氢自养脱氮法去除污染地下水中硝酸盐氮的模拟研究

针对硝酸盐氮污染地下水,利用含水层介质培养驯化氢自养脱氮菌,借助静态实验,开展氢自养脱氮的室内研究,考察了初始NO3--N浓度、C/N、P/N、溶解氧（DO）和腐殖酸（HA）对脱氮能力的影响。结果表明,当初始NO3--N浓度为11 mg·L-1时,反应7 d后去除率为97.0%;当初始值分别为22和44 mg·L-1时,13 d后去除率为97.9%和60.7%。在C/N ≤ 2：1时,生成的NO2--N峰值达3.45 mg·L-1。当C/N=15：1~20：1时,去除率增加至97.1%~97.8%,NO2--N为0.12~0.35 mg·L-1。当P/N由0.03：1增加至0.29：1时,去除率由76.5%上升至98.1%。当DO≤1.98 mg·L-1时,去除率为93.7%~96.8%;当DO≥3.87 mg·L-1时,去除率降低至84.1%~88.5%。当HA由0.05 mg·L-1增加至38.75 mg·L-1时,去除率为96.8%~98.1%,同时与初始HA相比残留HA呈降低趋势。初始NO3--N浓度、C/N、P/N和DO显著影响氢自养脱氮性能。HA抑制自养脱氮性能,且HA存在时部分NO3--N被异养脱氮去除。     

树脂-气升式环流生物反应器的脱氮性能

为了提高废水生物处理过程的脱氮性能,设计了树脂-气升式环流生物反应器,通过实验考察了该反应器连续抗氨氮冲击的能力,并验证了反应器中吸附铵离子的强酸阳离子树脂生物再生的可行性,分析了生物再生机理。结果表明,原水中铵离子之外的阳离子的存在是实现树脂生物再生的关键。     

加压溶气生化气浮法处理生活污水的脱氮试验研究

将加压溶气气浮技术与加压曝气生物氧化技术相结合,开发了加压溶气生化气浮(PA-DAF)法,用于处理生活污水。结果表明,DO和C/N对反应器的脱氮效果有显著影响。DO质量浓度提高到3.5mg/L后,氨氮去除率提高到将近99%。当DO质量浓度为2.5mg/L时,TN去除率达到最大值77.50%。高C/N条件下系统会抑制硝化能力。该反应器能很好地创造缺氧微环境,出现了同步硝化反硝化现象,并对其形成机制进行了分析。     

贫营养生物膜系统脱氮效果及影响因素实验研究

为了有效解决饮用水源氮源污染问题,采用贫营养生物菌剂对新型悬浮填料进行人工强化挂膜,在无需外加碳源及模拟原位条件下考察贫营养生物膜系统对微污染原水的脱氮效果及其影响因素。研究表明:在水温为25℃左右,溶解氧浓度为4 mg/L左右,水源水质为NH4+-N0.140 mg/L,NO2--N0.005 mg/L,NO3--N1.096 mg/L,TN1.450 mg/L,CODMn4.810 mg/L的条件下,该系统运行22 d后对原水硝氮及总氮具有较明显的去除效果,去除率范围分别为43%～75%和49%～76%,运行期间氨氮浓度基本保持在0.1 mg/L以下,系统稳定运行时的脱氮效果可满足地表水环境Ⅲ类水体的质量标准要求。另外,通过考察水温、填料填充率、C/N比等因素对贫营养生物膜系统脱氮效果的影响作用,说明在不同时期和不同环境条件下该系统对微污染水体的脱氮效果具有一定差异。     

水蚯蚓微生物共生系统的脱氮特性

采用泥水同步降解的"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统",考察了该系统污泥减量能力以及污染物去除性能,研究了水蚯蚓对共生系统脱氮特性的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,实验组污泥减量率为25.0%,污泥性状无明显差异。实验组氨氮与总氮去除率明显低于对照组,实验组每周期单位质量活性污泥氨氮与总氮去除质量分别为6.63 mg/g与5.81mg/g,均低于对照组。共生系统脱氮性能下降主要由水蚯蚓含氮物质释放引起,活性污泥本身硝化能力没有降低,反而略有提高,反硝化能力没有明显改变。"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统"对中低氨氮浓度的废水处理具有较大的潜力。     

