艾比湖流域地表水水体悬浮物、总氮与总磷光谱诊断及空间分布特征

水体悬浮物(SS)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)是衡量水质的一个重要指标。选择新疆艾比湖流域为靶区,基于2015年10月实测光谱数据,采用微分法和反射率变换法以及偏最小二乘法估算水体中的SS、TN和TP的质量浓度。结果表明,(1)水体悬浮物的自然对数(ln SS)的显著性波段出现在350、410、520、570、655和940 nm处,基于偏最小二乘法的ln SS均方根一阶拟合效果最好,P0.01水平下拟合系数r~2=0.3562。此外,ln SS与总氮、总磷存在显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0.506和0.505(P0.01)。(2)水体TN的显著性波段出现在393~399 nm与674~678 nm范围内,水体TN的倒数一阶拟合效果最好,P0.01水平下拟合系数r2=0.438 9;(3)水体TP的显著性波段出现在333、349、862、882和905 nm处,水体TP的倒数一阶拟合最优,P0.01显著性水平下拟合系数r~2=0.634 8。从水体SS、TN和TP浓度的空间分布可知,水体SS、TN和TP含量高值点位于艾比湖的北岸,基于最优模型反演的SS、TN和TP的浓度整体偏高,且与原始数据的空间分布相差不明显。综上所述,利用光谱数据可以精准、快速的估算水体悬浮物、总氮和总磷,可为水质的评价提供科学依据,亦可为今后利用星载高光谱传感器对艾比湖流域水质参数进行大面积估算提供新思路。     

基于实测高光谱数据的太湖悬浮物浓度与透明度分区

通过实地测量太湖水体的反射光谱和表层水质,利用实测数据以及水-气界面辐射传输模型计算其遥感反射率,并根据太湖的实际水质状况将其划分为3个区域,分别分析太湖总体和分区的反射光谱曲线,建立太湖不同区域水体悬浮物浓度和透明度的反演模型。结果表明,就悬浮物浓度和透明度而言,太湖3个区域中以东太湖水质最佳,贡湖、梅梁湖和竺山湖次之,南部和西部最差;对太湖进行分区研究能够更好地反应太湖水质的差异性,拟合各区域的水质状况,分区模型精度较全湖区模型高,误差也普遍较小,能够提高研究结果的可信度和可行性。     

工业区土壤高光谱特性及其重金属含量预测研究——以上海市闵行区为例

土壤的高光谱能够反映土壤信息,利用光谱数据能够快速高效地预测土壤重金属含量。以上海闵行工业区土壤为研究对象,分析研究区土壤光谱曲线所包含的土壤信息,通过光谱反射数据多种低阶微分变换形式以增强光谱特征,并通过相关分析获取土壤铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)含量的特征波段位置,构建土壤重金属高光谱反演模型。结果表明,工业区土壤重金属Cu、Cr、Mn、Pb、Zn存在明显积累,含量平均值依次为29.38、106.32、583.14、34.13、111.15 mg·kg-1,均超过上海市土壤环境背景值,且表现出复合污染和同源性的特点;土壤光谱曲线除受铁氧化物(409.55 nm)、有机质(825～900 nm)、水(1 400～1 425 nm)的影响存在光谱曲线吸收带外,走势均随波长增加而上升;最优特征波段均出现在近红外波段范围内,Cu为1 440.21 nm,Cr为834.44 nm,Mn为984.98 nm,Pb为1 440.21 nm,Zn为1 642.50 nm;利用特征波段光谱反射率的低阶微分变换形式作为建模因子建立土壤重金属含量的高光谱反演模型,发现均方根二阶微分(RMSTD)变换、倒数一阶微分(RTFD)变换、倒数对数二阶微分(ATSD)变换相较于原始一阶微分(FD)、二阶微分(SD)变换更能提高预测精度,多元逐步回归线性模型(SMLR)建模效果优于偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,SMLR建模R2均大于0.65,验证R2除Mn外(R2=0.400)均大于0.5。基于SMLR建立的高光谱反演模型具有较高的预测精度、稳定性与可靠性,对工业区土壤重金属含量进行高光谱反演建模具有可行性。     

