羟基磷灰石吸附水溶液中Zn^2＋影响因素的研究

对羟基磷灰石（HAp）吸附水溶液中Zn^2＋的各种影响因素进行了系统的研究.实验结果表明,去除率与Zn^2＋的初始浓度呈负相关关系;酸性环境不利于HAp对Zn^2＋的吸附,随着pH值的增加去除率迅速升高,当pH值升到10左右时,去除率几乎接近100%,之后随着碱性的增强去除率反而下降;去除率与作用时间、HAp的用量和作用温度呈正相关关系.HAp对水溶液中Zn^2＋的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,它对Zn^2＋的最大吸附容量为6.72 mg/g.     

质子化壳聚糖的除磷性能

壳聚糖是一类无毒无害的天然高分子絮凝剂,为了提高壳聚糖在污水处理中的除磷性能,采用硫酸溶液对壳聚糖进行质子化改性;考察了质子化度(硫酸溶液pH值)、吸附时间以及原水pH值对除磷效率的影响。研究结果表明,质子化度越大,总磷去除效率越高;在吸附时间为40～50 min的范围内,总磷去除率最大;原水pH值对质子化壳聚糖的总磷去除效率有明显影响,在质子化度较低时(硫酸溶液pH值≥3),随着原水pH值的增加,总磷去除率降低,在质子化度较高时(硫酸溶液pH值=2),在原水pH=6时,总磷去除率最大;质子化壳聚糖的吸附过程较好地遵循Lagergren准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附热力学参数ΔH<0,ΔG<0,ΔS<0,吸附过程表现为放热、自发的单分子层化学吸附过程。     

木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂对二元重金属离子溶液中Pb2+的吸附

采用自制木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对二元金属离子Cu2 +/pb2和Zn2+/pb2+溶液中的吸附性能进行了较系统考察.pb2+离子溶液中存在竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+时,随竞争离子浓度增加,3种吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对pb2+的吸附量明显下降,而竞争离子吸附量显著增加.二元溶液中各金属离子浓度相同时,3种树脂对竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附量大于对pb2+的吸附量;各溶液中分别加入NaCl及NaNO3、尿素后,对pb2+离子的吸附量下降迅速.随吸附树脂用量增加,竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附量逐渐减小,pb2+的吸附量在吸附树脂用量0.10 g/L(Zn2 +/pb2+溶液)或0.15 g/L(Cu2+/pb2+溶液)时出现最大值.溶液pH值对树脂吸附性能有显著影响.3.0＜pH＜5.O时,3种树脂对竞争离子和pb2+的吸附量快速增大;5＜ pH ＜9时,树脂对竞争离子和pb2+的吸附量基本不变;9＜pH＜ll时,树脂对pb2+的吸附量减小,而对竞争离子的吸附量或增大或减小.     

巯基改性活性炭对水溶液中汞的吸附性能研究

利用活性炭与巯基乙酸间的酯化反应,制备了巯基改性活性炭AC-SH,并通过静态吸附实验研究了该材料对水溶液中汞的吸附性能。研究结果表明,该改性方法可以在活性炭上嫁接2.31 mmol/g的巯基,AC-SH对汞的最大吸附容量高达556 mg/g;AC-SH的适用pH值范围非常广,在pH 1.5～10.5范围内其对汞的吸附去除率均达到90％以上,最佳吸附pH值范围为3～7;氯离子对AC-SH的吸附性能具有一定的抑制作用,原因在于它能和汞离子络合形成一系列吸附性能较差的Hg-Cl络合物。     

皂化菠萝皮渣对重金属Zn2+的吸附

采用五因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计的方法对影响皂化菠萝皮渣吸附Zn2+的因子进行优化,得出在时间为1h、加入量0.1g、pH =9、温度20℃、浓度120 mg/L时,皂化菠萝皮渣有最大去除率yMax=99.12％.对比实验表明,皂化菠萝皮渣对Zn2+的吸附在低浓度时优于活性炭,纤维素在吸附中起主要作用.扫描电镜下菠萝皮渣表面显示粗糙和多褶皱的物理吸附特征,红外光谱显示皂化菠萝皮渣中OH、C=O、C-O基团参与吸附作用.吸附等温线和吸附动力学模型显示皂化菠萝皮渣对Zn2的吸附符合Freundlich等温式和二级动力学模型.吸附Zn2+后的皂化菠萝皮渣经过解吸附可以重复使用.     