一株分离于含水层介质的好氧反硝化菌脱氮性能研究

从受氮污染的浅层地下水含水层介质中分离、纯化得到一株具有好氧反硝化能力的细菌PJ21,经过形态、生理生化特性及分子生物学鉴定为假单胞菌属门多萨菌(Pseudomonas mendocina)。菌株PJ21能在好氧(DO=6.9～7.8mg/L)条件下快速脱氮,最大硝酸盐氮脱氮速率可达27.98mg/(L·h),平均脱氮速率为4.41mg/(L·h),60h的总氮和硝酸盐氮脱氮率分别可达65.42%、95.55%。菌株PJ21的最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,适宜生长温度为25～35℃,最适温度为30℃,适宜生长的初始pH为6.0～8.0,最佳为7.0。培养期间菌株PJ21快速脱氮的同时未出现明显的亚硝酸盐氮累积现象,最大比生长速率、Monod生长半饱和系数分别为4.30×10~(-4)s~(-1)、142.99mg/L,衰亡速率系数为7.90×10~(-5)s~(-1),硝酸盐降解过程的产率系数为1.26。该菌株在浅层地下水氮污染修复方面具有潜在工程应用价值。     

曝气量对悬浮系统单级自养脱氮性能的影响

通过连续实验和间歇实验研究了不同曝气量对SBR系统自养脱氮性能的影响。连续实验表明,在进水氨氮浓度为155～185 mg/L时,曝气量分别为20、28、36和44 L/h时,TN去除率分别为80%、82%、80%和77%;增大和减小曝气量均会降低系统的脱氮效率。间歇实验表明,随着曝气量的增加,氨氮的降解速率有所升高,20、28、36和44 L/h曝气条件下氨氮的降解速率分别为7.23、7.25、7.86和7.95 mg/(g MLVSS.h);在降解的过程中DO浓度一直维持在较低的水平(<0.5 mg/L),pH值则呈先升高后降低的趋势;氨氮降解结束时,pH值和DO浓度同时升高。结果表明,改变曝气量会影响单级自养脱氮反应的进程,但对降解过程DO浓度值变化不大;DO浓度和pH值变化对氨降解结束具有指示作用。     

生物基质对SWIS脱氮效果及微生物的影响

为考察不同地下渗滤系统装置沿程脱氮效果的差异和脱氮微生物群落结构的分布状况,构建了2套改良装置(煤渣-生物基质的1#、煤渣的2#),对沿程出水的COD、氨氮、TN浓度和填料内的脱氮微生物丰度进行了测定分析。结果表明：系统在水力负荷为15 cm·d-1下,1#和2#装置对氨氮平均去除率分别为75.59%、80.00%,对TN平均去除率分别为60.63%、57.96%,1#的脱氮效果略优于2#装置;由沿程氮污染物浓度变化可知,2套装置的TN去除范围主要在层高60~80 cm处。与2#装置相比,添加生物基质的1#装置TN去除率提高了9.60%,且其装置内的Bradyrhizobium、Pseudolabrys、Dongia、Rhodanobacter、Rudaea等脱氮细菌的丰度也分别提升了0.51%、1.52%、1.02%、10.49%和3.15%。因此,生物基质可促进SWIS内部脱氮微生物丰度提升,并通过提供反硝化的碳源来强化脱氮效果。     

微生物固定化技术对微污染水源水脱氮的试验研究

针对微污染水源水贫营养和低碳源的特点,利用固定化微生物技术将异养硝化菌(WGX8、WGX18)、好氧反硝化菌(HF3、HF7)固定于自制悬浮纤维海绵球型填料上,研究了贫营养及好氧条件下水源水的生物脱氮过程.试验结果表明,在原水总氮2.7 mg/L、氨氮1.3 mg/L以及控制水温25 ℃、溶解氧3～4 mg/L条件下,经过19 d的连续运行,构建的生物膜系统对水中氨氮的去除率达到了100%,总氮去除率最高达到52%,处理效果稳定.     

