藻毒素与生物安全

"水华"(water blooms)是淡水中的一种自然生态现象。绝大多数的水华仅由藻类引起,如蓝藻(严格意义上应称为蓝细菌)、绿藻、硅藻等;也有部分的水华现象是由浮游动物——腰鞭毛虫引起的。"水华"发生时,水一般呈蓝色或绿色。     

湖泊生态安全评估项目简介

由于湖泊流域社会经济快速发展,而污染治理设施滞后,氮,磷等污染负荷削减不力,致使我国众多湖泊水库长期接纳过量营养盐,湖泊水库富营养化程度普遍较高,湖泊水库水体处于“水华”频发的高生态风险状态之下,我国大中型湖泊水库的富营养化不仅导致水生生态系统及其服务多功能的退化,其引起的频率水华暴发现状已直接影响到湖泊水库周边及下游城镇,     

基于ISM的乡村旅游综合竞争力影响因素研究

影响乡村旅游综合竞争力存在资源条件、旅游条件、开发条件三大方面10个主要因素,运用解释结构(ISM)模型探索了各影响因素之间的层级逻辑关系,明确了各影响因素的影响路径与影响程度。结果表明:影响因素分为五小层级三大层级,表层(直接影响层)是产品和服务,中间层(间接影响层)是市场作用因素,深层(根本影响层)是资源政策,进一步明确了各层级推进乡村旅游综合竞争力的作用机理。根据据层级划分结果及作用机理,提出提高乡村旅游综合竞争力的建议:(1)挖掘旅游资源,完善政策体系;(2)发挥市场效益,有效配置资源;(3)提升服务品质,保持产品特色。     

江苏沿海平原拟建水库咸化趋势分析

为分析江苏沿海拟建平原水库建设后的咸化风险,于2013年4月,在江苏沿海1#、2#、3#、4#拟建水库取0~200cm原装土样,通过对样品氯离子含量和释放速率的测定,建立水质模型,预测不同初始蓄水水质条件下水库咸化风险,模拟结果表明:在模拟运行一年后,1#、2#拟建水库底泥盐分释放量小,来水水质较好,不会发生咸化,可作为生活用水水源地;3#拟建水库底泥盐分释放量较大,一年后各条件下氯离子浓度均高于250mg/L,平均氯离子浓度涨幅为173.20%,咸化风险较高,不适合作为生活用水水源地;4#拟建水库在各条件下氯离子浓度平均上升6.83mg/L,因此当蓄水水源良好时可以作为生活用水水源地。     

内蒙古碳排放的影响因素分析及预测研究

根据内蒙古碳排放现状,构建了基于STIRPAT的内蒙古碳排放模型.利用岭回归方法分析了碳排放的影响因素,得出STIRPAT模型中各因素的影响系数;利用GM(1,1)模型对内蒙古碳排放量进行了预测,得到了2020年内蒙古的碳排放量,提出了相关政策建议.     

去除淡水浮游藻类方法的研究进展

在春至秋季，由于环境污染的影响，我国许多湖泊和水库中经常发生水华现象。由于浮游藻类的存在以及在生长繁殖和死亡过程中所释放出的各种藻类毒素，对水生生物和人畜安全造成严重的影响。因此，必须采取科学的方法对浮游藻类予以去除。去除浮游藻类主要有物理除藻、化学除藻、生物除藻等方法。     

甲藻赤潮和水华应急处置技术的进展

近年来,我国甲藻赤潮和水华经常发生,致使生态系统进一步恶化。根据国内外有关的研究报道,进行了综合评估分析,为在不同环境条件下,相应地采取生物、物理和化学等方法应急处置甲藻赤潮和水华提供参考。     

富营养化发生机理及水华暴发研究进展

概述了目前富营养发生的机理和水华暴发机制的最新研究方向。从营养物质的循环、水体热分层、水化学平衡方面论述和总结了富营养发生机理的研究现状;从氮磷比、其它营养元素限制、沉积物营养物质的循环等方面对水华暴发机制作用的研究进行了展望。本文对富营养化发生机理及水华暴发研究领域现状和未来的研究方向有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于响应面优化条件下氨基化MCM-41对砷的吸附研究