新型TCAS吸附树脂对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附去除研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究一种由超分子受体化合物磺化硫杂杯芳烃(TCAS)与树脂结合的产物--新型TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd2+的吸附去除性能,并初步探讨了吸附机理.试验研究结果表明,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd2+的饱和吸附量为14.45 mg/g.当温度为20℃,0.5 g TCAS吸附树脂对10 mL浓度为5 mg/L的Cd2+溶液吸附60 min时,Cd2+的去除率可达到99%以上.pH值是影响TCAS吸附树脂吸附效果的重要因素,在pH=5～9时,Cd2+的去除率随着pH值的升高而增大.在试验范围内,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd2+吸附符合Freundlich方程.吸附在TCAS吸附树脂上的Cd2+可洗脱回收,TCAS吸附树脂也可再生利用.TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd2+的吸附机理主要归因于TCAS对Cd2+的络合作用.     

乙二胺还原的氧化石墨烯对镉离子的动态吸附

以乙二胺(EDA)还原氧化石墨烯(GO)制得一种吸附剂材料,即还原态氧化石墨烯(RGO)。考察了动态条件下Cd2+溶液的初始浓度、流速及吸附床高度对穿透曲线的影响,同时利用Bed-Depth-Service Time(BDST)模型对吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系进行线性拟合分析,研究了RGO对Cd2+溶液的动态吸附性能。结果表明,RGO可以有效地去除水溶液中的Cd2+,随着吸附床高度的增加,离子的去除率增大,穿透时间延长;当溶液初始浓度增大时穿透时间缩短,离子的去除率减小;而溶液的流速加快,穿透时间和去除率都相应减小。吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系可用BDST模型较好地进行描述,预测新的操作条件下的穿透时间与实验值误差均小于5%。     

花生壳吸附Cu^2＋的动力学和热力学研究

采用平衡吸附法,研究了pH、时间及温度对花生壳吸附水溶液中Cu2 的影响.结果表明,pH显著影响花生壳对Cu2 的吸附,pH为3.00～5.00时,吸附效果最好;初始吸附过程非常快,30 min时即达到最大吸附量的97%左右,其动力学行为更好地符合Lagergren准二级反应动力学模型,随着温度增加,初始吸附速率和平衡吸附量增加.吸附过程的表观活化能(Ea)为17.02 kJ/mol,表明花生壳吸附水溶液中Cu2 是吸热的化学过程.吸附活化熵为负值,表明Cu2 从水溶液本体中溶解的自由状态到被吸附的状态是有序增加的过程.吸附活化焓呈正值,意味着升温有利于吸附.花生壳对Cu2 的吸附较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温线.吸附过程中吉布斯自由能变化呈负值,说明吸附过程为自发的过程.     

北运河表层沉积物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的吸附

首先分析了北运河6个采样点表层沉积物中重金属含量及相关基本特征。通过实验室模拟实验,利用分配系数Kd评价沉积物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的吸附特性,进一步考察了水体pH变化和有机质对重金属在北运河沉积物上吸附的影响。结果表明,沉积物中重金属的含量顺序为Zn>Cu>Pb,去除有机质后,沉积物对重金属的吸附能力显著降低,但各采样点中的重金属含量,沉积物对重金属吸附能力,以及沉积物中的有机质含量并没有明显相关性,这可能是因为不同采样点中有机质种类与结构不同导致的。总之,北运河沉积物对Pb有很强的吸附能力,其次是Cu和Zn,而且,Cu、Zn、Pb的吸附量随着pH的升高逐渐增大,水体pH值对于Zn的吸附影响更大。     

土壤分离菌株去除水溶液中铅离子研究

金属及微生物种类、pH和接触时间是决定生物吸附效果的关键因素.从受铅污染的土壤中分离出5株有生物吸附铅离子能力的菌株,并鉴定吸附能力最强的菌株1为芽孢杆菌;试验了pH、接触时间和初始铅离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铅的影响,在温度为25℃时,pH值3.0、初始铅离子浓度250 mg/L、吸附时间不超过15 min有最大吸附量92.27 mg/g,此时去除率为73.82%,且25℃吸附平衡基本符合Langmuir等温模型.因此,用该芽孢杆菌生物吸附去除水溶液中铅是可行的.     

Adsorption of phenol by bentonite

The potential of bentonite for phenol adsorption from aqueous solutions was studied. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of contact time, initial concentration, pH, presence of solvent, and the desorption characteristics of bentonite. The adsorption of phenol increases with increasing initial phenol concentration and decreases with increasing the solution pH value. The adsorption process was significantly influenced by the solvent type in which phenol was dissolved. The affinity of phenol to bentonite in the presence of cyclohexane was greater than that in water and was lowest in the presence of methanol. Methanol was used to extract phenol from bentonite. The degree of extraction was dependent on the amount of phenol adsorbed by bentonite. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystalline structure of bentonite was destroyed when cyclohexane was used. The ability of bentonite to adsorb phenol from cyclohexane decreased as the water to cyclohexane ratio was increased. Furthermore, hysteresis was observed in phenol desorption from bentonite in aqueous solutions. The equilibrium data in aqueous solutions was well represented by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The removal of phenol from aqueous solutions was observed without surface modification.     