土壤铜污染光谱特征波段分析、界限浓度划分及含量预测

土壤重金属污染高光谱预测的大部分研究集中在重金属浓度的预测上,但是预测模型精度不高,或精度较高而均方根误差较大。利用土壤Cu污染在538~834 nm波段区间的光谱数据检测土壤Cu污染的界限浓度及光谱特征波段区间,并根据界限浓度建立土壤Cu浓度的预测模型。先对土壤Cu污染光谱数据进行一阶导数处理,利用一阶导数距离检测土壤Cu污染的界限浓度及光谱特征波段;再利用经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)和多重分形理论预测土壤Cu污染浓度,旨在为土壤重金属污染的高光谱研究提供依据,精确土壤重金属污染光谱的研究范围,为利用界限浓度建立土壤重金属浓度预测模型提供新思路。结果表明,538~834 nm波段区间土壤Cu污染的界限浓度为120~160μg?g~(-1),根据一阶导数距离最大值和多重分形谱参量将土壤Cu污染划分为60~120μg?g~(-1)和160~740μg?g~(-1)两个浓度区间,其预测土壤Cu污染的特征波段分别为730~760 nm和540~590 nm;根据划分的界限浓度,利用土壤Cu污染光谱多重分形谱参量、538~834 nm波段区间反射率最大值、一阶导数最大值、及实测土壤含水率、实测土壤有机质含量等参数,分别建立20~120μg?g~(-1)和160~740μg?g~(-1)两个浓度区间土壤Cu含量MLR预测模型,R2在0.99以上,RMSE最大为47.3。因此,多重分形谱参量Δα值和一阶导数距离最大值可作为土壤Cu污染界限浓度划分和光谱特征波段提取的依据,其界限浓度为120~160μg?g~(-1),光谱特征波段区间为730~760 nm和540~590 nm;该文构建的MLR模型可有效预测土壤Cu浓度。     

基于高光谱数据藻类水华重要参数——叶绿素a的定量反演模型研究

水库富营养化导致的水华问题严重影响了饮用水的利用和保护,而水体叶绿素a在营养化水体中比例稳定,可以在很大程度上反映水体的营养状况,是水华监测的重要参数。目前,大多数研究集中在较为典型的富营养化水体,对中/贫营养化水体的研究较少。以莆田东圳水库为研究区,随机选取112组叶绿素a浓度数据和高光谱数据中的72组数据进行模型构建,剩余40组数据用于模型验证。在对叶绿素a浓度和光谱反射率曲线进行相关分析的基础上,通过对水体光学特性的分析和统计分析,筛选出单波段、波段比值、三波段、四波段、荧光峰高度、荧光峰位置、峰谷距离等特征参数建立反演模型。通过模型精度验证的对比分析,确定了最优叶绿素a浓度的反模型。结果表明,经过900 nm处归零化预处理的单波段模型和四波段模型对东圳水库水体叶绿素a浓度的反演效果最佳,其决定系数R²均为0.91,平均绝对误差MAE分别为1.82μg/L和2.81μg/L,MAPE分别为22.53%和21.53%。对于叶绿素a浓度较低、跨度较小的库区水域,波段算法类模型建模精度优于荧光算法类模型。该研究结果可以为后续东圳水库的常规水质监测和水华预警提供一定...     

