Risk of injury to restrained children from passenger air bags

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of children's exposure to passenger air bag (PAB) deployments and to determine the relative risk of both minor and more serious nonfatal injuries to restrained children exposed to PABs in frontal impact collisions. Data were collected from 1 December 1998 to 30 November 2001 from a large-scale, child-specific crash surveillance system based on insurance claims, a telephone survey, and on-site crash investigations. Vehicles qualifying for inclusion were State Farm-insured, model year 1990 or newer, and involved in a crash with at least one child occupant < or =15 years of age. Qualifying crashes were limited to those that occurred in 15 states and the District of Columbia. A stratified cluster sample was designed in order to select vehicles (the unit of sampling) for the conduction of a telephone survey with the driver. For cases in which child occupants were seriously injured or killed, in-depth crash investigations were performed. The prevalence of exposure to PABs was calculated as the number of children occupying the right front seat in a PAB deployment crash among all children occupying the right front seat in vehicles equipped with PABs. Complete interview data were obtained on 9,779 vehicles involving 15,341 children. Among PAB-exposed children, 175 (14%) suffered serious injuries versus 41 (7.5%) of those in the comparison group (OR 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7). The overall risk of any injury (both minor and serious) was 86% among children exposed to PABs, compared to 55% among the comparison group (OR 5.3; 95% CI, 2.1-13.4). Exposure to PABs increased the risk of both minor injuries, including facial and chest abrasions, and more serious injuries, particularly upper extremity fractures.     

The field performance of frontal air bags: a review of the literature

This article presents a broad review of the literature on frontal air bag field performance, starting with the initial government and industry projections of effectiveness and concluding with the most recent assessments of depowered systems. This review includes as many relevant metrics as practicable, interprets the findings, and provides references so the interested reader can further evaluate the limitations, confounders, and utility of each metric. The evaluations presented here range from the very specific (individual case studies) to the general (statistical analyses of large databases). The metrics used to evaluate air bag performance include fatality reduction or increase; serious, moderate, and minor injury reduction or increase; harm reduction or increase; and cost analyses, including insurance costs and the cost of life years saved for various air bag systems and design philosophies. The review begins with the benefits of air bags. Fatality and injury reductions attributable to the air bag are presented. Next, the negative consequences of air bag deployment are described. Injuries to adults and children and the current trends in air bag injury rates are discussed, as are the few documented instances of inadvertent deployments or non-deployment in severe crashes. In the third section, an attempt is made to quantify the influence of the many confounding factors that affect air bag performance. The negative and positive characteristics of air bags are then put into perspective within the context of societal costs and benefits. Finally, some special topics, including risk homeostasis and the performance of face bags, are discussed.     

钢铁厂废旧除尘滤袋的微观结构特征及能谱分析

在废旧除尘滤袋中重金属总量测定方法的研究基础上,采用扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)对广东某钢铁厂不同工序中废旧除尘滤袋的微观结构及元素浓度进行试验研究,以确定其表面形态以及成分组成.结果表明,钢铁厂废旧除尘滤袋表面颗粒形态多样,以球形体、絮状集合体居多,含有结晶态和一些不规则的聚合体.通过扫描电镜(SEM)图像可以看出,经机械拍打后的废旧除尘滤袋上仍不同程度的附着着粉尘,并与滤袋结合紧密.根据图谱上出现的亮点,可推测其可能含有重金属等有毒有害物质.通过对废旧除尘滤袋进行能谱(EDS)分析可知,废旧除尘滤袋表面飞灰颗粒中以C、O、Fe、Si、Ca、Mg为主,并含有少量Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni等重金属.     

空气幕技术在阻断矿井漏风中的应用

在通风系统改造过程中,应用“有效压力理论”充分利用闲置设备,自行设计制造了节能空气幕,既节省了空气幕的成品购置费用,又解决了系统的漏风问题。     

避灾硐室气刀型空气幕数值模拟研究

结合避灾硐室阻隔有害气体的需要,对气刀型空气幕进行模拟研究,从气刀的工作原理、风速分布、阻隔效果的角度出发,分别建立物理模型及划分网格,得到了气刀工作时其周围压力的分布变化规律,不同送风方式下气刀风速分布规律以及单侧送风条件下CO,浓度分布规律,证明了气刀具备增大了气流的输出,阻隔有害气体的作用。由风速统计规律得出,气刀在单侧送风15m／s或者双侧送风10m／s条件下,气刀的有效覆盖率大于85％,又根据数值模拟得出,在有效覆盖率大于85％的条件下,CO2阻隔效果明显,有害气体无法通过气刀形成的空气幕。     

地铁区间隧道竖井送风有效风量研究

为得到地铁区间隧道竖井送风有效风量的无量纲计算模型,通过推导地铁区间隧道竖井送风有效风量的无量纲公式,并采用数值模拟方法明确竖井送风有效风量与火源功率、火源距离、阻塞比和竖井送风量之间的量化关系.结果表明:火源功率、火源距离与竖井送风有效风量之间不存在函数关系;阻塞比对竖井送风有效风量影响显著,随着阻塞比的增大,有效风...     

