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1.
The European Union’s policies regarding genetically modified food (GMF hereafter) are based on the precautionary principle
and the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy. We ask whether the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy regarding
GMF implies that both GMF and non-GMF products should be available in the market. According to one line of thought, consumers’
choices may be autonomous even when the both types of products are not available. A food market with only GMF or only non-GMF
products does not strictly speaking compel people to buy the type of products available, and a possibility to refuse to buy
is enough for consumers’ choice to be autonomous. According to another line of thought, the unavailability of GMF or non-GMF
products restricts the autonomy of those consumers who are unwilling to use the only type of products (GMF or non-GMF) available
in the market. From the point of view of autonomy, a food market with only GMF or only non-GMF products does not offer enough
alternatives for consumers. Moreover, the whole point of the European Union’s requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy
is to enable an autonomous choice between GMF and non-GMF—not just to give a possibility to refrain from buying. However,
this does not imply that producers, processors, wholesalers, retailers, or public authorities have a moral duty to see that
there are both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. The requirement to respect autonomy is prima facie in nature, and in the context of GMF, other prima facie requirements are often stronger and override it. Not only the consumers’ autonomy of choice but also environmental values,
other people’s well-being, and the autonomous choice of farmers, retailers, and other relevant parties should be respected.
Thus, according to the both lines of thought, the requirement to respect consumers’ autonomy of choice does not imply that
there should be both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. 相似文献
2.
Mikael Karlsson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(1):51-62
In spite of stricter provisions inthe new EU directive on deliberate release ofgenetically modified organisms (GMOs), criticsstill advocate a moratorium on permits forcultivation of GMOs. However, in an attempt tomeet concerns raised by the public, thedirective explicitly gives Member States thepossibility to take into consideration ethicalaspects of GMOs in the decision-making. Thisarticle investigates the potential effects ofsuch formulation by means of an empiricalanalysis of experiences gained the last yearsfrom similar Swedish regulations for GMOs,aiming at promoting sustainable development.The faulty implementation shown in the Swedishcase indicates that legal stipulations forethics as such have limited importance. It issuggested that public participation is animportant factor for successful implementationof the ethics of sustainable development. 相似文献
3.
Anne Ingeborg Myhr 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(6):501-525
The commercial introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has revealed a broad range of views among scientists
and other stakeholders on perspectives of genetic engineering (GE) and if and how GMOs should be regulated. Within this controversy,
the precautionary principle has become a contentious issue with high support from skeptical groups but resisted by GMO advocates.
How to handle lack of scientific understanding and scientific disagreement are core issues within these debates. This article
examines some of the key issues affecting precaution as a legal standard and as an approach to the use of science in decision-making
processes. It is pointed out that there is a need for reflection over the level of scientific evidence required for applying
the precautionary principle as well as who should have the burden of proof when there are uncertainties. Further, an awareness
of the broader scientific uncertainties found in GMO risk assessment implies that a precautionary approach must be elaborated:
both for acknowledging uncertainties and for identification of scientific responses. Since precaution is an important issue
within the sustainable development framework, it is suggested that sustainability can provide a normative standard that can
help to reveal the influence and negotiate the importance of the various forms of uncertainty. Wise management of uncertainties
and inclusion of normative aspects in risk assessment and management may help to ensure sustainable and socially robust GMO
innovations at present and in the future. 相似文献
4.
Yann Devos Pieter Maeseele Dirk Reheul Linda Van Speybroeck Danny De Waele 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(1):29-61
Via a historical reconstruction, this paper primarily demonstrates how the societal debate on genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) gradually extended in terms of actors involved and concerns reflected. It is argued that the implementation of recombinant
DNA technology out of the laboratory and into civil society entailed a “complex of concerns.” In this complex, distinctions
between environmental, agricultural, socio-economic, and ethical issues proved to be blurred. This fueled the confusion between
the wider debate on genetic modification and the risk assessment of transgenic crops in the European Union. In this paper,
the lasting skeptical and/or ambivalent attitude of Europeans towards agro-food biotechnology is interpreted as signaling
an ongoing social request – and even a quest – for an evaluation of biotechnology with Sense and Sensibility. In this (re)quest, a broader-than-scientific dimension is sought for that allows addressing the GMO debate in a more “sensible”
way, whilst making “sense” of the different stances taken in it. Here, the restyling of the European regulatory frame on transgenic
agro-food products and of science communication models are discussed and taken to be indicative of the (re)quest to move from
a merely scientific evaluation and risk-based policy towards a socially more robust evaluation that takes the “non-scientific”
concerns at stake in the GMO debate seriously. 相似文献
5.
