太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝法深度处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

针对经生物处理后难以进一步生物降解的垃圾渗滤液,提出采用太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝法进行深度处理.比较了直接混凝法、太阳光下Fenton氧化法及其联合处理技术对垃圾渗滤液COD_(Cr)的处理效果.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液进行直接混凝处理的效果不理想.COD_(Cr)的去除率仅为17.8%;太阳光可有效地催化Fenton试剂对垃圾渗滤液COD_(Cr)的去除效果,但要其COD_(Cr)低于国家二级排放标准则需消耗H_2O_2的浓度大于600 mmol/L.导致其处理成本较高;而采用太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理技术.垃圾渗滤液低于国家二级排放标准只需投加H_2O_2的浓度为170 mmol/L,比单纯采用太阳光下Fenton 氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液可节约H_2O_2用量2.53倍以上.     

化学沉淀/Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

先采用氧化镁和磷酸在碱性条件下与渗滤液中的NH3-N发生化学反应,生成六水磷酸铵镁(MgNH4PO4·6H2O)沉淀物,对渗滤液进行预处理.实验表明:在pH为9.5、药物投加比NH4 ∶Mg2 ∶PO43-为1∶1.3∶1的条件下,渗滤液中NH3-N的去除率达到76.7%,COD去除率为40.7%.最后对预处理出水用Fenton试剂进行氧化处理,实验结果表明:在pH为3、氧化时间为210 min、药剂投加量FeSO4·7H2O为0.04 mol、 H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比例为4∶1时, COD 的去除率达93.81%.     

垃圾渗滤液特性分析及Fenton预处理研究

利用Fenton—混凝沉淀法预处理广西某垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液,对Fenton试剂以及混凝沉淀进行了单因素分析,分别研究了垃圾渗滤液在不同的n[Fe2+]/n[H2O2]、H2O2投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、反应时间、PAC投加量等条件下的处理效果。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液经Fenton—混凝预处理,对COD、色度、SS处理效果好,对NH3—N去除效果不明显;渗滤液的可生化性有所提高,可进行后续生化处理。     

三氯异氰脲酸在深度处理中低浓度垃圾渗滤液中的应用

探讨以三氯异氰脲酸作氧化剂的化学氧化法深度处理中低浓度垃圾渗滤液的效果和实际应用的可行性。实验结果表明,该法设备简单、处理效率高、效果好;最佳处理工艺条件是:三氯异氰脲酸投加量10.0 g/L、反应时间30 min、反应温度20℃、初始pH=7.0、搅拌速率100 r/min。此时,NH_3-N和COD的去除率为95.87%和86.41%,剩余NH_3-N和COD含量分别为21.1 mg/L和55.2 mg/L,均达到国家规定的垃圾渗滤液排放标准。氧化反应完成后,采用曝气法脱除渗滤液中的余氯,成本低,实际应用可行。三氯异氰脲酸的工程应用成本约为66.5元/t。     

UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

在紫外光照下,利用H2O2和草酸铁络合物对垃圾渗滤液进行了处理,探讨了紫外光照时间、pH值、fenton试剂、草酸铵对垃圾渗滤液中CODCr去除率的影响.结果表明:UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法对垃圾渗滤液CODCr去除率有较好的效果,当操作条件是:pH取3,反应时间为1 h,H2O2投加量为1.4 mL,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比(摩尔比)为5∶1,草酸铵投加量为5.5 mL时,CODCr的去除率达到了78.8%.     

垃圾渗滤液深度处理试验研究

试验所在的垃圾渗滤液处理厂采用预处理+厌氧+好氧组合工艺将垃圾渗滤液处理到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-1997)三级排放标准。为了适应《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)新标准,在原工艺基础上设计增加膜生物反应器+纳滤的处理工艺。为了验证此工艺的合理性和科学性,进行渗滤液深度处理试验工作。试验结果表明,该工艺处理垃圾渗滤液方案可行,出水效果可达新标准排放。     

臭氧化技术在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的应用研究

采用臭氧氧化法对生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行深度处理,考察了反应时间、臭氧投加速率、p H和温度对COD、蛋白质、色度以及生化尾水中的腐殖酸的去除效果,通过BOD/COD变化分析了臭氧氧化法对生化尾水可生化性的提高作用。结果表明:在p H 5.0,温度35℃,臭氧投加速率9.33 mg/(L·min),反应120 min的条件下,垃圾渗滤液的生化尾水中的COD、蛋白质、色度以及腐殖酸的去除率分别达到56.2%、90.5%、97.5%和93.0%,BOD/COD从0.32提升到0.56,生化性有了很大提高。     

混凝-气浮预处理垃圾渗滤液的模拟试验研究

为了降低垃圾渗滤液中有机物和悬浮物含量,减轻后续处理负担,采用混凝-气浮工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,并考察其影响因素.结果表明,混凝剂种类、用量、混凝pH值、气浮作用时间等因素对有机物的去除率有明显影响.在优化工艺条件下,当进水COD为5 600 mg·L-1时,COD去除率可达到81.9%,BOD5的去除率可达73.3%,BOD5/COD从0.26提高到了0.40,有效提高了渗滤液的可生化性.研究表明,混凝-气浮工艺流程达到了较好的预处理效果.     

