人与环境(下)

四、由于环境污染引起人类的传染病、地方病、职业病、公害病及食物中毒 (一) 生物污染环境引起传染病和寄生虫病随着卫生事业的进步,传染病在全世界总的来说呈下降趋势,但这并不是稳定的。以我们石河子为例,自1975年到1980年仍发生传染病13种,年发病率还在300/万左右。 1、生物污染大气引起呼吸道传染病流     

流感和普通感冒的区别及预防

提起感冒,众所周知,但对”流感”、“感冒”、“伤风”、“上感”、“夏季流感”的内涵很多人并不清楚。只有弄清这几种病的区别,方可做到正确诊断、尽早治疗和有效预防。一、流行性感冒是由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,病原体为甲、乙、丙三型流行性感冒病毒,通过飞沫传播。临床上有急起高热、乏力、全身肌肉酸痛、眼结膜炎明显和轻度呼吸症状,老年人及伴有慢性呼吸道疾病、心脏病者易并发肺炎。由于流感病毒尤其是甲型病毒极易变异,往往造成暴发性     

传染病医院建筑给排水设计初探

本文针对传染病医院建筑给排水的设计进行研究.从实例出发,分析了传染病院的功能特点及不同类型传染病所采取的措施要点,从有利于洁净及防止二次污染、污水处理及消防给水设计等几个方面提出自己的看法及相应的技术措施.     

长庆油田采出水处理系统污泥收集及处理

分析长庆油田采出水系统内污泥处理现状,介绍负压排泥和撬装离心脱水组合技术处理污泥的原理、流程及运行情况。该工艺流程在密闭状态下运行,占地少,污泥脱水率稳定,为油田采出水系统污泥处理技术发展和推广应用做了新的尝试。     

气压阀门控制器设计

详细介绍了气压阀门控制器的设计过程及仿真结果。该控制器采用倍压芯片进行±15 V供电设计,采用运放+数字电位器进行反馈和给定的调理电路设计,采用运放+电阻电容进行控制电路及驱动电路的设计。该控制器采用前馈控制器B(s)+偏差控制器A(s)对压力进行控制。文中给出了控制器的设计过程和仿真实验波形。从仿真波形的控制结果看,该控制器能够快速响应大偏差,根据偏差大小提前输出负压信号,并能进行稳态精度调节,实现快速准确调节气压的目的。     

基于LMS Test.Lab的振动试验中断处理方法研究

当前产品振动试验中断处理方法主要依据GJB 150A和MIL-STD-810G标准,但是该标准只涉及一般性处理要求,缺乏具体的处理细节和注意事项,导致实用性降低。因此,本文针对基于LMS Test. Lab的电动振动试验系统,详细研究了振动试验中典型的中断处理方法。首先分析了LMS振动控制采集分析软件和振动台系统的组成和工作原理,然后归纳总结了振动试验常见的中断原因和通用处理方法,最后从软件异常、硬件故障和人因中断等三方面分析研究了振动试验中断处理方法,有助于指导设计和试验人员快速有效处理振动试验中断问题,缩短停机时间,降低试验风险,同时为军民产品振动环境与可靠性试验大纲制定提供了参考。     

水泥散装船卸料系统的收尘方案及应用

沿海或沿江的水泥厂在水泥熟料卸船倒运过程中,会产生大量的粉尘,如何处理这些粉尘是个难点问题.文章探讨了专门针对此类装置设计的粉尘捕集方案及应用实例.     

流动注射测定挥发酚中的常见问题及其对策研究

在流动注射测定挥发酚的过程中,会出现基线不稳、噪声信号增加、流量不稳定、准确度和精密度降低等现象,分析测试结果表明溶液有气泡、流通池pH、冷却水温度、到阀时间、周期时间等因素均会导致上述现象的发生。通过研究,对检测时间条件及前处理等方面进行调整。在调整流通池pH到9.8~10.2、设置到阀时间为350 s、周期时间为200 s,并且将试剂脱气方式调整为氦气脱气后,测试准确度和精密度均有较大提高。     

流动注射测定挥发酚中的常见问题及其对策研究简

在流动注射测定挥发酚的过程中,会出现基线不稳、噪声信号增加、流量不稳定、准确度和精密度降低等现象,分析测试结果表明溶液有气泡、流通池pH、冷却水温度、到阀时间、周期时间等因素均会导致上述现象的发生。通过研究,对检测时间条件及前处理等方面进行调整。在调整流通池pH到9.8～10.2、设置到阀时间为350 s、周期时间为200 s,并且将试剂脱气方式调整为氦气脱气后,测试准确度和精密度均有较大提高。     

野外巧自救与防治

野外生存最大敌人是伤病,如果得不到迅速、有效的治疗和处理,重者会危及生命。一个人独处野外,本身就是对自己心理承载力的很大考验,如果患上了某些疾病,又没有任何药物和医疗器械治疗,学会自救、自治很重要。 人在野外,容易受到雷、雨、电、雪、狂风、沙尘、烈日等自然因素的伤害,也容易受到蛇、蝎、蚂蝗、蚊蝇、老鼠等有害动物的伤害。有的地方杂草、腐叶、动物的粪便堆积在一起,使细菌、微生物大量繁殖,增加了某些传染病的感染率;有的地方地形复杂,人员进入这些地方,如不注意安全,容易发生意外而受伤。     