Kirsten Hansen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2004,17(1):67-76
In this paper I argue that consumerautonomy does not count in favor of thelabeling of genetically modified foods (GMfoods) more than for the labeling of non-GMfoods. Further, reasonable considerationssupport the view that it is non-GM foods ratherthan GM foods that should be labeled. 相似文献
6.
Anne Ingeborg Myhr Terje Traavik 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(3):227-247
Risk governance of GM plants and GMfood products is presently subject to heatedscientific and public controversies. Scientistsand representatives of the biotechnologyindustry have dominated debates concerningsafety issues. The public is suspicious withregard to the motives of scientists, companies,and political institutions involved. Thedilemmas posed are nested, embracing valuequestions, scientific uncertainty, andcontextual issues. The obvious lack of data andinsufficient information concerning ecologicaleffects call for application of thePrecautionary Principle (PP). There are,however, divergent opinions among scientistsabout the relevance of putative hazards,definition of potential ``adverse effects,' andwhether actions should be taken to preventharm. The reliance on the concept ofsubstantial equivalence in safety evaluation ofGM food is equally controversial. Consequently,value assumptions embedded in a scientificframework may be a barrier for employment ofthe PP. One of our major conclusions is thatprecautionary GMP usage requires riskassessment criteria yet undeveloped, as well asbroader and more long-term conceptions of risk,uncertainty, and ignorance. Conflicts ofinterest and public participation are otherissues that need to be taken intoconsideration. GMP governance regimes that arejustifiable from a precautionary and ethicalpoint of view must transcend traditionalscientific boundaries to include alternativescientific perspectives as well as publicinvolvement. 相似文献
7.
沙质滩涂对石油类污染物的吸附是一种物理吸附过程,在一定的条件下,吸附于沙质滩涂中的石油类污染物又可能释放出来,对滨海环境造成新的污染。在对滨海沙滩(胶州湾)沙质滩涂-水系统石油污染调查的基础上,选择代表性的沙滩进行取样,系统测定不同沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放动力学过程,并分析了盐度、pH、温度和含沙量对释放作用的影响。结果表明,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放动力学曲线符合对数型,即随着时间的延续释放速度逐渐降低,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放平衡时间约为10h,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放量随盐度和pH的增大而减少,随温度、含沙量和振荡频率的增加而增加。 相似文献
8.
This paper is the result of a contribution between ethics and law, which will be used as thought-process tools, to address the complex issue of legal and ethical statuses of GM fish. To find answers, we propose to consider this issue from a wider angle, looking at the relations between the human, animal, and living worlds. We show that it is possible to construct other forms of intellectual logic that, without setting these worlds in opposition, do not lapse into relativism where boundaries are blurred. In this sense, we submit the hypothesis that ordered pluralism should help us to move past a mere Man–Animal relationship to reveal the entire complexity of relationships within mankind and between mankind and other (non-human) worlds alongside it and to which it belongs: the animal and living worlds. With this new logic, “animal ethics” and “animal law” are re-embedded into a set of relationships. This logic emerges from a new consideration: the nature of the contemporary objects we are dealing with. We shall call objects like genetically modified fish “relational objects” in the sense that in order to be apprehended, they utilize a set of relationships of which there are just as many as the dimensions forming them, not as predicates but as primary constituents. Experimentally, in the case of GM fish, we translate this by proposing to typologize legal and ethical considerations induced by multiple relations connected to this object. According to the type of relationship in question, the GM fish will not have the same status; it is a changing object that must be suitably apprehended. 相似文献
9.
Daniel Gregorowius Petra Lindemann-Matthies Markus Huppenbauer 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(3):265-293
The use of genetically modified plants in agriculture (GM crops) is controversially discussed in academic publications. Important issues are whether the release of GM crops is beneficial or harmful for the environment and therefore acceptable, and whether the modification of plants is ethically permissible per se. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the moral reasoning on the use of GM crops expressed in academic publications from 1975 to 2008. Environmental ethical aspects in the publications were investigated. Overall, 113 articles from 15 ecology, environmental ethics, and multidisciplinary science journals were systematically reviewed. Three types of moral concerns were used to structure the normative statements, moral notions, and moral issues found in the articles: concerns addressing consequences of the use of GM crops, concerns addressing the act (the technique itself), and concerns addressing the virtues of an actor. Articles addressing consequences (84%) dealt with general ecological and risk concerns or discussed specific ecological issues about the use of GM crops. Articles addressing the act (57%) dealt with the value of naturalness, the value of biotic entities, and conceptual reductionism, whereas articles addressing the actor (43%) dealt with virtues related to the handling of risks and the application of GM crops. The results of this study may help to structure the academic debate and contribute to a better understanding of moral concerns that are associated with the key aspects of the ethical theories of consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. 相似文献
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11.