干旱区绿洲耕层土壤重金属铬含量的高光谱估测

土壤重金属铬含量的高光谱估测技术较传统测量方法具有无污染、方便快捷进行动态监测的优势。对新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲耕层土壤98个样品的原始光谱反射率R分别进行倒数1/R、对数lg(R)、倒数对数lg(1/R)以及微分变换。不同处理结果与实测土壤重金属铬含量进行相关分析从而筛选出具有极显著相关的特征波段(P0.001)。以不同变换处理下的特征波段反射率作为自变量,土壤铬含量为因变量,采用多元线性逐步回归、偏最小二乘回归、BP神经网络和随机森林回归方法构建土壤重金属铬含量的高光谱估测模型,并对最优估测结果进行克里格空间插值。结果表明,(1)原始光谱反射率的微分变换处理可有效提升光谱与土壤重金属铬含量之间的敏感性,其中经微分变换后的土壤光谱反射率与铬含量的相关系数由0.487显著提高到0.669(P0.001)。(2)综合比较各模型的训练集和验证集估测结果,经倒数对数一阶微分[lg(1/R)]′处理后的BP神经网络模型具有较高的估测精度和很强的稳定性,可作为研究区土壤重金属铬含量的最优估测模型,其决定系数(Rd~2)在0.8以上,均方根误差(RMSE)小于6.5,相对分析误差(RPD)大于2。(3)研究区土壤重金属铬含量具有中等空间变异性,低含量区域主要分布在新和县和沙雅县的外缘地带,而位于库车市东北部区域的耕层土壤铬含量达到最高水平。受人类活动影响该绿洲的土壤污染问题日趋严重,耕层土壤重金属铬含量呈现出较高含量的空间分布。     

基于后向散射系数的鄱阳湖悬浮物浓度反演与垂直分布特征

水体悬浮物浓度垂直分布监测对掌握湖泊水环境空间变化具有重要作用,但目前传统的采样方法获取的悬浮物浓度存在垂直观测不同步、连续剖面快速监测难度大等问题。以鄱阳湖为例,通过对湖泊水体后向散射系数和悬浮物浓度的垂直监测,构建并应用了基于水体后向散射系数的悬浮物浓度垂直分布反演模型,实现了水体悬浮物浓度垂直分布快速监测的目的。结果表明,鄱阳湖水体700 nm波段的后向散射系数与总悬浮物浓度和无机悬浮物浓度具有较好的相关性,构建的指数函数关系效果最佳,决定系数(r~2)分别为0.849、0.811,模拟值与实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为8.56、8.70;鄱阳湖水体分为4种垂直分布类型:混合均匀型(A型)、增大型(B型)、中层增大或减小型(C型)、上部增大下部混合型(D型),近70%的监测站点为垂直非均匀水体;鄱阳湖水体总悬浮物浓度垂直剖面层化现象和沿程纵向变化明显,主要受水位变化、水体流速和流态的改变、采砂活动等湖区自然条件和人类活动,以及河流来水的浑浊程度等多因素影响。研究结果可为摸清湖泊水体悬浮物浓度的空间分布规律提供数据支持,为解决湖泊高动态水体悬浮物浓度垂直监测的问题提供测量技术和方法支持。     

广东西部主要土壤的光谱特征

以广东省西部不同地区的三种不同类型的红土:赤红壤、黄壤、砖红壤为例,研究了这些红土土壤的光谱反射特性,进行了光谱波形特征及一些吸收波段特征的分析,对这三种土壤的光谱特征进行了对照比较,并且对土壤的各个剖面层的光谱差异进行了分析.结果表明,三种土壤其光谱特征基本相似,都是属于"陡坎型".氧化铁的吸收波段明显.并且整个波谱曲线的反射率都比较低.但是不同红土的光谱又有各自的特性.不同母岩发育的同一类土壤及其同一个土壤不同的剖面层都因为有机质、氧化铁等的含量不同其反射率曲线有一定的差异.玄武岩发育的砖红壤的反射率曲线比较平直些,曲线的反射率更低,这意味着玄武岩发育的砖红壤中比花岗岩等其他母质发育的赤红壤和黄壤富含更多的铁铝三氧化物.这些分析结果可能为这些类别红土的识别和分类提供诊断指标.     

