reason of the pollution in the coal mine area. (2) Age and length of residence have significant positive effects on perceptions of air, water, and noise pollutions; whereas education has a significant negative effect on perceptions of water and noise pollutions, as well as sanitation. This phenomenon can be explained by the various cultural groups having varied perceptions on the environmental pollution. In addition, proximity to mine has significant negative effect on perceptions of water and noise pollution. In conclusion, the paper discusses the effects of demographical and social factors on the perception of environmental pollution and gives suggestions on the planning and management of the environment.     

Spatial Prediction of Ground Subsidence Susceptibility Using an Artificial Neural Network

Ground subsidence in abandoned underground coal mine areas can result in loss of life and property. We analyzed ground subsidence susceptibility (GSS) around abandoned coal mines in Jeong-am, Gangwon-do, South Korea, using artificial neural network (ANN) and geographic information system approaches. Spatial data of subsidence area, topography, and geology, as well as various ground-engineering data, were collected and used to create a raster database of relevant factors for a GSS map. Eight major factors causing ground subsidence were extracted from the existing ground subsidence area: slope, depth of coal mine, distance from pit, groundwater depth, rock-mass rating, distance from fault, geology, and land use. Areas of ground subsidence were randomly divided into a training set to analyze GSS using the ANN and a test set to validate the predicted GSS map. Weights of each factor’s relative importance were determined by the back-propagation training algorithms and applied to the input factor. The GSS was then calculated using the weights, and GSS maps were created. The process was repeated ten times to check the stability of analysis model using a different training data set. The map was validated using area-under-the-curve analysis with the ground subsidence areas that had not been used to train the model. The validation showed prediction accuracies between 94.84 and 95.98%, representing overall satisfactory agreement. Among the input factors, “distance from fault” had the highest average weight (i.e., 1.5477), indicating that this factor was most important. The generated maps can be used to estimate hazards to people, property, and existing infrastructure, such as the transportation network, and as part of land-use and infrastructure planning.     

Prioritizing Abandoned Coal Mine Reclamation Projects Within the Contiguous United States Using Geographic Information System Extrapolation

Coal mine reclamation projects are very expensive and require coordination of local and federal agencies to identify resources for the most economic way of reclaiming mined land. Location of resources for mine reclamation is a spatial problem. This article presents a methodology that allows the combination of spatial data on resources for the coal mine reclamation and uses GIS analysis to develop a priority list of potential mine reclamation sites within contiguous United States using the method of extrapolation. The extrapolation method in this study was based on the Bark Camp reclamation project. The mine reclamation project at Bark Camp, Pennsylvania, USA, provided an example of the beneficial use of fly ash and dredged material to reclaim 402,600 sq mi of a mine abandoned in the 1980s. Railroads provided transportation of dredged material and fly ash to the site. Therefore, four spatial elements contributed to the reclamation project at Bark Camp: dredged material, abandoned mines, fly ash sources, and railroads. Using spatial distribution of these data in the contiguous United States, it was possible to utilize GIS analysis to prioritize areas where reclamation projects similar to Bark Camp are feasible. GIS analysis identified unique occurrences of all four spatial elements used in the Bark Camp case for each 1 km of the United States territory within 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 km radii from abandoned mines. The results showed the number of abandoned mines for each state and identified their locations. The federal or state governments can use these results in mine reclamation planning.     

浅论新疆煤矿矿井排水的处理问题

就新疆煤矿矿井水的排水问题，水质特征及处理方法展开了分析讨论，介绍了几种较成熟的煤矿矿井水处理方法和工艺技术。     

Chemical and physical properties of dry flue gas desulfurization products

Beneficial and environmentally safe recycling of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) products requires detailed knowledge of their chemical and physical properties. We analyzed 59 dry FGD samples collected from 13 locations representing four major FGD scrubbing technologies. The chemistry of all samples was dominated by Ca, S, Al, Fe, and Si and strong preferential partitioning into the acid insoluble residue (i.e., coal ash residue) was observed for Al, Ba, Be, Cr, Fe, Li, K, Pb, Si, and V. Sulfur, Ca, and Mg occurred primarily in water- or acid-soluble forms associated with the sorbents or scrubber reaction products. Deionized water leachates (American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM] method) and dilute acetic acid leachates (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure [TCLP] method) had mean pH values of >11.2 and high mean concentrations of S primarily as SO(2-)4 and Ca. Concentrations of Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se (except for ASTM Se in two samples) were below drinking water standards in both ASTM and TCLP leachates. Total toxicity equivalents (TEQ) of dioxins, for two FGD products used for mine reclamation, were 0.48 and 0.53 ng kg(-1). This was similar to the background level of the mine spoil (0.57 ng kg(-1)). The FGD materials were mostly uniform in particle size. Specific surface area (m2 g(-1)) was related to particle size and varied from 1.3 for bed ash to 9.5 for spray dryer material. Many of the chemical and physical properties of these FGD samples were associated with the quality of the coal rather than the combustion and SO2 scrubbing processes used.     

THE EFFECTS OF MINE ACID ON THE POND RIVER WATERSHED IN WESTERN KENTUCKY1

ABSTRACT: H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) is formed by a chemical process that occurs in unreclaimed coal mines. The highly toxic acid then flows into the lower swamp areas where it causes considerable damage to the ecosystem. The major effect of the acid is the mass destruction of thousands of trees and various other phreatophytic plants. The contamination is so serious that most of the wildlife has migrated out of the affected area of the swamp in order to survive. Certain geological features such as coal bearing monadanocks make the area somewhat sensitive to mining activities and related geologic hazards. New methods of mine acid abatement make the concept of mass reclamation more realistic than at any time in the past. The constant annihilation of swamp life and processes emphasizes the urgent need for reclamation of the swamp.