Kristian H?yer Toft 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):223-237
Proponents of using genetically modified (GM) crops and food in the developing world often claim that it is unjust not to
use GMOs (genetically modified organisms) to alleviate hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. In reply, the critics
of GMOs claim that while GMOs may be useful as a technological means to increase yields and crop quality, stable and efficient
institutions are required in order to provide the benefits from GMO technology. In this debate, the GMO proponents tend to
rely on a simple utilitarian type of calculus that highlights the benefits of GMOs to the poor, but that overlooks the complex
institutional requirements necessary for GMO production. The critics, recognizing the importance of institutional conditions,
focus primarily on the negative impacts of institutional deficiencies, thereby overlooking the basically Rawlsian claim that
institutions per se may generate claims to justice. This article investigates how GMOs might generate claims to global justice and what type
of justice is involved. The paper argues that the debate on GMOs and global justice can be categorized into three views, i.e.,
the cosmopolitan, the pluralist, and the sceptic. The cosmopolitan holds that GMOs can and should be used for alleviating
global hunger, whereas the sceptic rejects this course of action. I will argue here for a moderately cosmopolitan approach,
relying on the pluralist view of institutions and the need to exploit the benefits of GMOs. This argument rests on the premise
that global cooperation on GMO production provides the relevant basis for assessing the use of GMOs by the standard of global
distributive justice. 相似文献
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试验针对存在的氟污染饮用水问题,将天然沸石用NaOH和Al2(SO4)3溶液改性制成除氟材料.静态试验研究表明:改性沸石除氟吸附反应快,其最佳pH值范围为5~9,而且对氟离子具有较好的离子选择性能.通过动态试验研究发现,降低进水流量和原水浓度可以增大滤层的吸附容量.两种再生方式对比试验表明:用Al2(SO4)3溶液再生效果优于用NaOH和Al2(SO4)3溶液联合再生. 相似文献
14.
江西珍稀濒危植物资源与保护 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
经调查统计,江西分布有国家第一批珍稀濒危保护植物74种,比《中国珍稀濒危植物》记载本省的种类(48种)增加了26种。本文论述了本省珍稀植物濒危的原因和我省自然保护的实际情况,提出了保护、发展和合理利用珍稀濒危植物资源的意见。 相似文献
15.
Nadine Arnold 《Local Environment》2013,18(3):289-294
ABSTRACTIn a world, in which measurements, indices and agreed-upon standards are ubiquitous, Bessy and Chateauraynaud’s work on experts and counterfeiters has gained new relevance. The French social scientists provide a rich theory on the sense of things, explaining how experts evaluate the authenticity of objects. Along with the mobilisation of a shared language and stabilised criteria, the sense of things generates from everyday interactions between experts and objects. While social scientists tend to prioritise the study of the commonly-accepted aspects of evaluation, the concept of the sense of things directs attention to the subtle micro interactions and sensory experiences on the ground. This process can initiate shifts in stabilised evaluations of the true and false. This article presents the central theoretical arguments of the book “Experts et Faussaires” (Experts and Counterfeiters) and sketches their relevance for the study of environmental phenomena. 相似文献
16.
王颖 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2014,(6):31-33
通过对秦皇岛市4种常见绿化植物的叶片滞尘量、单株滞尘能力及相关因素的研究,发现绿化植物单位叶面积的滞尘量最大可以相差2.5倍左右,树种叶片滞尘能力的大小排序为:国槐>悬铃木>金银木>连翘,单株滞尘能力的大小排序为:悬铃木>国槐>金银木>连翘;绿化植物的滞尘量与环境中粉尘含量成正比,树木滞尘能力还与叶片表面性状、叶面积指数及植物所处环境等因素有关。 相似文献
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陈翠芳 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2002,12(4):70-73
阅读在英语学习中起着十分重要的作用,如何提高学生的阅读能力是值得每个教师研究的问题。经过多年的教学现察和实践,笔着认为让学生学会在阅读中猜测词义、掌握提高阅读速度的方法、掌握阅读技巧、了解文化背景知识,将对学生的阅读能力的提高有所帮助。 相似文献
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