工业废渣基除磷材料的静态吸附研究

研究了高效除磷材料（EPRC）对磷素的吸附特性,考察了投加量、初始浓度、初始pH值、粒径等对EPRC吸附性能的影响,分析了不同条件下EPRC的吸附过程。结果表明,最佳投加量为3.5 g/250 mL时,去除率达91.07%,出水TP浓度为0.45 mg/L。随着粒径减小,EPRC对磷素的吸附量增大,吸附平衡时间缩短。溶液初始pH值在碱性条件下,吸附容量变大。     

溶液环境对纳米Fe_2O_3/水界面NOM吸附过程中疏水效应的影响

以腐殖酸和纳米Fe2O3为对象,着重研究了腐殖酸分子在纳米Fe2O3表面的吸附过程中的疏水效应,借助红外光谱和热重等分析方法研究了腐殖酸吸附前后的疏水性随溶液环境变化的规律。结果表明,当离子强度为0、0.005、0.01和0.05 mol/kg,pH从7变到12时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着pH的升高先减小后增大。当pH从7升高到10时,亲水性降低,疏水性增强;当pH从10升高到12时,亲水性增强,疏水性降低。当离子强度为0.001 mol/kg,pH从7变到12时,复合体的热失重量随着pH的升高而减小,亲水性降低,疏水性增强。当pH为定值,离子强度变化时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着离子强度的增加不断变化,曲线呈现出波动趋势,亲、疏水性在交替变化。红外光谱分析结果说明,对纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的亲疏水性起主要影响的官能团可能是亲水性的羟基—OH、羰基CO和疏水性的CH2烷烃。     

Removal of PCBs from wastewater using fly ash

Liquids and sludges containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be treated to concentrate the PCBs in a solid residue. The latter can then be handled to destroy the PCBs. A study on sorption kinetics of PCBs on fly ash was conducted in controlled batch systems. TCB and HeCB are removed at 25 degrees C by adsorption on fly ash up to 97% at pH 7, with an adsorbent dose of 5 g/l. An examination of the thermodynamic parameters shows that the adsorption of TCB and HeCB by fly ash is a process occurring spontaneously at ambient conditions. Activation energies for the sorption process ranged between 5.6 and 49.1 kJ/mol. It was observed that the rate at which TCB and HeCB are adsorbed onto fly ash showed a diffusion limitation. The uptake rate of TCB and HeCB increases with increasing initial concentration and gradually tends to a constant value. A decrease in the adsorption of TCB and HeCB was observed when interfering ions and other PCB congeners were present. Changing the pH in the aqueous solution from 2 to 10 had no effect on the adsorption process. Overall, fly ash can be used for an efficient removal of PCBs from several aqueous solutions.     

溶液环境对纳米Fe2O3/水界面NOM吸附过程中疏水效应的影响

以腐殖酸和纳米Fe2O3为对象,着重研究了腐殖酸分子在纳米Fe2O3表面的吸附过程中的疏水效应,借助红外光谱和热重等分析方法研究了腐殖酸吸附前后的疏水性随溶液环境变化的规律。结果表明,当离子强度为0、0.005、0.01和0.05 mol/kg,pH从7变到12时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着pH的升高先减小后增大。当pH从7升高到10时,亲水性降低,疏水性增强;当pH从10升高到12时,亲水性增强,疏水性降低。当离子强度为0.001 mol/kg,pH从7变到12时,复合体的热失重量随着pH的升高而减小,亲水性降低,疏水性增强。当pH为定值,离子强度变化时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着离子强度的增加不断变化,曲线呈现出波动趋势,亲、疏水性在交替变化。红外光谱分析结果说明,对纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的亲疏水性起主要影响的官能团可能是亲水性的羟基—OH、羰基CO和疏水性的CH2烷烃。     

针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附特征及影响因素研究

通过恒温振荡平衡法研究了Pb~(2+)在针铁矿上的等温吸附和吸附动力学特征,探讨了吸附的影响因素.结果表明:(1)随Pb~(2+)平衡浓度和pH的增大,针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附量逐渐增大.(2)针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的等温吸附可用Freundlich和Langmuir方程较好地拟合.(3)在相同温度和pH下,随离子强度的提高,针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附量增大.(4)在相同离子强度和pH下,针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附量总体随温度升高而增大.针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附是自发进行的吸热反应.(5)针铁矿吸附Pb~(2+)的过程可分为初始的快吸附和随后的慢吸附2个阶段.pH影响吸附反应快慢,随pH增大吸附速率增大;随着pH的增大,达到平衡吸附的时间缩短.吸附动力学方程用Elovich方程拟合最佳.     

