江家口水库修建对下游河道水温情势影响分析

研究水库修建对于下泄河道水温的影响,掌控水库、下泄水温以及河道水温的变化规律,对于工程的生态环境修复以及河道生物多样性具有重要意义.采用宽度平均的立面二维水温模型对江家口水库库区水温分布及下泄水温规律进行模拟,采用纵向一维水温模型对不同水平年坝下河道的水温进行数值模拟,重点研究坝下23.6 km处鱼类国家级水产种质资源保护区内水温情势的变化.结果 表明,库区水温出现明显的分层状况,导致下泄水温在河道中表现为显著的“滞冷”“滞热”现象,春夏降幅最高可达3.6℃,秋冬升幅最高可达4.1℃.通过纵向一维水温模型考虑有无支流汇入的影响下,计算了沿程水温的变化,发现由于流水河段支流汇入和太阳辐射等影响下,沿程河道水温得到有效缓解,保护区处的水温已然接近天然水温,并未显著改变保护区原有鱼类所需的水温环境,不会对保护区鱼类的正常生长繁殖产生不利影响.     

Radioecological Studies on the Plankton of the Cooling Water Reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

In the zone of heated water discharge and at the control site of the Beloyarsk Reservoir, the phytoplankton was characterized by dominance of blue-green, green, and pyrrophyte algae, and the zooplankton, by the prevalence of crustaceans over rotifers. The study sites differed in the species and quantitative composition of the dominant complex, but the total abundance and biomass of the phytoplankton in the heated zone and the control site did not differ significantly. In Teplyi Bay, the zooplankton was inhibited, which was manifested in the decrease of its abundance and biomass by four and seven times, respectively, in comparison with the control. Radionuclide concentrations in the plankton of the cooling reservoir in the period between 1986 and 1988 were determined. It was found that radionuclide concentration in the plankton is higher in the zone of heated water discharge than beyond it.     

Impact of the Development of Hydrocarbon Deposits on Water Ecosystems of the Yamal Peninsula

Russian Journal of Ecology - Data of monitoring studies (2014–2016) on the state of hydrobionts in watercourses during the development of a hydrocarbon deposit on the Yamal Peninsula have...     

土地整理对区域蓝绿水资源配置的影响

绿水是流域内对植物和生态有积极作用的水量,是通过蒸散发流向大气圈的水汽流.绿水概念的提出有助于强化人类对自然界生态需水的重税.论文分析了大尺度水文循环中绿水流的影响因素,阐述了绿水资源对维持全球生态系统服务功能的积极意义.论文以土地整理过程为研究对象,按照水资源配置的公平性要求,构建符合土地整理特点的蓝绿水资源配置模型.模型综合考虑了蓝绿水生成机理、区域水权配置原则、上下游水量传输规律及区域水量配置方法等关键技术.最后以湖北省武汉市新洲区汪集街孔埠新农村试点土地整理工程为实例,对该区域蓝绿水配置情况进行深入研究.结果表明,土地整理中的土地利用/覆被变化影响区域耕地结构和生态系统服务价值,从而改变区域蓝水和绿水配置权值,实施区域内的人胜村、姚堤村、程山村的蓝绿水配置水量分别增加74 799 m<'3>/a、779 m<'3>/a、21 539 m<'3>/a,而堤围村、吴河村则分别减少了14 372 m<'3>/a、12 745 m<'3>/a.     

Water, Workfare and Poverty: The Impact of the Working for Water Programme on Rural Poverty Reduction

In 1995, the government of the Republic of South Africa launched the Working for Water (WfW) programme that links environmental and developmental goals through the removal of high water-consuming alien plants with pro-poor rural employment opportunities. Whilst bio-physical evaluations have widely reported on the hydrological, ecological and conservation components of the programme, there exists growing uncertainty over the programme’s role as a poverty reduction mechanism. This paper evaluates three projects in the Luvuvhu catchment, Limpopo Province, against five socio-economic workfare criteria and the underlying biophysical rationale. Results show that asset creation from incremental streamflow is economically efficient and is likely to improve significantly if biodiversity benefits, community harvesting of riparian goods and services, ecological non-use values and seasonal water demand values are incorporated into the analysis. However, socio-economic benefits are more questionable: poverty targeting is weak with wage rates failing to self-select the poor; a minor proportion (0.5%) of catchment households benefit from the highly-valued employment opportunities; high variability in monthly employment causes financial difficulties for labourers; labourers are not ‘empowered’ as is evidenced by the failure of the 2-year exit strategy; and programme efficiency is high in proportional allocation of cash-flow to non-management wage labour. It is concluded that the Working for Programme is a potentially replicable model in other semi-arid contexts in developing countries if based on its core biophysical remit but is a transitory and limited poverty reduction mechanism for improving rural livelihoods.     

Impact on Mountainous Agricultural Development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area forced by Migrants of the Three Gorges Project

The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration fias special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.     

