成都地区典型土壤与农作物中砷含量研究

成都地区土壤和农作物中砷污染研究资料不多,本文以成都地区7类典型土壤和该土壤上生长的10余种常见农作物中的砷含量为研究对象,通过对监测数据的整理、分析,应用正态分布、方差分析、线性相关检验等方法对土壤和农作物中砷的分布规律以及两者的关系进行了比较详尽的分析和研究,并对比了国内相关研究结果,说明了成都地区土壤和农作物中砷污染的规律和相关性。     

农作物对微囊藻毒素耐受性差异的研究进展

微囊藻毒素进入农田后会对农产品安全产生潜在的危胁,并可能通过食物链危害人类健康。已有的众多研究结果表明,不同农作物对微囊藻毒素的耐受性存在较大差异,而这一差异为农业生产上合理规避微囊藻毒素污染风险提供了一种可能。本文就农作物对微囊藻毒素耐受性差异这一问题进行了综述,并在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向。     

关于宿州市秸秆焚烧禁烧工作的思考和建议

<正>近年来,随着宿州市外出人口的增加和农村生活水平的提高,以前被用来饲养牲口和取暖燃料的农作物秸秆越来越不被农民所重视,大规模的秸秆焚烧现象经常在农作物收割后发生。这既破坏了土壤结构和有机养分,影响下一年农作物的增产增收,焚烧所产生的大量烟雾和明火,又会影响交通、污染空气、引发火灾,不仅给人们的生产生活带来不便,更给人民的生命财产安全带来威胁。全市各级各部门为做好秸秆禁烧工作,制定了很     

农作物品种综合评判的熵权系数法研究

针对农作物品种综合评判问题,应用熵权系数法的基本原理,综合考虑农作物的多种性状,提出了对农作物品种进行多准则综合评价的熵权系数方法,克服了以往评判中只注重作物的某一或某几项性状而忽略其它性状所造成的偏差。文中以鲁西北棉区两熟的小麦配套品种(系)为例,进行了具体的评价计算。     

集多项新技术的高效节能电除尘器的研究和应用

在当今环保新标准即将出台的大背景下,综合应用各种新技术是电除尘器应对挑战的有效方法之一。本文介绍了一种采用新一代控制系统和机电一体化技术的高效节能型电除尘器,介绍了多项新技术包括新型电晕线、新型双区、新型结构、节能技术以及新型高频电源等,并介绍了它们的应用情况。这些研究和讨论有助于广大用户对电除尘器新技术的综合应用加深理解。     

农业部组织完成首次全国农作物秸秆资源专项调查

日前,农业部组织完成了首次全国农作物秸秆资源专项调查,并发布《全国农作物秸秆资源调查与评价报告》。调查显示：截至目前,我国农作物秸秆利用率达到69%。其中,作为饲料利用2.11亿t,占30.69%;作为燃料利用（含秸秆新型能源化利用）1.29亿t,占18.72%;作为肥料利用1.02亿t,占可收集资源量的14.78%;作为食用菌基料1 500万t,占2.14%;作为造纸等工业原料1 600万t,占2.37%。     

汉中市农作物秸秆资源应用调查与评价

结合汉中市气候特点、农作物生产状况,在具有典型的县区选择典型村进行随机入户调查。通过对汉中市2009—2011年主要农作物秸秆深入系统的调查与评价,得出汉中农作物年平均播种面积42.26万hm2,年平均总产量312.71万t,年平均可利用秸秆资源量为199.59万t,预测在未来5~15年,每年平均有210万t秸秆资源可以利用。     

香蕉茎叶资源的开发利用

根据我国香蕉资源丰富而茎叶利用不够充分的情况,结合国内外研究现状,阐述了香蕉茎叶资源开发利用的现状和前景.香蕉茎叶除了可以作为饲草资源外,还可用于栽培食用菌、提取盐、医用、造纸等,是一种有待大力开发的农作物资源.     