基于MODIS模拟的辽东湾叶绿素a的遥感反演模型

叶绿素a浓度对于水质和富营养化评价、赤潮探测及海洋生产力研究有重要意义.利用卫星遥感反演获取叶绿素a浓度弥补了传统采样方法的数据离散化、耗时长且费用高的缺陷,可以实时和全面地观测大尺度海洋叶绿索a分布.通过实测光谱模拟卫星波段,可以在一定程度上削除大气干扰,有助于准确地确定特征波段和建立遥感反演模型.本文以辽东湾为研究区,利用现场实测光谱模拟了MODIS波段,并在光谱特征分析基础上进行叶绿素a的特征波段选择,通过比较单波段和波段比值法等算法,建立了2个具有区域特色的叶绿素a遥感反演模型,并进行了模型验证.结果表明:在辽东湾海域,运用红光附近特征波段667和678 nm来反映叶绿素特征比传统蓝绿光波段(440和550nm)似乎更能削弱其它水体组分的干扰,突出辽东湾水体的特点.利用667、678和551nm的三波段模型要比单纯考虑667和678nm波段比值的模型要好一些,该模型r为0.856,标准差为0.190.模型验证预测值和实测值的相关系数为0.93(p<0.01),表明了模型良好的预测能力.模型具有明显的区域特色,结果是否具有普适性,还需进一步验证.     

基于高光谱的邯郸市土壤重金属统计估算模型研究

土壤重金属富集严重制约城市发展,对居民健康造成潜在威胁。该研究旨在定量估算土壤重金属含量,提高土壤重金属监测时效性,从而为土壤保护管理工作提供决策参考和理论支持。该文依据化学检测所得土样重金属含量与地物光谱仪(ASD)获取的土壤反射光谱数据,通过对土壤重金属光谱特性的分析,确定光谱反演特征波段,研究并建立了邯郸市土壤重金属基于不同光谱变换指标的多元逐步回归(SMLR)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)统计估算模型,通过模型验证与对比,探索邯郸市土壤各重金属含量的最优反演模型。结果表明:(1)微分处理能普遍改善模型预测效果,二阶微分指标的PLSR与MLSR模型效果较佳;(2)PLSR与SMLR两种建模方法相比,总体上PLSR建模和预测的均方根误差RMSE较小、模型修正系数Adjust R~2较大,表明PLSR模型预测效果更好;(3)基于反射率倒数对数的二阶导数的PLSR模型反演效果较优,其中Cu、Ni、Zn、Hg,检验精度Adjust R2均超过0.8。     

汾河太原段有色可溶性有机物吸收特性及来源分析

加强城市河流水体有色可溶性有机物吸收特性及来源方面的研究,对认识和理解人类活动影响下河流有机污染物的行为特征具有重要意义.以汾河太原段为研究对象,探讨了CDOM吸收系数与总悬浮物(TSM)、有机悬浮物(OSM)、无机悬浮物(ISM)、叶绿素(Chla)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等水质指标之间的关系,同时对CDOM的特...     

Spectral characteristics of plant communities from salt marshes: A case study from Chongming Dongtan, Yangtze estuary, China

The spectral reflectance of recently formed salt marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which are undergoing invasion by Spartina alterniflora, were assessed to determine the potential utility of remotely sensed data in assessing future invasion and changes in species composition. Following a review of published research on remote sensing of salt marshes, 53 locations along three transects were sampled for paired data on plant species composition and spectral reflectance using a FieldSpec? Pro JR Field Portable Spectroradiometer. Spectral data were processed concerning reflectance, and the averaged reflectance values for each sample were reanalysed to correspond to a 12-waveband bandset of the Compact Airborne Spectral Imager. The spectral data were summarised using principal components analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the vegetation composition, and the PCA axes of spectral data were examined. The first PCA axis of the reflectance data showed a strong correlation with variability in near infrared reflectance and ‘brightness’, while the second axis was correlated with visible reflectance and ‘greenness’. Total vegetation cover, vegetation height, and mudflat cover were all significantly related to the first axis. The implications of this in terms of the ability of remote sensing to distinguish the various salt marsh species and in particular the invasive species S. alterniflora were discussed. Major differences in species with various physiognomies could be recognised but problems occurred in separating early colonising S. alterniflora from other species at that stage. Further work using multi-seasonal hyperspectral data might assist in solving these problems.     