Fenton、光 Fenton、US-Fenton 和US-光Fenton同时处理垃圾渗滤液的比较

为比较Fenton、光Fenton,US-Fenton和US-光Fenton处理垃圾渗滤液的效果,研究了相关Fenton工艺对有机物去除率、UV-Vis光谱、GC-MS图谱的影响。结果表明:与相关Fenton工艺相比,US-光Fenton的TOC去除率最高,达到65.4%,同时,BOD5/COD从0.204上升到0.415,UV-Vis谱线下降幅度最大,E254、E280和E400的去除率也最大;依据GC-MS图谱,渗滤液中含有56种有机物,其中36种物质被US-光Fenton完全去除;最后提出了US-光Fenton降解垃圾渗滤液中污染物的可能反应途径。     

MAP 法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

以MgSO4?7H2 O和Na2 HPO4?12H2 O作为沉淀剂加入到垃圾渗滤液中,形成磷酸铵镁沉淀,可有效去除渗滤液中氨氮含量。最佳反应条件为：pH ＝9．5、Mg∶N ＝1．8∶1,P ：N ＝1．8∶1,在此条件下 NH3- N 去除率达97％,COD 的去除率达到20％。     

Removal of humic substances from landfill leachate by Fenton oxidation and coagulation

In this study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was characterized as total organic constituents and the isolated humic substances (HS) were characterized as an individual organic contaminant in landfill leachate. It was found that the HS content of landfill leachate was 83.3%. The results of laboratory tests to determine the roles of HS in reducing the organic content of landfill leachate during Fenton process are presented. Furthermore, the performances of oxidation and coagulation of Fenton reaction on the removal of HS and COD from leachate were investigated. The change curves of HS removal were similar to those of COD. The HS removal was 30% higher than COD removal, which indicated that HS were mostly degraded into various intermediate organic compounds but not mineralized by Fenton reagent. The oxidation removal was greatly influenced by initial pH relative to the coagulation removal. The oxidation and coagulation removals were linear dependent with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous dosages, respectively. Ferrous dosage greatly influenced the coagulation removal of COD at low ratio ([H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] < 3.0), but not at extremely high ratio ([H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] > 6.0). The coagulation removal of HS was not affected obviously by oxidation due to both Fenton oxidation and coagulation remove high molecular weight organics preferentially. Higher temperature gave a positive effect on oxidation removal at low Fe²⁺ dosage, but this effect was not obvious at high Fe²⁺ dosage.     

Pretreatment of municipal landfill leachate by a combined process

Biodegradability enhancement of landfill leachate using air stripping followed by coagulation/ultrafiltration (UF) processes was introduced. The air stripping process obtained a removal efficiency of 88.6% for ammonia nitrogen (NH₄–N) at air-to-liquid ratio of 3500 (pH 11) for stripping 18 h. The single coagulation process increased BOD/COD ratio by 0.089 with the FeCl₃ dosage of 570 mg l^?1 at pH 7.0, and the single UF process increased the BOD/COD ratio to 0.311 from 0.049. However, the combined process of coagulation/UF increased the BOD/COD ratio from 0.049 to 0.43, and the final biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₄–N and colour of leachate were 1223.6 mg l^?1, 2845.5 mg l^?1, 145.1 mg l^?1 and 2056.8, respectively, when 3 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membrane was used at the operating pressure 0.7 MPa. In ultrafiltration process, the average solution flux (J_V), concentration multiple (M_C) and retention rate (R) for COD was 107.3 l m^?2 h^?1, 6.3% and 84.2%, respectively.     

组合工艺削减垃圾渗滤液的毒性试验

利用斑马鱼胚胎及幼鱼评价垃圾渗滤液的生物毒性,并结合理化指标对混凝沉淀-厌氧-电化学氧化-好氧组合处理工艺的毒性削减能力进行评估。结果表明,经组合工艺处理后,垃圾渗滤液的化学需氧量、氨氮去除率分别达93.28%和96.84%,出水水质满足排放标准。垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼的毒性单位分别由63.69和99.01降至12.78和19.49,组合工艺的毒性削减率分别为79.93%和80.32%。研究表明,组合工艺能显著降低垃圾渗滤液的毒性。     

HBH-Ⅱ微生物制剂与生物膜法联合处理垃圾渗滤液的效果试验

将复合微生物制剂(HBH-Ⅱ)与生物膜法相结合,以重庆市某垃圾填埋场的渗滤液为研究对象,探讨了HBH-Ⅱ制剂在3种不同条件下对渗滤液的处理效果.结果表明,HBH-Ⅱ对垃圾渗滤液COD和NH3-N的去除有明显影响.反应72 h、低流量间歇曝气36 h、接种量1/10 000(HBH-Ⅱ与水的体积比)、进水pH=8.5条件下,处理效果最佳.HBH-Ⅱ中的复合微生物具有生物增强剂的作用,能明显促进污染物的降解.采用HBH-Ⅱ制剂时克服了以往处理工艺中气味恶臭的弊端,还具有产泥量小、色度去除效果好等优点.与单独使用HBH-Ⅱ处理渗滤液相比,以陶粒为填料的HBH-Ⅱ生物膜系统能够为HBH-Ⅱ的生长繁殖提供良好环境.挂膜成功运行5 d后,COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到70.58%和72.99%.     