本研究使用氨基改性的MCM-41(即NH2-MCM-41)介孔分子筛作为吸附剂处理水溶液中的As(Ⅲ)离子。采用中心复合设计(CCD)响应面优化实验对NH2-MCM-41吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响因素(pH、金属离子初始浓度、温度和吸附剂用量)进行优化,建立去除率与各因素之间的二次多项式模型。结果显示：pH、金属离子初始浓度、温度和吸附剂用量对吸附过程均有显著影响(P<0.05),在pH 5.62,As(Ⅲ)的初始浓度为5.00 mg/L,温度为20℃,吸附剂用量为5.00g/L的最优条件下As(Ⅲ)的去除率实测值达75.6%。     

数值模拟在长输油气管道工程环评中的应用

为更好地掌握长输油气管道工程经过饮用水水源地、湿地保护区、水库等环境敏感目标发生泄漏时污染物的运移规律,用数值模拟的方法,开展假设条件下的石油类污染物泄漏影响范围的模拟预测研究。通过模型概化、参数选取、模型校对及验证、地下水水流模拟,建立了地下水水流模型。根据管道线性工程的特点,结合具体穿越敏感地段的情况,假设两个最大风险泄漏点(距离保护区最近的点和水流到达保护区边界运动最快的点),选取石油类作为模拟因子,并选定初始条件,采用对流-弥散控制方程预测污染物的运移情况,得到假设管道在以上两个最大风险泄漏点发生泄漏事故情况下,污染物在平面上一段时间内的影响到达范围。结果可为环境影响评价提供合理的理论依据。     

ALGAL BLOOM PROBABILITY IN A LARGE SUBTROPICAL LAKE1

ABSTRACT: Algal blooms, defined as chlorophyll α concentrations greater than 40 μg l^?1, are common in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Using logistic regression techniques, we have developed equations that relate limnological variables to algal bloom occurrence in four distinct open-water regions of this large shallow lake: central pelagic, northwest, southwest, and a transition region between the western and pelagic regions. Wind velocity and total phosphorus, which are closely related to resuspended material in the central region, are negatively related to algal bloom occurrence there. In the transition region, algal bloom occurrence is positively related to total nitrogen and wind velocity. Algal bloom occurrence is strongly and positively related to total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in the western regions. The logistic regression model predicts an algal bloom probability greater than 95 percent in the northwest region when total phosphorus exceeds 0.10 mg l^?1 and total nitrogen exceeds 2.5 mg l^?1. In the southwest region the model predicts algal bloom probability of 100 percent when total phosphorus exceeds 0.10 mg l^?1 and total nitrogen exceeds 2.8 mg l^?1. Given 1994 mean total phosphorus concentrations of 0.05 and 0.04 mg l^?1 in the northwest and southwest regions, respectively, total nitrogen would have to remain below 1.32 and 1.43 mg l^?1, respectively, to keep the algal bloom probability below 10 percent. Because the lake is heterogenous, such nutrient standards should be considered on an in-lake regional basis for Lake Okeechobee.     

LIMNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A ROCKY MOUNTAIN HEADWATER RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: Hyalite Reservoir, Montana, was studied to determine properties of this small, montane, headwater, deep-release reservoir relative to reservoirs at lower elevations. While retention times for waters were as brief as 12 d, the mean residency of 40 d from mid-March to mid-December was within the range reported for other reservoirs. No significant through-reservoir gradients for suspended sediments were observed, contrasting to observations for most reservoirs. Thermal stratification, evident during the first part of the summer, was disrupted in August by cool, dense tributary inflows and strong wind-induced mixing. Dissolved oxygen concentrations paralleled temperature patterns in the reservoir; lowest average values for both occurred in waters sampled nearest the outlet. Total phosphorus averaged greater than twice the total nitrogen concentrations; greatest average concentrations for both were found in the near-bottom waters nearest the outlet. Enrichment of nitrogen concentrations in outflow over inflow waters is hypothesized to occur through nitrogen fixation by Aphanizonwnon flos-aquae. Despite the relatively high quality of waters from tributary inflows, an algal bloom, chlorophyll a concentrations, and primary productivity estimates suggested that the reservoir was mesotrophic. Circulation of waters within the reservoir was primarily influenced by wind-induced mixing, thermal gradients, and currents produced by the deep-water outlet.     