农用地膜

用作地面覆盖栽培农作物的塑料地膜,是一种专用、极薄的聚乙烯薄膜。现品种繁多,五光十色,它们对农作物具有增温防冻、保水防旱、抗雨防涝、灭草防虫、保肥、省工、早熟、增产等作用,是农作物栽培的一项新技术。常见的地膜品种与用途有以下几种。     

新型药物载体的研究与开发

通过对药物的吸附、包裹和结合,载体可以实现药物靶向传输,降低药物对正常组织的毒副作用,提高生物利用率;介绍了纳米粒子、脂质体和植入剂等新型药物载体的应用,并就药物载体的发展方向进行了探讨。     

Soil nitrous oxide emissions following band-incorporation of fertilizer nitrogen and swine manure

Treatment of liquid swine manure (LSM) offers opportunities to improve manure nutrient management. However, N2O fluxes and cumulative emissions resulting from application of treated LSM are not well documented. Nitrous oxide emissions were monitored following band-incorporation of 100 kg N ha(-1) of either mineral fertilizer, raw LSM, or four pretreated LSMs (anaerobic digestion; anaerobic digestion + flocculation: filtration; decantation) at the four-leaf stage of corn (Zea mays L.). In a clay soil, a larger proportion of applied N was lost as N2O with the mineral fertilizer (average of 6.6%) than with LSMs (3.1-5.0%), whereas in a loam soil, the proportion of applied N lost as N2O was lower with the mineral fertilizer (average of 0.4%) than with LSMs (1.2-2.4%). Emissions were related to soil NO3 intensity in the clay soil, whereas they were related to water-extractable organic C in the loam soil. This suggests that N2O production was N limited in the clay soil and C limited in the loam soil, and would explain the interaction found between N sources and soil type. The large N2O emission coefficients measured in many treatments, and the contradicting responses among N sources depending on soil type, indicate that (i) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value (1%) may seriously underestimate N2O emissions from fine-textured soils where fertilizer N and manure are band-incorporated, and (ii) site-specific factors, such as drainage conditions and soil properties (e.g., texture, organic matter content), have a differential influence on emissions depending on N source.     

矿物添加剂对复混肥料的影响

添加剂是复混肥料中不可忽视的组分。介绍了几种矿物添加剂在复混肥料中的作用。在测土配方施用复混肥中，添加剂也需要“测土配方”，传统的粘土矿物添加剂对复混肥生产和储存有较好的效果，但对土壤和农作物也有不利的影响。矿物添加剂有利于补充土壤有机质，复混肥料的应用前景广阔，但还需进一步研究和探明既有利于复混肥生产和储存，又有利于土壤和农作物的地质矿物和工艺。     

Fertilizer use efficiency and nitrate leaching in a tropical sandy soil

Maize (Zea mays L.) production in the smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe is based on both organic and mineral nutrient sources. A study was conducted to determine the effect of composted cattle manure, mineral N fertilizer, and their combinations on NO3 concentrations in leachate leaving the root zone and to establish N fertilization rates that minimize leaching. Maize was grown for three seasons (1996-1997, 1997-1998, and 1998-1999) in field lysimeters repacked with a coarse-grained sandy soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Leachate volumes ranged from 480 to 509 mm yr(-1) (1395 mm rainfall) in 1996-1997, 296 to 335 mm yr(-1) (840 mm rainfall) in 1997-1998, and 606 to 635 mm yr(-1) (1387 mm rainfall) in 1998-1999. Mineral N fertilizer, especially the high rate (120 kg N ha(-1)), and manure plus mineral N fertilizer combinations resulted in high NO3 leachate concentrations (up to 34 mg N L(-1)) and NO3 losses (up to 56 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) in 1996-1997, which represent both environmental and economic concerns. Although the leaching losses were relatively small in the other seasons, they are still of great significance in African smallholder farming where fertilizer is unaffordable for most farmers. Nitrate leaching from sole manure treatments was relatively low (average of less than 20 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), whereas the crop uptake efficiency of mineral N fertilizer was enhanced by up to 26% when manure and mineral N fertilizer were applied in combination. The low manure (12.5 Mg ha(-1)) plus 60 kg N ha(-1) fertilizer treatment was best in terms of maintaining dry matter yield and minimizing N leaching losses.     

Plant-available and water-soluble phosphorus in soils amended with separated manure solids

Physical, chemical, or biological treatment of animal liquid manure generally produces a dry-matter rich fraction (DMF) that contains most of the initial phosphorus (P). Our objective was to assess the solubility and plant availability of P from various DMFs as a function of soil P status. Eight different DMFs were obtained from liquid swine (LSM) and dairy cattle (LDC) manures treated by natural decantation, anaerobic digestion, chemical flocculation, composting, or mechanical separation. The DMFs were compared with mineral P fertilizer in a pot experiment with oat ( L.) grown in four soils with varied P-fixing capacities and P saturation levels. The DMFs were added at a rate of 50 mg P kg soil and incubated 14 d before seeding. Soil water-extractable P (P) at all water:soil extraction ratios (2:1, 20:1, and 200:1) was slightly higher when DMFs were derived from LDC rather than LSM. Soil P at the 2:1 ratio was lower with anaerobically digested LSM. At the 2:1 extraction ratio, DMF P was less soluble than mineral P as P saturation in soils increased. In soils with a lower P-fixing capacity, DMF P appeared less water soluble than mineral P under 20:1 and 200:1 extraction ratios. After 72 d of plant growth, DMFs produced yields comparable to mineral P fertilizer. Although the plant availability of P from DMFs was comparable to mineral P fertilizer, P from DMFs could be less vulnerable to leaching or runoff losses in soils with a high P saturation level or low P-fixing capacity.     