Two-stage biodegradation coupled with ultrafiltration for treatment of municipal landfill leachate

The municipal landfill leachate was treated in a hydrolysis–acidification reactor (HAR)/aerobic bio-contact oxidation reactor (ABOR) following a pretreatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Experiments were conducted continuously for 44 days at a constant flow rate of 20 l d⁻¹ and organic loading rates (OLRs) from 0.75 to 1.5 kgCOD m⁻³ per day. The results showed that COD of the leachate steadily decreased from 20,015 mg l⁻¹ to less than 3000 mg l⁻¹, and NH₄-N decreased from 368.6 mg l⁻¹ to 259.3 mg l⁻¹ in the UF process. The COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency of HAR was 56.7% and 27.7%, and that of ABOR was 94.6% and 86.7%, respectively. The total COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency reached 99.6% and 93.2%, respectively. UF and HAR played a critical role in raising the biodegradability of the landfill leachate, while ABOR had an important function on removing the dissolved NH₄-N in leachate.     

High nitrite accumulation and strengthening denitrification for old-age landfill leachate treatment using an autocontrol two-stage hybrid process

An autocontrol two-stage hybrid process was developed to treat landfill leachate. Biological nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite pathway was split into two stages. The first stage was designed for the high nitrite accumulation and was composed of two hybrid bed reactors (Hybrid I and Hybrid II) and a coagulation–flocculation reactor having effective volumes of 120 L and 80 L, respectively. The second stage was designed for strengthening denitrification and included a single 80 L reactor. The carriers of the hybrid bed reactors were composed of fixed multiple flexible carriers and suspended particle carriers. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH value, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and temperature were used as online fuzzy control parameters of the automatic control system. The concentration of nitrite in Hybrid I and Hybrid II could reach 411 mg L⁻¹ and 604 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Ammonia removal has reached maximal rates of 0.061 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹ and 0.041 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹, respectively. A maximum nitrite removal rate of 0.211 kgNO₂⁻-N (m³ h)⁻¹ was observed during the strengthening denitrification. The running time of one cycle was not fixed and was actually controlled by the system. The results indicated that the running period was more closely related to influent ammonia concentration than influent COD concentration. The aeration times could be shortened and the energy could be saved. The autocontrol two-stage hybrid process is therefore an economical and effective way for landfill leachate treatment.     

垃圾压实密度对模拟回灌型准好氧填埋场稳定进程影响的试验研究

在室内模拟试验条件下,研究了不同垃圾压实密度对模拟回灌型准好氧填埋场稳定进程的影响.经过近630 d的试验,对于压实密度分别为671.47 kg/m3、524.02 kg/m3和430.18 kg/m3的2#、3#和4#模拟垃圾柱,其渗滤液COD值由试验前的50 000 mg/L分别降至试验结束时的2 210 mg/L、2 790 mg/L和2 090 mg/L,氨氮质量浓度由最高时的约1 300 mg/L分别降至45.1 mg/L、12.1 mg/L和4.96 mg/L,垃圾柱累积表面沉降量分别为97.2 cm、122.5 cm和152.7 cm.研究表明,回灌型准好氧填埋场具有加速沉降,改善渗滤液水质的优势;并且垃圾压实密度越小,模拟准好氧填埋场前期好氧反应进行得越激烈,垃圾体的温度越高,渗滤液水质(COD、氨氮)越快得到改善,填埋垃圾的沉降越快,稳定速率也越快.因此在进行该类填埋场的设计和运行时,要适当控制填埋垃圾的压实密度.     

回灌型准好氧填埋场沉降特征模拟研究

分析了回灌型准好氧填埋场封场后出现沉降的机理和过程,进行回灌型准好氧填埋场沉降的室内模拟试验.结果表明,封场后固结沉降主要发生在前15 d,降解沉降主要发生在前5个月,两者沉降量分别约占总沉降量的43.8%～52.7%和47.3%～56.2%,垃圾填埋高度的14.7%～22.6%和18.8%～21.5%.导气管的存在使回灌型准好氧填埋场出现不均匀沉降,而且由于空气供应量的差异,距导气管越远,沉降量与沉降比例越小.直径为4.5 cm的导气管的影响半径约为240 cm,对与导气管不同距离监测点的沉降比例进行曲线拟合,得到拟合曲线 y=7×10-7x2-0.0007x+0.4541(0≤x ≤240 cm).根据拟合值得到不均匀沉降形成的坡度为6.05°,在设计与安装回灌设施和填埋气处理设施时需考虑因沉降不均匀形成的坡度.