Experimental study and modeling of the transfer of zinc in a low reactive sand column in the presence of acetate

Nowadays, it is necessary to understand and identify the reactions governing the fate of heavy metals introduced into the environment with low complexing organic compounds, particularly when they are transferred through soils in urban areas. In this work the concomitant influence of pH and acetate on the fate of zinc on siliceous sand was studied in batch and non-saturated column experiments. Total zinc concentrations varied between 2 and 20 mg/l, and total acetate concentrations were fixed at 22, 72, 132, and 223 mM to obtain solution pHs of 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively. Natural sand (diameter, 0.3-2 mm), mainly constituted of silica, was used. In batch adsorption experiments, zinc adsorption is insignificant at pH 4, low and linear at pH 5, and increasingly nonlinear, of the Langmuir type, at pH 6 and 7 indicating near-saturation conditions of surface sites at these high pH values. In column experiments, Zn retardation increases and the maximum outlet concentration of Zn decreases with rising pH and acetate concentrations. Previous column tracer experiments revealed the occurrence of regionalized water transport in the column. Modeling these data was based on a non-electrostatic approach. Batch and column data modeling was based on the PHREEQC code that allows concomitant resolution of chemical speciation and regionalized water transport. The speciation calculation indicates that the ZnAcetate+ species is the dominant Zn species in the solutions used. Batch experimental curves are correctly modeled assuming the formation of the three surface species triple bond SiOZn+, triple bond SiOH-Zn Acetate+ and triple bond SiO-Zn(Acetate)2-. The column data could be adequately modeled assuming a two-region water transport and the formation of the same three species with the same thermodynamic constants determined in the batch experiments. The hypothesis of the modeling leads to a slight overestimation of the quantities of zinc eluted (10%) at pH 6 and 7, mostly in the desorption phase. These results show that the methodology used facilitates the correct modeling of both batch and transport experiments and formulation of the hypothesis on the interactions between the low reactive sand and a complex solution.     

Evaluation of boron removal from water by hydrotalcite-like compounds

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) or hydrotalcite (HT)-like compounds with different kinds of metal ions (Mg-Al and Mg-Fe) in the brucite-like sheets were prepared and their adsorption properties were studied in the boron removal from aqueous solution under laboratory conditions. The hydrotalcites were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and were characterized by chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and specific surface area measurements (BET). The affinity of these materials with a mixture of B(OH)(3) and B(OH)(4)(-) was studied as a function of contact time, initial pH of the solutions, HT quantity and B concentration (adsorption isotherms). It was found that 120 min is enough time for the equilibrium state to be reached in boron adsorption. Boron removal was independent of the initial pH of the solutions because of the high buffering capacity of the LDHs. On the other hand, the adsorption capacity increases with increasing the adsorbent quantity. The adsorption isotherms, described by the Langmuir model, are of L-type, suggesting that B(OH)(4)(-) is adsorbed preferentially on HT-like materials. Besides, Mg-Al hydrotalcites showed higher adsorption capacity than Mg-Fe. We proposed that in Mg-Al hydrotalcites, the boron removal occurs by both adsorption on external surface and ion exchange, whereas for Mg-Fe it occurs only by surface adsorption. After treatment of a solution containing 5.2 mgBl(-1) with Mg-Al hydrotalcites the final boron concentration reached the recommended limit by WHO for drinking water (0.5 mgl(-1)).     

Influence of ageing on zinc bioavailability in soils

Currently, soil quality criteria or soil risk assessments of metals are based on laboratory toxicity tests which are carried out in soils freshly spiked with metal salts. With these data, species sensitivity distributions are fitted, from which hazardous concentrations and predicted no effect concentrations are derived. However, due to long-term processes, called ageing, soil metal availability decreases with time. Here we show that pH is the most important parameter determining the effect of ageing on zinc partitioning in soils, with the effect of ageing becoming more important with increasing pH. Furthermore, zinc bioavailability, expressed as the internal zinc concentrations in red clover (Trifolium pratense) is closely related to pore water zinc concentration. In addition, there is a clear dose-response relationship between the survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida and the calcium chloride-extracted zinc fraction. These results indicate that zinc partitioning can be used to predict zinc bioavailability to terrestrial organisms. However, the use of spiked soils in toxicity assays can result in an over-estimation of the effects of zinc, especially at a high pH.