农业灌溉水价对农户用水量影响的经济分析

本文目标是定量评估农业灌溉水价对农户用水量的影响。以往研究只考虑灌溉水价对于农户某种节水行为的影响,本文充分考虑在不同的价格水平阶段,农户会在多种节水行为中进行选择,引起用水需求弹性变化,并改变用水量,从而更全面更真实地反应价格水平与农户用水量之间的关系。在农村水价市场健全以及农户理性经济人假设前提下,本文通过建立局部均衡模型进行费用效益分析,研究农户节水行为随着价格水平而发生的变化,并在此基础上构建水价与节水量的关系。本文还结合实证研究的方法,以黑龙江省境内某农场为研究对象,开展实证分析。研究表明,在案例地区,当灌溉水价达到0.04元/m3的时候,水价具备了发挥作用的条件;水价在0.04-0.065元/m3之间的时候,农户开始减少灌溉用水,节水量为135-203 m3/hm2;水价在0.065-0.08元/m3之间的时候,农户开始采用当地的浅湿灌溉的节水技术,节水量为1 400 m3/hm2;水价在0.08-0.1元/m3之间的时候,农户开始采用地下水,节水量为1 400-6 309 m3/hm2;当水价高于0.1元/m3时,农户有水改旱的倾向,节水量为6 390-14 000 m3/hm2。本文所建立的分析方法和框架,不仅适用于案例地区,也为其他灌区的水价和用水量关系研究以及政策制定提供借鉴。     

基于IPAT等式的甘肃省用水影响因素分析

将经典的IPAT等式扩展为包含人口、富裕程度、用水强度和产业结构4种影响因素的用水分析等式;并利用结构分解模型,将4种影响因素对总用水量变化的贡献分解开,得到不同因素对用水变化的影响.利用模型对1999-2008年甘肃省用水状况进行了实证分析,结果表明:富裕程度对用水量的增加效应最大,最高为2003-2004年(21.07×108m3);而人口变化对用水量的增加效应相对较小,均小于1×108m3;尽管用水效率的提高和产业结构的变化都减少用水量,但产业结构变化对用水量变化的贡献比用水效率的贡献小;此外,单纯地提高用水效率或调整产业结构,并不能保证在环境约束下实现社会经济的发展.因此,随着人口和经济规模的不断扩大,为了满足人民群众不断增长的需求,不仅要从提高用水效率、调整产业结构出发,实现水资源的高效优化配置;更重要的是调整发展思路,摆正人和自然的位置,才能真正实现人和自然的和谐发展.     

中国虚拟水贸易的测算及影响因素研究

本文测算2005年、2007年与2010年3个年度中国虚拟水进出口贸易量,采用投入产出及IO-SDA等方法分解分析其变化的影响因素。研究结果显示部门间用水系数差距都非常大,直接用水系数最大的农业部门857.9 t/万元(3年平均值,下同),与直接用水系数最小的部门差距达600倍之多。完全用水系数最大的也为农业部门1 078.7 t/万元,与完全用水系数最小的部门亦达113倍。各部门的完全用水系数和直接用水系数也存在较大不同,有些部门完全用水系数和直接用水系数差距很大,如服装皮革羽绒及其制品业部门差距达115倍,食品制造及烟草加工业部门差距达618.5 t/万元;而有些部门差距非常小,如农业部门差距仅仅0.24倍,煤炭开采和洗选业部门差距仅为8.2 t/万元。虚拟水出口量和进口量分别从2005年的1 774.3亿t和1 378.7亿t增加到2010年的2 254.1亿t和1 836.5亿t,且出口量一直大于进口量。影响因素分解显示,在此期间,进出口规模的增加是虚拟水贸易量增加的主要影响因素,其中出口规模合计为103 698.8×10~6t,进口规模合计为80 401.2×10~6t。进出口贸易结构的影响在不同部门间存在较大的差异。真实用水系数和真实中间投入技术是虚拟水贸易变化的主要负向因素,其中真实用水系数对虚拟水出口与进口的影响分别为-36 793.2×10~6t和-34 668.3×10~6t,真实中间投入技术对虚拟水出口与进口的影响分别为-1 719.7×10~6t和-1 660.8×10~6t,表明在此期间用水效率和中间投入效率都得到了改善。另外,直接用水系数和中间投入技术分解出的结构效应都不明显,中间投入进口比率效应也不明显。     

干旱区流域水制度绩效及影响因素分析

在水资源管理研究中引入了"制度"因素,将制度分析与环境资源管理结合在一起。在此基础上,对制度分析与发展(IAD)研究框架进行修正得到水制度分析与发展(WIAD)研究框架;然后将WIAD框架应用于黑河流域中游张掖市的甘州区、临泽县和高台县,对水制度绩效进行评价和影响因素分析。结果显示,水行政绩效在水制度子绩效中水平最高且对水制度综合绩效影响最显著,而水法和水政策对水制度综合绩效的影响不显著;在人口统计学特征及经济因素中,被访者的户口、受教育程度和职业归属三种因素对水制度综合绩效评价水平有显著影响。说明当前的政策的目标指向存在不合理之处。因此,除提高水行政水平之外,还需进一步挖掘分析水法和水政策绩效对水制度的可能影响。同时要重视户口、受教育程度和职业归属3种因素对被调查对象进行水制度总体绩效评价时所产生的影响,尽量降低负向影响、提高正向影响,这可以改善流域水资源管理,特别是干旱区流域水资源管理提供新的思路和选择。