基于MIKE 21的汾河水库挟沙水流水质数值模拟研究

为了揭示悬浮泥沙(SSC)对水库水质的影响规律,对汾河水库进行样品收集和长期水质监测,采用水动力模型与泥沙转移和富营养化模型相结合的方法,将这三者关联耦合,并通过实测数据对模型进行参数率定和验证,分析含沙水和不含沙水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)、溶解氧(DO)四项指标,得出两者对水质造成的影响。结果表明:SSC对TN、TP的去除作用明显,对Chla、DO浓度分布影响较小,并计算了污染物的释放量以及贡献率,得出TP的负荷仅为16.47t,而贡献率高达25.25%。因此在汾河的污染控制方面应侧重削减磷,进而改善汾河地区的污染现状。     

基于MIKE 21的汾河水库挟沙水流水质数值模拟研究

为了揭示悬浮泥沙(SSC)对水库水质的影响规律,对汾河水库进行样品收集和长期水质监测,采用水动力模型与泥沙转移和富营养化模型相结合的方法,将这三者关联耦合,并通过实测数据对模型进行参数率定和验证,分析含沙水和不含沙水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)、溶解氧(DO)四项指标,得出两者对水质造成的影响。结果表明:SSC对TN、TP的去除作用明显,对Chla、DO浓度分布影响较小,并计算了污染物的释放量以及贡献率,得出TP的负荷仅为16.47t,而贡献率高达25.25%。因此在汾河的污染控制方面应侧重削减磷,进而改善汾河地区的污染现状。     

Effect of reservoir flushing on downstream river water quality

The effect of short-term reservoir flushing on downstream water quality in the Geum River, Korea was studied using field experiments and computer simulations. The reservoir release was increased from 30 to 200 m(3)/s within 6 h for the purpose of this experiment. The flushing discharge decreased the concentrations of soluble nitrogen and phosphorus species considerably, but the experimental results revealed a negative impact on organic forms of nutrients and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). A dynamic river water quality model was applied to simulate the river hydraulics and water quality variations during the event. The model showed very good performance in predicting the travel time of flushing flow and the variations of dissolved forms of nitrogen and phosphorus constituents. However, it revealed a limited capability in simulating organic forms of nutrients and BOD because it does not consider the re-suspension mechanism of these constituents from sediment during the wave front passage.     

WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS: IMPACT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION DURING BASE FLOW1

ABSTRACT: Water quality was monitored for 17 months during base flow periods in six agricultural watersheds to evaluate the impact of riparian vegetation on suspended solids and nutrient concentrations. In areas without riparian vegetation, both instream algal production and seasonal low flows appeared to be major determinants of suspended solids, turbidity, and phosphorus concentrations. Peak levels of all parameters were reached during the summer when flows were reduced and benthic algal production was high. Similar summer peaks were reached in streams receiving major point inputs but peaks occurred downstream from the input. Instream organic production was less important in regulating water quality in areas with riparian vegetation and permanent flows. Concentrations of suspended solids remained relatively constant, while phosphorus and turbidity increased in association with leaf fall in autumn. Intermittent flow conditions in summer increased the importance of instream organic production in controlling water quality, even when riparian vegetation was present. Efforts to improve water quality in agricultural watersheds during base flow should emphasize maintenance of riparian vegetation and stable flow conditions.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of water quality and sediment-associated processes with application to a Mississippi Delta lake