某油田加油站作业人员职业健康状况分析

从加油站作业人员接触的主要职业病危害因素入手,重点对加油站油气防护设施、个人防护用品、工作制度等进行职业卫生现场调查,同时,根据对作业人员职业性健康检查结果和作业场所空气中汽油及苯的浓度检测结果,分析加油站作业人员的健康状况和长期接触成品汽油对作业人员健康的影响。结果表明,加油站人员作业过程中接触的汽油及苯系物对员工健康可能构成危害,但若加强职业健康监护及个体防护,就能有效预防汽油及苯系物所带来的职业危害。     

Medical waste management in Korea

The management of medical waste is of great importance due to its potential environmental hazards and public health risks. In the past medical waste was often mixed with municipal solid waste and disposed of in residential waste landfills or improper treatment facilities (e.g. inadequately controlled incinerators) in Korea. In recent years, many efforts have been made by environmental regulatory agencies and waste generators to better manage the waste from healthcare facilities. This paper presents an overview of the current management practices of medical waste in Korea. Information regarding generation, composition, segregation, transportation, and disposal of medical wastes is provided and discussed. Medical waste incineration is identified as the most preferred disposal method and will be the only available treatment option in late 2005. Faced with increased regulations over toxic air emissions (e.g. dioxins and furans), all existing small incineration facilities that do not have air pollution control devices will cease operation in the next few years. Large-scale medical waste incinerators would be responsible for the treatment of medical waste generated by most healthcare facilities in Korea. It is important to point out that there is a great potential to emit air toxic pollutants from such incinerators if improperly operated and managed, because medical waste typically contains a variety of plastic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Waste minimization and recycling, control of toxic air emissions at medical waste incinerators, and alternative treatment methods to incineration are regarded to be the major challenges in the future.     

DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN FISHERY POPULATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Diseases in wild fish populations may have multiple economic and social impacts. Epidemics of infectious diseases, which are associated with the presence of some microbe or parasite, have recently been observed in several major estuarine systems in the eastern United States. The most prevalent of these problems is ulcerative mycosis (UM), a fungal infection. The agents responsible for UM and many of these other diseases are opportunistic pathogens that are not believed to infect normal, immunocompetent individuals. While inroads have been made into determining the infectious agents associated with these diseases, we know very little of how pollution may influence their prevalence. Understanding the importance of pollution requires an awareness of all the environmental conditions that can affect the health of wild populations. In this paper, a multistep examination of the interactions between the host, pathogen(s), and environment is outlined.     

机械清罐技术在长庆油田的应用

机械清罐技术与传统的人工清罐相比,缩短了清罐周期,避免了人员与油品的直接接触,降低了施工过程的安全风险。文章分析了油泥的产生、机械清罐的现场应用,将人工清罐和机械清罐进行对比。机械清罐技术原油的回收率高达98%,有效减少了对环境的污染。     

Hospital waste management in El-Beheira Governorate,Egypt

This study investigated the hospital waste management practices used by eight randomly selected hospitals located in Damanhour City of El-Beheira Governorate and determined the total daily generation rate of their wastes. Physico-chemical characteristics of hospital wastes were determined according to standard methods. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to collect information about the practices related to waste segregation, collection procedures, the type of temporary storage containers, on-site transport and central storage area, treatment of wastes, off-site transport, and final disposal options. This study indicated that the quantity of medical waste generated by these hospitals was 1.249 tons/day. Almost two-thirds was waste similar to domestic waste. The remainder (38.9%) was considered to be hazardous waste. The survey results showed that segregation of all wastes was not conducted according to consistent rules and standards where some quantity of medical waste was disposed of with domestic wastes. The most frequently used treatment method for solid medical waste was incineration which is not accepted at the current time due to the risks associated with it. Only one of the hospitals was equipped with an incinerator which is devoid of any air pollution control system. Autoclaving was also used in only one of the selected hospitals. As for the liquid medical waste, the survey results indicated that nearly all of the surveyed hospitals were discharging it in the municipal sewerage system without any treatment. It was concluded that the inadequacies in the current hospital waste management practices in Damanhour City were mainly related to ineffective segregation at the source, inappropriate collection methods, unsafe storage of waste, insufficient financial and human resources for proper management, and poor control of waste disposal. The other issues that need to be considered are a lack of appropriate protective equipment and lack of training and clear lines of responsibilities between the departments involved in hospital waste management. Effective medical waste management programs are multisectoral and require cooperation between all levels of implementation, from national and local governments to hospital staff and private businesses.     

膜曝气生物膜反应器生物膜影响因素分析

膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）是一种利用透气膜进行曝气,可以实现同步硝化反硝化的污水生物处理新工艺。本文阐述了膜曝气生物反应器生物膜的原理和特点,总结了国内外在该领域的研究成果,重点介绍了C／N、氧气压力、流速、生物膜厚度、温度和pH对生物膜性能的影响。     

室内空气污染及其防治对策研究

从房屋建筑、居室功能以及人类活动为出发点,详述了室内空气污染物的主要来源,分析了几种主要污染物对人体健康的影响;提出了室内环境空气污染防治对策,最后对减少室内空气污染提出了几点建议,并对将来室内空气污染的治理进行了展望.     

我国医疗废物处理的现状及改进措施

医疗废物被列为《国家危险废物名录》的首位,处理不彻底会对水体、土壤、空气和人体造成严重危害。然而,我国对医疗废物的处理起步比较晚,和世界发达国家相比处于落后状态。目前,我国的医疗废物总量逐年增加,集中处理率低,收集、分类、贮存、运输不规范,并且缺乏有效的监管体系和运行机制,应该采取加强医疗废物源头控制、建立医疗废物监管体制、提高医疗废物处理技术和能力等措施,力争在较短的时间内彻底改变我国医疗废物处理现状。