Genetic differentiation of black saxaul, Haloxylon aphyllum (Chenopodiaceae), along a soil salinity gradient in the Kyzylkum Desert

Populations of Haloxylon àphyllum in the Kyzylkum Desert have been found to be markedly deficient in heterozygotes at a medium level of genetic diversity (P ₉₅ = 0.56, A = 1.67, H _o = 0.14, H _e = 0.28). Spatial genetic differentiation of these populations have been revealed along a soil salinity gradient (from 0 to 0.5 mmol Na⁺/g), with their genetic diversity reaching a maximum (H _o = 0.21?C0.25, H _e = 0.25?C0.27) in areas with a moderate salinity level (0.05?C0.1 mmol Na⁺/g). Locus Got-2 can serve as a marker of this differentiation (Fst_Got-2 = 0.4).     

坡度和坡位对植烟坡地紫色土有机碳氮变化的影响

为研究坡度、坡位等地形因素对土壤碳氮变化的影响,以川西南植烟紫色土为对象,探究了坡度、坡位及其交互作用下不同层次(0～20、20～ 40 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比的变化特征.结果 表明:(1)土壤有机碳、全氮含量总体偏低,变异系数均为0～20 cm＞20～40 cm,而碳氮比的变异系数则表现为20～40 cm＞0～20 cm;(2)随坡度增加,土壤有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比逐渐降低,其中有机碳和全氮在0°～5°与5°～20°间差异显著;相比于0°～5°,其他坡度土壤有机碳降幅为10.07％～ 28.69％,全氮降幅为3.72％～23.74％;(3)随坡位下降,土壤有机碳和全氮含量增加,以全氮增幅较大,相对于上坡位,中、下坡位土壤有机碳增幅为6.48％～15.98％,全氮增幅为13.43％～ 30.34％.碳氮比随坡位下降而降低,但差异不显著;(4)坡度主要影响有机碳含量变化,坡位则对全氮及碳氮比变化影响明显,坡度坡位交互效应尤其显著.总体来看,随坡度增大,土壤有机碳显著下降,坡位越高,土壤全氮下降越显著,土壤碳氮比上升越显著,尤以20～ 40 cm土层中上、中坡位碳氮变化协调性差,碳氮比随坡位增高显著上升.     

基于长时序CCI土壤湿度数据的长江流域农业干旱时空演变

土壤湿度在水文循环和气候系统中起着至关重要的作用,对农业干旱监测和预测非常重要。选择ESA CCI主动、被动、主被动合成土壤湿度数据和站点实测土壤湿度数据,运用皮尔逊相关系数检验CCI产品的准确性;运用标准化土壤湿度指数方法划分农业干旱等级,运用小波分析、Mann-Kendall和森斜率趋势检验研究长江流域农业干旱的历史时空演变规律。结果表明：长江流域农业干旱面积呈先增加后减少的趋势,在季节尺度上以春旱和冬旱为主;农业干旱发生的周期为28、12、22、32 a;严重干旱中心具有向低纬度和东经度转移的趋势;金沙江流域南部、岷江沱江流域和嘉陵江流域北部、汉水流域、长江上游、乌江流域、洞庭湖流域西部具有明显干旱趋势,长江源头、洞庭湖流域东部、鄱阳湖流域、长江中游和下游、太湖流域具有明显变湿润趋势,其余地区保持相对稳定。从长时序土壤湿度角度出发,探索了历史上农业干旱的时空演变规律,为农业干旱精准监测和预警提供了新的监测方法。     

基于模拟土壤含水量的长江上游#br# 干旱事件时空特征分析

干旱灾害是对我国农业生产和生态环境影响最为严重的自然灾害之一,研究干旱的时空变化特征对干旱的评估、预测有重要的指导意义。研究基于VIC（Variable Infiltration Capacity）模型模拟的50km分辨率的逐日土壤含水量数据,计算土壤含水量距平指数（SMAPI）并分析了长江流域上游1953~2013年历史干旱事件的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）VIC模型能较好的模拟出1980~2000年长江流域上游出口宜昌断面的流量过程;（2）SMAPI指数能够反映长江流域上游实际干旱的发生、发展过程和严重程度,能够较好地再现历史干旱情形;（3）通过研究长江流域上游的干旱历时 面积 强度关系发现,干旱历时一定时,随着干旱面积的增加,干旱强度总体呈增强的趋势。研究结果对于深入认识长江流域上游历史干旱长期演变特征和增强区域防旱抗旱能力具有一定的理论和实用价值。 关键词： VIC模型;土壤含水量距平指数;时空特征;长江上游     