A three-dimensional water quality model was developed for simulating temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen in freshwater bodies. Effects of suspended and bed sediment on the water quality processes were simulated. A formula was generated from field measurements to calculate the light attenuation coefficient by considering the effects of suspended sediment and chlorophyll. The processes of adsorption–desorption of nutrients by sediment were described using the Langmuir Equation. The release rates of nutrients from the bed were calculated based on the concentration gradient across the water–sediment interface and other variables including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration.The model was calibrated and validated by applying it to simulate the concentrations of chlorophyll and nutrients in a natural oxbow lake in Mississippi Delta. The simulated time series of phytoplankton (as chlorophyll) and nutrient concentrations were generally in agreement with field observations. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to demonstrate the impacts of varying suspended sediment concentration on lake chlorophyll levels.     

EMPIRICAL MODELS FOR TROPHIC STATE IN SOUTHEASTERN U.S. LAKES AND RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: A cross-sectional data set of 80 lakes and reservoirs in nine southeastern states was examined to specify and parameterize trophic state relationships. The relationships fitted are based on measurements of several limnological variables taken over the course of a growing season or year in each of the lakes. The trophic state models relate phosphorus and nitrogen loading to inlake phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, which in turn are related to maximum chlorophyll level, Secchi disk depth, dominant algal species, and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen status. Due to the empirical nature of the study, causal conclusions are limited; rather, the models are most useful for prediction of average growing season conditions related to trophic state.     

Ecosystem Modeling Applied to Nutrient Criteria Development in Rivers

Threshold concentrations for biological impairment by nutrients are difficult to quantify in lotic systems, yet States and Tribes in the United States are charged with developing water quality criteria to protect these ecosystems from excessive enrichment. The analysis described in this article explores the use of the ecosystem model AQUATOX to investigate impairment thresholds keyed to biological indexes that can be simulated. The indexes selected for this exercise include percentage cyanobacterial biomass of sestonic algae, and benthic chlorophyll a. The calibrated model was used to analyze responses of these indexes to concurrent reductions in phosphorus, nitrogen, and suspended sediment in an enriched upper Midwestern river. Results suggest that the indexes would respond strongly to changes in phosphorus and suspended sediment, and less strongly to changes in nitrogen concentration. Using simulated concurrent reductions in all three water quality constituents, a total phosphorus concentration of 0.1 mg/l was identified as a threshold concentration, and therefore a hypothetical water quality criterion, for prevention of both excessive periphyton growth and sestonic cyanobacterial blooms. This kind of analysis is suggested as a way to evaluate multiple contrasting impacts of hypothetical nutrient and sediment reductions and to define nutrient criteria or target concentrations that balance multiple management objectives concurrently. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the authors alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or of the U.S. Government.     

A SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION AND WATER QUALITY MODEL OF LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: The influence of sediment resuspension on the water quality of shallow lakes is well documented. However, a search of the literature reveals no deterministic mass-balance eutrophication models that explicitly include resuspension. We modified the Lake Okeechobee water quality model - which uses the Water Analysis Simulation Package (WASP) to simulate algal dynamics and phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles - to include inorganic suspend. ed solids and algorithms that: (1) define changes in depth with changes in volume; (2) compute sediment resuspension based on bottom shear stress; (3) compute partition coefficients for ammonia and ortho-phosphorus to solids; and (4) relate light attenuation to solids concentrations. The model calibration and validation were successful with the exception of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species which did not correspond well to observed data in the validation phase. This could be attributed to an inaccurate formulation of algal nitrogen preference and/or the absence of nitrogen fixation in the model. The model correctly predicted that the lake is light-limited from resuspended solids, and algae are primarily nitrogen limited. The model simulation suggested that biological fluxes greatly exceed external loads of dissolved nutrients; and sediment-water interactions of organic nitrogen and phosphorus far exceed external loads. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that parameters affecting resuspension, settling, sediment nutrient and solids concentrations, mineralization, algal productivity, and algal stoichiometry are factors requiring further study to improve our understanding of the Lake Okeechobee ecosystem.