微生物降解蔬菜残留农药研究

从富集培养物中筛选到以甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＪ５和以乐果为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＬ３,经鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）．它们利用甲胺磷、乐果生长的最适条件及在无机盐培养基中农药最大耐受浓度分别为ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３５℃,ρ＝１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３０℃,ρ＝２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ．在无碳基础培养基内单菌株培养８ｄ,５２４ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲胺磷好气降解４２．５％,厌气降解３５．９％,２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的乐果好气降解５０．２％,厌气降解１６．４％．小区试验表明,ＮＭＪ５、ＮＭＬ３的菌液制剂对普通白菜的变种南农矮脚黄（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）中残留的甲胺磷、乐果有明显的去除作用．     

微生物降解苯胺的特性及其降解代谢途径

从活性污泥中分离得到的一株细菌 Ａ Ｎ３ ,能以苯胺为唯一碳、氮源和能源生长,苯胺的最高降解浓度５０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以上,鉴定为食酸丛毛单胞菌（ Ｃｏｍａｍｏｎａｓ ａｃｉｄｏｖｏｒａｎｓ） ． Ａ Ｎ３ 还可降解乙酰苯胺,但不利用其他取代类苯胺,该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺的最适ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ,最适温度３０ ℃,且完整细胞降解苯胺的活性比生长细胞高得多．９ 种金属离子对该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺均有不同程度的抑制作用,尤以 Ａｇ ＋ 和 Ｈｇ２ ＋ 为明显． Ａ Ｎ３ 含有苯胺加双氧酶、邻苯二酚２ ,３加双氧酶等一系列与苯胺降解有关的酶类,它们均为诱导酶．对苯胺降解的关键酶进行了酶动力学特性的研究,根据这些结果提出了该菌株降解苯胺的代谢途径．     

食酸丛毛单胞菌AN3菌株降解苯胺的研究

报道了各种环境因子对食酸丛毛单胞菌ＡＮ３菌株完整细胞降解苯胺的影响．在良好的通气条件下,该菌株完整细胞降解苯胺,最适湿细胞质量浓度ρＦＷ（ｃｅｌ）＝２０ｇ／Ｌ、最适ｐＨ和温度θ分别为７．０和３０℃,苯胺ρ＝１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,经过６ｈ的作用即可被完全降解;各种有机物如葡萄糖和蛋白胨对苯胺的降解均有延缓的作用：除Ｈｇ２＋和Ａｇ＋外,其他重金属离子对苯胺降解抑制作用较小     

农药降解酶的固定化及其降解特性

采用海藻酸钙凝胶将 Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｓｐ ． Ｙ Ｆ１１ 农药降解酶进行固定化,并测定了固定化酶对杀灭菊酯的降解特性． 农药降解酶的固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量浓度,３０ ｇ／ Ｌ;蛋白质量浓度,０ ．２ ｇ／ Ｌ;固定化时间ｔ ＝ １６ｈ ;粒径４ ｍｍ ． 固定化酶降解杀灭菊酯的最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ 、最适温度为３５ ℃, Ｋｍ５５ ．０ μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ     

不同菌源的微生物对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯生物降解性的比较

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１（ 荧光假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｆ Ｓ１） ,从处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出２ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ２（ 铜绿假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎａｓａ Ｆ Ｓ２） 和 Ｆ Ｓ３（ 短杆菌 Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｓｐ ． Ｆ Ｓ３） ． 研究了邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ , Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（ Ｄ Ｍ Ｐ） 的最适降解条件,比较了其降解特性． Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 最适酸度分别为ｐ Ｈ６ ．５ ～８ ．０ 、ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ 和ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ ,温度为２０ ～３５ ℃、１５ ～３５ ℃和１５ ～３５ ℃．邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的降解的半寿期： Ｆ Ｓ１ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ２ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ３ ,邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 是一株高效的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯降解菌     

利用动胶菌D2菌株处理含油废水的中间试验研究

利用自行分离筛选的动胶菌（ Ｚｏｏｇｌｏｅａ ｓｐ ．） Ｄ２ 菌株以生物接触氧化法对含机械润滑油的废水进行处理．在实验室条件下,控制入流流量ｑｖ ＝ ３３ Ｌ／ｈ ,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ６ ｈ ,除油效果十分显著：当废水的含油浓度为４２４ ～１ ４３２ｍｇ／ Ｌ时,经过试验运转,出流水中油浓度已降至０ ～２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,除油率达９７ ％ 以上,水质达到国家二级以上的排放标准     