三峡山地沟谷不同坡位土壤水分特征及对降雨过程的响应

土壤水分是影响地表植被生长发育及分布格局的重要因子，也是岩石圈-水圈-生物圈-大气圈水分循环的重要环节，其动态变化能够反映土壤水文过程的信息。基于高分辨率时域反射水分探针和小型气象站连续定位监测，获取2018~2019年三峡大老岭地区典型沟谷内坡上、坡中、坡下部位0~80 cm范围内各土层含水量及大气降水数据，分析了不同坡位土壤水分在月尺度，日尺度和小时尺度的变化特征及其对降雨过程的响应。结果表明：（1）月尺度上，土壤水分含量季节性差异明显，春夏季节（5~7月）是土壤水分储蓄期，土壤平均含水率为38.40%，夏秋季节（8~10月）是水分消耗期，剖面土壤平均含水率仅为35.04%。（2）日尺度和小时尺度，不同层次土壤水分含量对降水响应存在差异。0~40 cm深度土壤对降雨响应较快（响应时间<0.5 h），土壤水分与降雨量变化趋势相似；60~80 cm深度土壤对降雨响应存在明显的滞后现象（响应时间滞后0.5~3.0 h），且随深度加深，滞后时间呈阶梯式延长。（3）不同降雨条件下，土壤水分对降水的响应差异明显。随降雨量级由中雨增至大暴雨，土壤水分对降雨的响应加快，含水量变化曲线与降雨过程同步性增强，响应深度也逐层增加，土壤水分增量变大。（4）不同坡位对土壤水分的影响存在差异，上坡位对中雨、大雨响应平稳，中、下坡位对降水响应强烈，土壤水分增加迅速。产生不同坡位间响应差异的原因是各点微地形差异导致集水面积不同。     

Salinity tolerance of macrozoobenthic taxa in small rivers of the Lake Elton basin

The results of studies on the distribution of macrozoobenthic taxa along the water mineralization gradient in the small salt rivers of the Lake Elton basin are presented. The optimum and tolerance intervals for dominant species have been determined. Species with the highest tolerance to the high-salinity aquatic environment have been identified.     

神农架地区香溪河流域水生昆虫物种多样性与功能多样性研究

物种多样性和功能多样性广泛应用于生态学和保护生物等领域的研究,理清物种多样性和功能多样性之间的关系,对于深入理解生物多样性组分间的关系及生物多样性的保护意义重大.以香溪河流域为例,就水生昆虫物种多样性、功能多样性时空动态进行了分析,并就生物多样性指数间的关系进行了探讨.主要结果如下:物种丰富度介于2～ 44之间,冬季最大,春、秋季次之,夏季最小;香浓指数介于0.38～ 3.03之间,均值在冬季最大,春季次之,夏、秋季最小;均匀度指数介于0.89～1之间,表现为春、夏季大于秋、冬季.物种丰富度和香浓指数在4条河流间均表现为九冲河最大,香溪河次之,高岚河和古夫河最小;均匀度指数在4条河流间差异不显著.功能多样性方面,除功能丰富度指数表现为冬季最大,夏季最小外,其它指数在时空序列上均无显著差异.Pearson相关分析表明,功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度指数间相关均不显著;功能丰富度指数同物种丰富度和Shannon指数相关极显著;功能均匀度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著;功能离散度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著,同均匀度指数相关极显著.运用回归分析研究物种多样性对功能多样性的影响,结果表明,物种丰富度、Shannon指数对功能丰富度影响极显著,物种丰富度对功能均匀度影响显著,均匀度指数对功能离散度影响显著;物种多样性同功能多样性指数间拟合度整体不高.     

Soil Fertility Quality and Agricultural Sustainable Development in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil in northeast China is considered one of the most fertile soils in China. Consequently, the black soil region has become one of the most important regions for cereal grain production in China. Agriculture has developed rapidly since the early part of the nineteenth century. To date, approximately 70 percent of total land in the area is cultivated. Even though the agricultural production in this region is increasing continuously, some soil fertility quality problems have become serious. This is hampering agricultural development and sustainability in the region. A brief history of population growth and agricultural development in the region is presented. Major soil quality problems, particularly soil degradation and soil erosion, are analyzed. Based on studies, suggestions for improving soil quality and for promoting sustainable agricultural development in the region are presented. These suggestions include improving agricultural landscape patterns, developing conservation cultivation, promoting combinations of crop production with combinations of forestry and animal husbandry, and implementing integrated management for soil and water conservation.     