化肥施用与土壤退化

不当的化肥施用将导致土壤发生各种形式的退化，严重威胁着农业的持续发展。治理土壤退化需要采取各种综合性对策和措施，如有机肥与化肥配合施用、平衡施肥、合理科学有效施肥、提高化肥利用率、研制新型化肥和增加高效化肥用量、调整化肥流向等。实践证明，这些措施能改善土壤肥力现状，同时防止发生新的土壤退化现象。     

A review of recent substance flow analyses of phosphorus to identify priority management areas at different geographical scales

The dwindling global reserves of extractable phosphorus (P) and its growing demand to produce the required food for a burgeoning global population (the global P crisis) necessitate the sustainable use of this crucial resource. To advert the crisis requires informed policy decisions which can only be obtained by a better understanding of the nature and magnitude of P flow through different systems at different geographical scales. Through a systematic and in-depth review of twenty one recent substance flow analyses of P, we have assessed the key P inflows, outflows, stocks, internal flows, and recycling flows at the city, regional, and country scales. The assessment has revealed, the main inflow and outflow of P at the city scale occurs through food and wastewater respectively, while the main stock of P occurs in landfill. At the regional scale, mineral ore is the main P inflow and chemical P fertilizer is the main outflow particularly in the regions that have P fertilizer production sector. In contrast, either chemical P fertilizer or animal feed is the key inflow and either food and agricultural products or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching) is the major outflow especially in the regions without P fertilizer production sector. At the country scale, the key P inflow occurs either through mineral ore or chemical P fertilizer and the key outflow takes place either as food and agricultural products, waste (both solid and liquid), or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching). The main stock of P both at the regional and country scales occurs in the soil of the agricultural production sector. As identified in this assessment, the key unproductive outflows and stocks at different geographical scales indicate that there is a potential scope to improve P management through the increased P recovery and recycling, and by the utilization of available soil P stocks. In many of the studies at all the geographical scales, P recycling flow has been found to be less than 20% of the total inflow, and even in some studies at the country scale, P recycling has been found to be entirely absent, which is a clear indication of poor P management. This study has also identified, there is a clear knowledge gap in relation to understanding the P flow over multiple years at the regional scale. The information about the key flows and stocks at different geographical scales as we identified can be utilized to make better P policy and management decisions for a city, region, or country. The information can also be used to guide future research that aims to analyze P flow at the city, regional, and country scales.     

不同有机物料还田对土壤结构与玉米光合速率的影响

为解决由于长期不合理耕作及有机物料利用率低而导致土壤养分贫瘠和土壤物理性状恶化情况,本试验针对黑土宜板结和肥力保持等问题设置了不同技术措施,研究在玉米生育时期不同有机物料还田模式对土壤结构特性及玉米光合速率的影响。结果表明：收获后浅翻深松＋秸秆还田和有机肥处理较常规处理,土壤容重下降了0.13 g＆#183;cm-3和0.09 g＆#183;cm-3,浅翻深松＋秸秆还田、有机肥、翻压绿肥和生物肥均能降低土壤紧实度,改善土壤三相比,增加土壤通气透水性,使得土壤物理结构得到改善。有机肥、秸秆还田和生物肥处理提高玉米喇叭口期光合速率,较常规处理提高2.1～7.6μmol＆#183;m-2＆#183;s-1;秸秆还田和生物肥较常规施肥处理,蒸腾速率下降57%和56%;在玉米喇叭口期各处理气孔导度均小于对照,灌浆期秸秆还田处理较常规处理气孔导度增加,导致叶片胞间CO2浓度下降,说明气孔阻力的降低导致叶片胞间CO2浓度降低。有机物料还田后可以降低土壤容重、紧实度,土壤三项比达到合理范围,并且可以提高作物的光合速率,降低蒸腾速率,尤其是秸秆还田和有机肥处理好于其他处理。保护性耕作和有机物料还田对于提高土壤肥力、改善土壤物理特性,提高作物光合速率,增加作物产量均起到积极促进作用。     