Water quality in the Red Sea coastal waters (Egypt): Analysis of spatial and temporal variability

In order to provide a background picture of the water quality of the Egyptian Red Sea a number of hydrological and chemical parameters have been measured bimonthly in 2000. Few data are available on this area, which is apparently subjected to an increasing human impact due to recreational (swimming and diving), industrial (mainly phosphate shipping and industry) and fishing/harbor activities. The results of the present study indicate that changes in the salinity and pH were not significant with highly oxygenated seawaters. The levels of suspended solids (as total suspended matter, TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were generally low and showed an homogeneous distribution in the study region. The ratio of chlorophyll-a to total suspended matter concentrations increased between November and March and decreased from May to September. Chlorophyll-a was significantly correlated with transparency and total suspended matter concentrations in July, September and November. Nitrogen, phosphorus and reactive silicate concentrations were generally low, and allowed classifying the Egyptian Red Sea coastal water as oligotrophic to mesotrophic. The middle region of the study area, which was located between Safaga and Qusair displayed relatively high phosphate contents when compared with other coastal areas. The high values of N:P ratios indicate that PO 4 -P is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the Red Sea coastal waters, with the possible exception of the middle region. Significant relationships were found between chlorophyll-a concentrations and nutrient levels in different sampling periods. Spatial distribution patterns of the studied variables revealed that productivity of the Red Sea coastal waters is mostly controlled by phosphate concentrations, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen.     

WATER QUALITY IN THE RED SEA COASTAL WATERS (EGYPT): ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY

In order to provide a background picture of the water quality of the Egyptian Red Sea a number of hydrological and chemical parameters have been measured bimonthly in 2000. Few data are available on this area, which is apparently subjected to an increasing human impact due to recreational (swimming and diving), industrial (mainly phosphate shipping and industry) and fishing/harbor activities. The results of the present study indicate that changes in the salinity and pH were not significant with highly oxygenated seawaters. The levels of suspended solids (as total suspended matter, TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were generally low and showed an homogeneous distribution in the study region. The ratio of chlorophyll-a to total suspended matter concentrations increased between November and March and decreased from May to September. Chlorophyll-a was significantly correlated with transparency and total suspended matter concentrations in July, September and November. Nitrogen, phosphorus and reactive silicate concentrations were generally low, and allowed classifying the Egyptian Red Sea coastal water as oligotrophic to mesotrophic. The middle region of the study area, which was located between Safaga and Qusair displayed relatively high phosphate contents when compared with other coastal areas. The high values of N:P ratios indicate that PO 4 -P is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the Red Sea coastal waters, with the possible exception of the middle region. Significant relationships were found between chlorophyll-a concentrations and nutrient levels in different sampling periods. Spatial distribution patterns of the studied variables revealed that productivity of the Red Sea coastal waters is mostly controlled by phosphate concentrations, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen.     

太湖流域水源地多氯联苯分布特征与污染水平

为系统了解太湖流域主要水源地多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染现状,于2012年3月和6月分别采集水相、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物样品,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对PCBs的浓度进行了分析。结果表明,3月水相、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中均未检测出PCBs类物质。6月水相中PCBs质量浓度在ND~1.04 ng·L~(-1)之间,平均值为0.57 ng·L~(-1),悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中PCBs质量浓度分别在0.96~2.72 ng·g-1和0.47~1.29 ng·g-1之间。Aroclor 1016和Aroclor 1260在3种介质中均有检出,且Aroclor1016浓度均为最高。与国内外研究相比较,太湖流域主要水源地PCBs污染水平较低。水相中PCBs浓度水平低于我国地表水环境质量标准;悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中PCBs浓度水平均低于加拿大保护水生环境沉积物化学品风险评价标准的LEL值,说明各样点PCBs对底栖动物无毒性影响。     

Spectral composition of bioluminescence of epipelagic organisms from the Sargasso Sea

The spectral characteristics of single identified epipelagic sources of bioluminescence from the western Sargasso Sea were measured with an optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) system during the April, 1985, Biowatt cruise. The emission spectra of specimens representing 45 species from 8 phyla were measured. Peak bioluminescence emissions typically occurred between 440 and 500 nm, in the blue region of the visible spectrum. Three exceptions involved emission in the green, yellow, and red spectral regions. Intraspectific variability in spectra, was noted in several species. One shrimp species exhibited two modes of light emission, each with different emission spectra. Other cases involved dynamic color shifts of 10 to 14 nm; the source of the spectral variability is unknown, but may involve optical filtering or differences in the color of luminescence from multiple sites of light emission. Measurements from independent samples of unsorted plankton revealed different spectral distributions. This suggests that the spectral emissions of bioluminescence in the upper water column will vary, based on species assemblage.     