基于权重湿润指数的作物湿渍害监测与检验

以有效降水和潜在蒸散为指标构建权重湿润指数(WMI)作为湿渍害判定指标,结合WMI持续偏湿时间和累积强度,确定了湿渍害过程判别和等级划分方法,利用土壤湿度和作物产量资料从湿渍害发生频率、空间分布特征、典型年和典型过程等方面对其适用性进行了应用检验。结果表明：WMI指数与土壤相对湿度具有较高的相关性,且基于WMI和土壤相对湿度判定的湿渍害过程频次接近、空间分布特征一致,基于WMI指数识别出的典型春季湿渍害年对应的小麦、油菜作物产量均有较大幅度减产,基于WMI指数对典型湿渍害过程的监测与降水和土壤湿度的时间分布具有较好的对应关系。WMI指数以常规气象观测资料为基础且所需率定参数少,可逐日滚动计算和大范围应用,适合作为日常业务监测和预警指标。 关键词： 湿渍害;权重湿润指数;土壤湿度;应用检验     

白云岩地区土壤呼吸日变化及其与土壤温湿度的响应关系

为揭示贵州绥阳双河洞国家地质公园白云岩地区表层土壤呼吸作用昼夜变化特征及其影响因素.研究利用土壤呼吸测量系统(SRS-SD2000,ADC,UK),在无降水影响下监测了双河洞国家地质公园岩溶地区灌木林地、竹林、旱地和人工草地4种不同土地利用方式的表层土壤呼吸通量昼夜变化特征,结合土壤温湿度和大气温湿度等环境参数,探究影响土壤呼吸昼夜变化的关键因素.结果 表明:4种不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸速率变化均呈"昼高夜低"的单峰型变化规律,日变化最大值出现在12:00～14:00之间,最低值出现在5:00～7:00之间;各样地土壤呼吸速率和土壤温度均呈现显著的正相关关系(P＜0.001),灌木林地、竹林和旱地土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度有显著负相关关系(P＜0.001),人工草地土壤呼吸与土壤湿度之间有低度相关性(P＜0.05);气温是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的关键因子,实测数据表明土壤呼吸在达到峰值后不会随着气温的升高而增大;不同样地类型的土壤呼吸速率对土壤温度和湿度的昼夜响应特征存在差异.     

Diversity and Ecological Features of Phylogenetic Lineages of Tinder Fungus in the Urals

Russian Journal of Ecology - Absract—Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA isolated from 51&nbsp;basidiocarps of tinder fungus shows that this...     

富硒土壤硒生物有效性及影响因素研究

湖北恩施是典型的富硒土壤分布区,在恩施市沙地乡采集了199件表层土壤样品以及60件玉米样品进行分析测试,旨在查明研究区硒元素含量特征,并分析硒生物有效性及其影响因素。结果显示:研究区表层土壤中硒含量的平均值为188 mg/kg,同时土壤中水溶态硒含量只占到总硒含量的004%~291%,处于相对较低水平。研究区内,有机碳含量对硒生物有效性影响很小,影响硒生物有效性的主要因素为土壤总硒含量和土壤pH值,碱性土壤中硒生物有效性更高。由于该区土壤主要呈酸性,且水溶态硒含量较少,导致玉米中硒含量整体处于相对较低水平,可以通过人为手段适当调控土壤酸碱性,提高硒生物有效性     

Effects of Soil Hydrothermal Conditions on the Complexes of Soil Invertebrates in Coniferous and Deciduous Forest Cultures

The effects of hydrothermal conditions on the complexes of soil invertebrates in 20-year-old cultures of Siberian stone pine, larch, Scotch pine, spruce, birch, and aspen are considered. The role of soil temperature and moisture content in determining the density of pedobionts and their vertical distribution is revealed. Seasonal fluctuations of hydrothermal parameters are shown to affect the vertical migrations of soil invertebrates and the dynamics of trophic structure of their complexes under forest cultures during the growing season.     