Sugar beet ( L.) growth reduction caused by hydrochar is related to nitrogen supply

Hydrothermal carbonization allows rapid conversion of biomass into a carbon-rich, lignite-like product (hydrochar). It is assumed to have beneficial effects on soil properties and plant growth, but detailed studies are lacking, especially in the field. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of hydrochar incorporated into arable soils on soil mineral nitrogen (N) content and sugar beet growth. In 2010-2011, a field and a pot trial were conducted. Hydrochars (field: 10 Mg ha; pot: equivalent to 30 Mg ha) processed from sugar beet pulp (HSP) and beer draff (HBD) were tested against an untreated control. As a second factor, mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer level (field: 0, 50, 100, 150 kg N ha; pot: 0, 100, 200 mg N kg soil) was varied. In both trials, hydrochars reduced initial sugar beet growth, especially when hydrochar with a high C/N ratio (38, HSP) was combined with a low N fertilizer level; high N supply partly compensated for the reduced seedling growth. Without N fertilization, no extractable N was present at the end of the pot trial in the HSP treatment, whereas in HBD even more N was extracted than in the control. This suggests remineralization of previously immobilized N when hydrochar with a low C/N ratio was applied (16, HBD). In the field, beet yield was equal at the high N fertilizer level in HSP and at all N levels in HBD treatment. Our results suggest that hydrochar can decrease plant-available N due to N immobilization. Other potential causes for the observed early growth reduction need to be studied more in detail.     

Using data mining to predict soil quality after application of biosolids in agriculture

The amount of biosolids recycled in agriculture has steadily increased during the last decades. However, few models are available to predict the accompanying risks, mainly due to the presence of trace element and organic contaminants, and benefits for soil fertility of their application. This paper deals with using data mining to assess the benefits and risks of biosolids application in agriculture. The analyzed data come from a 10-yr field experiment in northeast France focusing on the effects of biosolid application and mineral fertilization on soil fertility and contamination. Biosolids were applied at agriculturally recommended rates. Biosolids had a significant effect on soil fertility, causing in particular a persistent increase in plant-available phosphorus (P) relative to plots receiving mineral fertilizer. However, soil fertility at seeding and crop management method had greater effects than biosolid application on soil fertility at harvest, especially soil nitrogen (N) content. Levels of trace elements and organic contaminants in soils remained below legal threshold values. Levels of extractable metals correlated more strongly than total metal levels with other factors. Levels of organic contaminants, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were linked to total metal levels in biosolids and treated soil. This study confirmed that biosolid application at rates recommended for agriculture is a safe option for increasing soil fertility. However, the quality of the biosolids selected has to be taken into account. The results also indicate the power of data mining in examining links between parameters in complex data sets.     

Predicting nitrate leaching under potato crops using transfer functions

Nitrate leaching is a major issue in many cultivated soils. Models that predict the major processes involved at the field scale could be used to test and improve management practices. This study aims to evaluate a simple transfer function approach to predict nitrate leaching in sandy soils. A convective lognormal transfer (CLT) function is convoluted with functional equations simulating N mineralization, plant N uptake, N fertilizer dissolution, and nitrification at the soil surface to predict solute concentrations under potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) fields as a function of drainage water. Using this approach, nitrate flux concentrations measured in drainable lysimeters (1-m soil depth) were reasonably predicted from 29 Apr. 1996 to 3 Dec. 1996. With average application rates of 16.9 g m(-2) of N fertilizer in potato crops, mean nitrate-leaching losses measured under potato were 8.5 g N m(-2). Tuber N uptake averaged 9.7 g N m(-2) and soil mineral N at start (spring) and end (fall) of N mass balance averaged 1.7 and 4.5 g N m(-2), respectively. Soil N mineralization was estimated by difference (4.3 g N m(-2) on average) and was small compared with N fertilization. Small nitrate flux concentrations at the beginning of the cropping season (May) resulted mainly from initial soil nitrate concentrations. Measured and predicted nitrate flux concentrations significantly increased at mid-season (July-August) following important drainage events coupled with complete dissolution and nitrification of N fertilizers, and declining N uptake by potato plants. Decreases in nitrate concentrations before the end of year (November-December) underlined the predominant effect of N fertilizers applied for the most part at planting acting as a pulse input of solute.