丁草胺高效降解细菌的分离

通过瓶培养法富集培养,从肥东县一块单晚稻田土中分离出一株丁草胺高效降解细菌ＷＹ３０６,经鉴定,该菌为节杆菌属菌Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６．Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６降解丁草胺的影响因素研究表明：丁草胺降解半衰期与初始菌量近似成反比;当丁草胺添加浓度为５、９ｍｇ／Ｌ时,其降解半衰期分别为０．９７ｈ和１．８６ｈ,随浓度的增大而增大,而当丁草胺添加浓度为０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ或其     

青霉菌BS—1还原Cr^6＋的条件及影响因子

青霉菌ＢＳ－１生长时还原Ｃｒ＾６＋的条件下：最适碳源为蔗糖或糊精，最适氮源是硫酸铵，最适温度３０℃，最适ＰＨ７．０，加入一定浓度的酵母浸出物可促进该菌对Ｃｒ＾＋的还原。不同预培养条件对该菌还原Ｃｒ＾６＋无明显影响，由此认为该菌对Ｃｒ＾６＋的还原是非诱导性的Ｈｇ＾２＋，Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｃｏ＾２＋和Ｎｉ＾２＋对ＢＳ－１生长及Ｃｒ＾２｜还在有明显抑制作用，但在ρ（Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ４）＝１００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，则对该菌     

嗜热厌氧细菌Clostridium sp.EVA4菌株直接转化纤维素产乙醇的研究

用分离获得的嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌 Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ ｓｐ ． Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株进行了直接转化纤维素产生乙醇的动力学、发酵最适条件及其影响因子的研究．结果表明, Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株在ｐ Ｈ６ ．２ ～８ ．９ ,θ４５ ℃～６０ ℃的范围内能直接转化纤维素滤纸产生乙醇,最适ｐ Ｈ 为７ ．５ ～８ ．０ ,最适θ为５５ ～６０ ℃． Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株能利用纤维素滤纸,纤维素粉 Ｗｈａｔｍａｎ Ｃ Ｆ Ｉ Ｉ,微晶纤维素,纤维素粉 Ｍ Ｎ３００ 和未经处理的玉米秆芯,甘蔗渣,水稻秸秆产生乙醇．乙醇浓度 ,纤维素降解率和培养基还原糖浓度均随培养时间延长而增大．不同的纤维素材料、ｐ Ｈ、θ、底物浓度、酵母粉含量、振荡、培养气相、外加 Ｏ２ 和乙醇等条件均能影响 Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株转化纤维素为乙醇的能力．最适条件下 Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株利用１ ％ 纤维素滤纸培养１２０ ｈ 产乙醇浓度为１ １２３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,纤维素降解率为５９ ％     

用假单胞菌(PSEUDOMONAS SP.)E4-106生物转化苯丙酮酸生产L-苯丙氨酸研究

用从土壤中筛选的假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）Ｅ４１０６株细胞进行了转化苯丙酮酸生产Ｌ苯丙氨酸实验研究．结果表明,转氨反应最适温度３５～４０℃;该转氨酶可在ｐＨ７～１０范围内催化反应而活力变化不大;０．５％戊二醛处理细胞可降低其转氨酶活力;表面活性剂处理细胞或在反应液中加入Ｍｇ２＋能显著提高转氨反应速度;Ｌ天冬氨酸是转氨反应的最适氨基供体;底物转化率与底物浓度、氨基供体浓度有关．在此反应体系中,Ｅ４１０６菌株单位湿重细胞的转氨酶活力为１０３９Ｕ／ｇ;生成产物ＬＰｈｅ浓度为３２．２ｇ／Ｌ和５０．４ｇ／Ｌ时,苯丙酮酸摩尔转化率分别为９７．５％、８７．２％．生成产物用ＣＧＡ６８８大孔吸附树脂进行分离、纯化．目标产物经熔点、比旋光度、元素分析、红外光谱和纸层析分析,证实是ＬＰｈｅ．产物收率为８１．８％．     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.