粉砂介质包气带中甲苯蒸气挥发的迁移转化

挥发性有机物通过包气带向上迁移到地表或室内引发的蒸气入侵(vapor intrusion,VI)问题越发受到关注。以甲苯作为研究对象,采用土柱实验,对粉砂介质包气带中甲苯蒸气发生的扩散、生物降解的规律进行研究。结果表明,粉砂介质中,甲苯蒸气扩散穿透70 cm土柱时间为24 h,甲苯蒸气在土柱内扩散10 d时,土柱达到短暂的稳态平衡;12～30 d时,处于动态平衡;30～60 d时,土柱内甲苯蒸气浓度下降速率发生变化,土柱内O2体积分数下降了8%,CO2体积分数增加了6%;60 d时,甲苯蒸气基本被降解。说明覆盖一定厚度的粉砂对甲苯蒸气的迁移有比较好的阻滞和生物降解作用。     

In situ bioremediation of nitrate and perchlorate in vadose zone soil for groundwater protection using gaseous electron donor injection technology.

When present in the vadose zone, potentially toxic nitrate and perchlorate anions can be persistent sources of groundwater contamination. Gaseous electron donor injection technology (GEDIT), an anaerobic variation of petroleum hydrocarbon bioventing, involves injecting electron donor gases, such as hydrogen or ethyl acetate, into the vadose zone, to stimulate biodegradation of nitrate and perchlorate. Laboratory microcosm studies demonstrated that hydrogen and ethanol promoted nitrate and perchlorate reduction in vadose zone soil and that moisture content was an important factor. Column studies demonstrated that transport of particular electron donors varied significantly; ethyl acetate and butyraldehyde were transported more rapidly than butyl acetate and ethanol. Nitrate removal in the column studies, up to 100%, was best promoted by ethyl acetate. Up to 39% perchlorate removal was achieved with ethanol and was limited by insufficient incubation time. The results demonstrate that GEDIT is a promising remediation technology warranting further validation.     

有机污染物在包气带中迁移转化试验研究

采集一定浓度的有机物废水 ,在试验室内进行了静态吸附、静态降解和动态土柱试验 ,对COD在包气带中迁移转化规律进行研究 ,提出了描述COD在包气带中迁移转化规律的数学模型。结果表明 :包气带对COD的吸附过程是线性的 ,可用亨利吸附模式s =Kdc +s0 表示 ,吸附系数Kd=0 .0 6 93;包气带对COD的降解曲线基本符合一级动力学方程c =c0 e-k1 t,降解系数k1=0 .0 4 99d-1;弥散试验测得弥散系数D =0 .0 0 2 4 2m2 /d。COD在包气带中的迁移转化过程是弥散、吸附、降解等多种作用共同作用的结果。     

柴油污染包气带的气相抽提影响因素

气相抽提(SVE)是一种经济、高效的土壤原位修复技术。为了研究介质、介质含水率和通风方式对SVE去除效率的影响,并探讨实验运行过程中包气带不同深度柴油浓度的变化规律,实验利用了有机玻璃柱模拟包气带环境,开展柴油污染的SVE实验。结果表明,对于不同介质,SVE去除粗砂中柴油的效率高于中砂;不同含水率,含水率为1%的粗砂中柴油的去除率大于含水率为12%的粗砂;不同的通风方式,连续通风的效率大于间歇通风。此外,不同深度介质均出现柴油浓度先升高后降低的趋势。     

基于DRASTIC的包气带阻滞污染物能力研究

对包气带阻滞污染物能力的研究,对保护地下水脆弱性具有重要意义.将传统DRASTIC方法结合层次分析法,对各评价指标赋以新的权重,并依托地理信息系统(GIS)平台,对河南省土壤包气带阻滞污染物的能力进行评价,得到了河南省包气带阻滞能力分区图.结果表明,针对现状所进行的包气带阻滞污染物能力的评价对实际情况具有一定的代表性,...     

