火前锋附壁的模拟实验研究

设计了可变坡度燃烧实验台,利用气体燃烧器模拟沟槽地形火蔓延中的火前锋.以丙烷为燃料,主要开展了不同坡度和高宽比(挡板高度与燃烧器宽度之比)条件下的气体燃烧实验.结果表明,坡度是影响火焰附壁的关键因素,挡板的存在限制了侧向卷吸从而加快火焰倾斜甚至附着.上坡火前锋存在一个发生火焰部分附着的临界坡度,该临界坡度不随挡板高宽比...     

高原乙醇油池火燃烧特性实验研究

为研究低压条件下油品燃烧特性,以乙醇油池火为研究对象,搭建高原油池火实验平台,研究不同油盘直径下乙醇油池火燃烧规律,分析燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动等参数随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：低压条件下的乙醇油池火,燃烧速率小于同等尺度常压条件下的油池火燃烧速率;乙醇油池火的燃烧速率随油盘直径增加变化不明显;火焰高度随油池直径增加呈现显著上升趋势,并拟合推导出适用于低压乙醇池火的火焰高度公式;火焰脉动频率随油池直径增大而减小,并给出火焰脉动与油池直径的经验公式。研究结果可丰富低压乙醇燃烧的油池火实验数据,为低压乙醇油池火的风险评估提供参考。     

变坡度条件下正丁醇定常流淌火非稳态燃烧行为研究*

为探究流淌火在变坡度地面的蔓延特性,丰富火灾研究理论,推进流淌火预防和风险评估的发展,采用1套自制矩形小尺度油槽系统,研究正丁醇变坡度、变泄漏速率情况下溢油定常流淌火的蔓延特性。结果表明:当泄漏速率相同时,坡度越大,正丁醇的加速过程越明显,当坡度从1°上升到4°,正丁醇扩散速率增大了40.8%;不同坡度下,正丁醇的平均火焰高度随泄漏速率的变化均呈现“上升-下降-稳定”趋势;流淌火蔓延过程中脉动方式分为2种:“跳跃-爬行”和“跳跃-爬行-回缩”;当泄漏速率较小时,流淌火蔓延过程中的脉动频率随油槽坡度的增大而增大,当泄漏速率较大时,脉动频率不再随油槽坡度的改变而发生明显趋势变化。     

变坡度情况下森林地表上坡火行为若干特征的实验研究

应用自行研制的“多坡段固相材料火蔓延实验台”，模拟森林地表火的蔓延过程，对变坡度情况下森林地表上坡火行为规律进行了实验研究。研究发现，上坡火火焰随坡度的变化有三种火焰类型，即小坡度的缓慢燃烧，随坡度增加的火焰的抖动以及大坡度时的贴壁剧烈燃烧。     

正方形煤油池火燃烧特性研究

实验研究了无风条件下正方形煤油池火的燃烧特性,包括燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动频率等。正方形油池边长分别为0．2m,0．4m,0．6m,0．8m,油池壁面高度均为0．13m。利用图像处理技术分析了油池火火焰高度,并在此基础上建立了获取火焰脉动频率的两种方法。研究发现,油池壁面高度的存在使油池火的燃烧速率低于理论值;燃烧速率实验值与油池特征尺寸（d／L）呈单调递减关系;较小尺度油池的平均火焰高度与理论预测值比较接近,但较大尺度油池的平均火焰高度明显低于理论预测值;油池壁面的存在使油池火脉动频率低于理论值;随特征尺度（d／L）的增加火焰的脉动频率范围加大,脉动不稳定加剧。     

乙醇添加比例对乙醇-柴油混合物表面火蔓延的影响研究

实时记录了不同比例乙醇柴油混合燃料的火蔓延过程,对蔓延火焰的外貌结构、火蔓延模式、火蔓延速度以及油面温升规律等进行了探讨。研究发现,当乙醇添加比例10%时,混合燃料火焰低速脉动蔓延,火焰前锋油面下方存在表面流,火蔓延速度变化幅度比较小,燃料表面的升温速率随初温的升高而升高;当乙醇添加比例≥10%时,火焰稳定蔓延,表面流消失,火蔓延速度会随着燃料初温的升高而降低,燃料表面的升温速率随初温的升高而降低。     

甲烷-空气预混气体燃烧特性研究

采用纹影系统、压力传感器和高速相机对甲烷-空气预混气体在定容燃烧弹中的燃烧特性进行研究,分析了当量比对拉伸火焰传播速度、未拉伸火焰传播速度和层流燃烧速度的影响及定容弹中压力的变化规律。结果表明,当量比对预混气体燃烧过程有重要影响,且存在临界当量比1.1,在临界当量比下预混气体燃烧最剧烈,层流燃烧速度达到最大值(0.368 m/s),燃烧压力也达到峰值(0.703 MPa)。当预混气体当量比小于临界值时,拉伸火焰传播速度、未拉伸火焰传播速度、层流燃烧速度和燃烧压力随当量比增加而增加;而当预混气体当量比大于临界值时,速度和压力随当量比增加而减小。     

不同坡度对正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性的影响

针对液体燃油储运过程中泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故,设计并搭建流淌槽坡度可调式液体燃油流淌火燃烧试验平台,开展连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火试验。选择水平表面(0°)流淌试验作为基准,改变流淌槽的坡度(0.5°,1°和3°),研究分析不同泄漏速率下连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的燃烧面积、燃烧速率等燃烧特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:1)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特征参数均随泄漏速率增加而明显增加;2)坡度对连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性影响显著,即使流淌槽坡度增加0.5°,其燃烧特性即发生明显改变;3)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的平均稳定燃烧速率随流淌槽坡度的增加反而减小。     

三种常用外墙可燃保温材料竖向燃烧特性数值模拟研究

运用FDS软件对外墙保温材料竖向燃烧的发展规律进行了研究.根据具体的工程参数,对挤塑聚苯板、模塑聚苯板和聚氨酯三种常用外墙可燃保温材料的燃烧参数进行设定,分别选取窗口火、墙角火两种情况进行数值模拟与分析.模拟结果显示:火焰的蔓延高度随时间按照y=at2+bt+c的关系变化,而火焰前锋则以vp=1/(α+βt)的速度竖向蔓延.     

甲烷射流扩散火焰结构试验研究

利用不同口径、不同流量的甲烷射流扩散火试验研究了射流扩散火焰结构特征,得到了射流火从层流燃烧到湍流燃烧再到吹熄的一般规律.结果表明,不同口径射流火在层流扩散燃烧与湍流扩散燃烧时火焰高度的变化各有不同.火焰最大高度出现在湍流扩散燃烧阶段.某些工况下燃烧出现脉动火焰现象,此时的火焰高度较小.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。