岷江下游干流段鱼类资源现状及其多样性分析

2014~2016年在岷江下游干流开展了4次鱼类资源调查,共采集到鱼类71种（亚种）,隶属于3目11科51属,其中包括长江上游特有鱼类16种。不同调查江段鱼类组成相似性指数分析结果显示,宜宾和乐山江段相似性指数最低,70%;宜宾和屏山江段相似性指数最高,9219%。岷江下游干流江段主要经济鱼类为鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、光泽黄颡鱼（Pelteobaggrus nitidus）和瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli）,在岷江下游整个江段渔获物中各占1610%、1396%和1232%。对调查到的71种鱼类产卵类型进行分析结果显示,产粘性卵鱼类和漂流性卵鱼类分别占渔获物总重量的6828%和2707%。不同调查时间和不同江段多样性指数存在差异,其中5~7月份调查到的鱼类多样性指数高于10~12月份调查结果;乐山和犍为江段间鱼类均匀度Pielou指数存在显著差异（P<005）。从调查结果看,岷江下游干流段鱼类种类丰富,渔获物数量较高,但受岷江下游梯级开发的影响,资源前景不容乐观,需加强保护措施。     

鄂西北山区耕层土壤pH值空间变异特征及其影响因素研究

土壤pH值是耕地质量表征的重要指标之一,精确估算土壤pH值具有重要意义。以鄂西北山区十堰市为研究区,采集了701个耕作层土样,测定分析土壤pH值,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术探讨了鄂西北耕层土壤pH值的空间变异特征,利用方差分析和回归分析对其主要影响因素进行量化分析。结果表明:研究区土壤pH值为6.46±0.84,变异系数为13.00%,属中等变异强度。全市土壤pH值空间分布总体特征表现为低值区主要分布在研究区中部和西南部,高值区主要分布在北部和东南部;整体上呈现从东北向西南逐渐降低的空间分布格局,通过回归分析得出成土母质是研究区土壤pH值空间变异的主控因素,能够独立解释空间变异的13.6%,其次是海拔高度,独立解释能力为6.30%,较弱的是土地利用方式,独立解释能力仅为1.4%,坡度几乎没有独立解释能力。说明目前影响研究区耕层土壤pH值空间变异的主要影响因素是结构因素,土地利用方式和生产方式将是研究区土壤pH值进一步变化的重要驱动因素。     

神农架国家公园植物多样性监测与评估研究

植物多样性监测与评估是生物多样性保护和规划管理的基础.神农架作为我国生物多样性保护的关键地区之一,研究该区域植物多样性的监测手段与评估方法,对我国各类自然保护地具有一定的借鉴意义.通过简要综述神农架地区植物多样性监测与评估研究现状,在分析现有研究存在的问题与不足基础上,提出了具系统性、持续性的监测方案,并尝试构建了该地区植物多样性综合评价体系,以期为神农架国家公园植物多样性的有效保护提供科学支撑与合理建议.     

Poverty and the Deterioration of Natural Soil Capital in the Peruvian Altiplano

The Peruvian altiplano is a marginal agricultural region with limited infrastructure, climate constraints, and high levels of poverty. Data were collected from 265 farms in four different agricultural regions, and data from three of those regions are analyzed here. Regressions were run with soil nutrient loss, soil depth loss, and yield loss over the past 20 years, as perceived by farmers. Location, topographical and management factors were considered. Additional regressions were run to examine the determinants of two agricultural management practices which were found to affect soil quality, namely fallowing and ploughing vertical furrows. Use of traditional fallowing (aynoca) was associated with helping to preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with more education, with higher non-farm income, and in villages which had benefitted from natural resource development projects. Vertical furrowing similarly was associated with helping preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with fewer unmet basic needs. These results have implications for the agricultural and development strategies to be followed in the region.     

The Effect of Soil Cultivation on the Humus State of Gray Forest Soil in the Middle Urals

The results of studies on the humus state of soils in agrosystems of the Middle Urals (1984–1997) are described. It is shown that the change of agricultural technologies (crop rotation, doses of organic fertilizers, etc.) transforms environmental conditions and the direction of humus formation processes. Parameters such as the concentrations of humus and water-soluble carbon and soil potential for humus accumulation reliably characterize the humus state of arable soil and allow the mobility and migration rate of humic substances to be monitored.     

Species and Environmental Diversity of Fish of the Northern Dvina River Basin

The general characteristics of ichthyofauna from the Northern Dvina River are obtained. Based on the results of ichthyological surveys in 1984–2012, as well as bibliographical and archival data, the present composition of the fish community is presented with an accounting of introduced and self-colonized species. The taxonomic status of fish and their belonging to various faunal complexes is considered. In the ecological aspect, the belonging of fish to different ecological groups differing in the feeding and natural reproduction (spawning substrate, methods of spawning, and spawning periods) is distinguished.