Assessing tungsten transport in the vadose zone: from dissolution studies to soil columns

This study investigates the dissolution, sorption, leachability, and plant uptake of tungsten and alloying metals from canister round munitions in the presence of model, well characterized soils. The source of tungsten was canister round munitions, composed mainly of tungsten (95%) with iron and nickel making up the remaining fraction. Three soils were chosen for the lysimeter studies while four model soils were selected for the adsorption studies. Lysimeter soils were representatives of the typical range of soils across the continental USA; muck-peat, clay-loamy and sandy-quartzose soil. Adsorption equilibrium data on the four model soils were modeled with Langmuir and linear isotherms and the model parameters were obtained. The adsorption affinity of soils for tungsten follows the order: Pahokee peat > kaolinite > montmorillonite > illite. A canister round munition dissolution study was also performed. After 24 d, the measured dissolved concentrations were: 61.97, 3.56, 15.83 mg L⁻¹ for tungsten, iron and nickel, respectively. Lysimeter transport studies show muck peat and sandy quartzose soils having higher tungsten concentration, up to 150 mg kg⁻¹ in the upper layers of the lysimeters and a sharp decline with depth suggesting strong retardation processes along the soil profile. The concentrations of tungsten, iron and nickel in soil lysimeter effluents were very low in terms of posing any environmental concern; although no regulatory limits have been established for tungsten in natural waters. The substantial uptake of tungsten and nickel by ryegrass after 120 d of exposure to soils containing canister round munition suggests the possibility of tungsten and nickel entering the food chain.     

Effects of soil moisture and physical-chemical properties of organic pollutants on vapor-phase transport in the vadose zone

Vapor-phase transport of organic pollutants is one of the important pathways in the distribution and attenuation of volatile organic compounds in the vadose zone. In this study, the impact of vapor-phase partitioning and of the physical-chemical properties of organic pollutants on vapor-phase transport was assessed. An experimentally derived relationship to predict vapor sorption for a variety of soil types under varying soil moisture conditions was incorporated into the two-dimensional finite-element model, Vocwaste. The revised model was then used to simulate the transport of volatile organics. Vapor-phase partitioning in the model accounted for vapor uptake by sorption onto moist mineral surfaces as well as sorption at the liquid-solid interface and dissolution into soil water. Under dry conditions, vapor-phase sorption of volatile organic pollutants was shown to have a retarding effect on transport of organic vapors. However, for shallow, contaminated soils, volatilization was controlled by vapor diffusion, even under dry conditions where vapor-phase sorption was high. The influence of Henry's law constant and of the aqueous-phase (solid-liquid) partition coefficient for volatile organic pollutants was considered in the simulations. Volatilization of organic vapors was shown to be favored for contaminants with high Henry's law constants and low aqueous-phase partitioning coefficients. Because of the interdependence of these two physical-chemical properties, individual properties of the contaminant should not be considered in isolation in the evaluation of vapor transport.     

包气带土壤对石油烃的截留作用研究

包气带土壤对地表污染物的截留作用是地下水免受污染的一道天然屏障.土壤截留污染物的能力对地下水石油烃污染的治理起着关键作用,在对实际污染场地进行调查研究的基础上,采用土柱淋滤、吸附/解吸、石油挥发等室内模拟实验,研究包气带土壤对石油烃的截留作用及其影响因素.结果表明,细砂、中砂和粗砂3种土壤对石油烃的截留率分别为81.0...     

Investigation of the vadose zone using barometric pressure cycles

This paper documents a technique for investigating one-dimensional airflow in the vadose zone. Variations in pore gas pressures resulting from barometric cycles were measured at depths as great as 180 m in several gas monitoring wells. The data were transformed to the frequency domain, enabling comparison with closed-form analytic expressions of one-dimensional pressure transport in layered porous media. The data reveal evidence for vertical fracture flow that was not apparent from in situ measurements of permeability. The data also reveal that the basalt underlying the site at depths greater than 100 m has permeability exceeding 1000 darcies, and is vented to the atmosphere at an estimated distance of a few kilometers from the site.     

不同龄渗滤液及其在包气带中的迁移转化研究

通过实验室土柱模拟方法,研究了不同场龄渗滤液中有机污染物、氮以及 Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd 在包气带中的迁移转化规律.结果表明,不同场龄渗滤液理化性质差别很大,随着场龄的增加,COD 从40 194 mg/L降低到 1 778 mg/L,NH4 浓度从1 758 mg/L升高到2 166 mg/L,金属浓度则减小.经过以细砂为介质的包气带后,新渗滤液易对地下水造成高浓度有机物污染,而老渗滤液更容易造成地下水的高浓度氮污染.Fe、Mn 和 Cd 在包气带中比较稳定,而 Zn 的迁移能力很强,易对地下水构成威胁.