The effects of soil properties on the turbidity of catchment soils from the Yongdam dam basin in Korea

Environmental concerns have been raised that suspended solids in turbid water adversely affect human health, and that their removal increases in the cost of water treatment. The Yongdam dam reservoir, located in the southwestern region of Korea, is severely affected by inflowing turbid water after storms. In this study, soil samples were collected from 37 sites in the Yongdam upstream basin to investigate mineralogical and environmental factors associated with the turbidity potential of soils in water environments. Turbidity potential was estimated by measuring the turbidity of soil-suspension solutions after settling for 24 h. The mineralogy of the soils was dominated by four minerals—quartz, microcline, albite, and muscovite—with lesser amounts of hornblende, chlorite, kaolinite, illite, and mixed layer illite. The quartz content was the most variable of the soil mineralogy among the collected samples. Principal-components analysis (PCA) was used to examine relationships between turbidity potential and other soil properties. The variables considered in the PCA included turbidity potential, quartz content, albite content, mean size of soil particles, clay content, clay mineral content, zeta potential, conductivity, and pH of the soil-suspension solution. The first two components of the PCA explained 52% of the overall variation of the selected variables. The first component was possibly explained by physical properties such as the size of the soil particles; the second was correlated with chemical properties of the soils, for example dissolution and extent of weathering. Closer examination of the PCA results revealed that the quartz content of the soils was negatively correlated with their turbidity potential. A linear correlation (r = 0.63) was obtained between measured turbidity potential and that predicted using multiple regression analysis based on the content of clay-sized particles, clay minerals, and quartz, and the conductivity of the soil-suspension solution.     

Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals

Fourteen environmental variables were monitored at seven locations along the west coast of Barbados on a weekly basis over a one-year period, 1981 to 1982. The physicochemical and biological data indicate that an environmental gradient exists as a result of increased eutrophication of coastal waters. Growth rates (linear extension) of Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), measured along the environmental gradient, exhibit high correlation with a number of water quality variables. Concentration of suspended particulate matter is the best univariate estimator of M. annularis skeletal extension rates (r ²=0.79, P<0.0001). The results suggest that suspended particulate matter may be an energy source for reef corals, increasing growth up to a certain maximum concentration. After this, reduction of growth occurs due to smothering, reduced light levels and reduced zooxanthellae photosynthesis.     

Biomass of suspended bacteria over coral reefs

The biomass of bacteria suspended in water flowing over coral reefs at Lizard Island and Yonge Reef (Northern Great Barrier Reef) was estimated by measurement of muramic acid. Values ranged from 20 mg C m^-3 in the open water up to about 60 mg C m^-3 over the reef flat. Direct counts of total numbers of free bacteria were made for comparison. Values of around 2.0x10⁹ cells g^-1 muramic acid showed that there was a good agreement between direct counts and muramic acid content of free bacteria in the open water. In samples containing suspended particulate matter, ratios of direct counts to muramic acid concentration were lower, because bacteria on particles could not be counted. Thus, these ratios were used to indicate the proportions of bacteria attached to particles. Changes in the biomass and numbers of bacteria were determined in water masses identified either by a drogue or fluorescein, as they moved across the reefs. In the zone on the outside of the reef, the number of free bacteria decreased compared to open sea water, but total biomass increased, showing that particulate matter containing bacteria was thrown up into suspension. About 50% of bacteria were attached to particles. Water flowing over the reef flats contained much particulate material with bacteria attached. Bacteria constituted between about 5 and 20% of particulate organic carbon.