不同温度条件下生态减污袋去除模拟污水中氨氮及磷的效果研究

研究在低温和常温条件下不同比例砂土与黏土混合制成的生态减污袋对模拟污水中氨氮及磷的去除效果。试验模拟污水中氨氮及磷的质量浓度分别为10 mg/L和1 mg/L,生态减污袋中砂土和黏土的质量比分别为1∶1、5∶1和10∶1,温度控制在22℃和4℃。结果表明,低温条件下砂土与黏土比例为1∶1的减污袋对模拟污水中氨氮和磷的去除率分别达到67%和38%;而砂土与黏土比例为10∶1的减污袋对低温条件下模拟污水中氨氮和磷的去除率均最低,分别为32%和28%,其对常温条件下污水中氨氮和磷的去除率也分别只有48%和52%。对比常温条件下的试验,低温条件下生态减污袋的去除效果明显偏低。由于黏土颗粒具有较大的比表面积和较好的离子交换能力,因此应选择黏土含量较高的生态减污袋,以在低温条件下保持良好的去氮除磷效果。     

掘进面出风口风流与风幕调控下的粉尘分布响应曲面优化研究*

为了解决煤矿掘进面风筒出风口参数不能动态变化,而传统风幕全断面控尘效果不理想引起的粉尘浓度高等问题,通过分析风幕和出风口参数对粉尘分布规律的影响,以此得到合理的出风口风流与风幕综合调控方案,降低粉尘浓度。以陕西神木柠条塔煤矿N1212巷道为研究对象,利用Fluent软件建立出风口风流与风幕综合调控的粉尘场有限元模型,设计出风口风流及风幕综合调控响应曲面实验,得到最佳综合调控方案为:风幕射流出口宽度为0.16 m,风幕射流出口速度为6 m/s,出风口口径为0.9 m,出风口右偏角度为3°。搭建相似模拟实验平台来验证最佳综合调控方案,研究结果表明:调控后回风侧行人呼吸处和司机位置处粉尘平均浓度分别降低89%和81%,有效改善掘进面作业环境。     

改善农村室内空气质量

我国农民室内空气质量与室外环境质量有关,但是,更主要的是受炊事、取暖等消费生活能源活动的影响.使用不同种类能源、不同灶具对室内空气质量影响不同.长期以来,我国农民使用的是老式的传统灶,直接燃烧农作物秸秆、薪柴和煤炭.存在着:热效率低,燃料消耗量大;二是强度低,火力弱,性能差;三是操作条件差,费时、费力;特别是会产生大量的空气有害物并散发到室内,造成室内空气质量恶劣等方面问题.     

阻断漏风供氧的脱氧剂在密闭中的应用研究

工作面回采过程中产生的超前支撑压力,会对上区段回采过程中在联络巷构筑的密闭造成破坏,使之产生裂隙出现漏风,向采空区供氧。为解决目前密闭出现裂隙后只能采取措施减少漏风而不能将漏风中氧气消耗、除去的弊端,利用具有耗氧功能的脱氧剂,设计了主动脱氧型密闭,并通过数值模拟将普通密闭与该密闭漏风时氧浓度分布进行对比。研究表明:相同漏风情况下,普通密闭中添加脱氧剂成为主动脱氧型密闭后,使漏出密闭风流的氧浓度大幅降低,有效减少了进入采空区的氧气量;另外,经过脱氧的密闭漏风,剩余高浓度的N2,对采空区起到了惰化效果,降低了采空区附近的氧浓度。     

Numerical studies on minimum ignition energies in methane/air and iso-octane/air mixtures

In this study, the dependence of minimum ignition energies (MIE) on ignition geometry, ignition source radius and mixture composition is investigated numerically for methane/air and iso-octane/air mixtures. Methane and iso-octane are both important hydrocarbon fuels, but differ strongly with respect to their Lewis numbers. Lean iso-octane air mixtures have particularly large Lewis numbers. The results show that within the flammability limits, the MIE for both mixtures stays almost constant, and increases rapidly at the limits. The MIEs for both fuels are also similar within the flammability limits. Furthermore, the MIEs of iso-octane/air mixtures with a small spherical ignition source increase rapidly for lean mixtures. Here the Lewis number is above unity, and thus, the flame may quench because of flame curvature effects. The observations show a distinct difference between ignition and flame propagation for iso-octane. The minimum energy required for initiating a successful flame propagation can be considerably higher than that required for initiating an ignition in the ignition volume. For iso-octane with a small spherical ignition source, this effect was observed at all equivalence ratios. For iso-octane with cylindrical ignition sources, the phenomenon appeared at lower equivalence ratios only, where the mixture's Lewis number is large. For methane fuel, the effect was negligible. The results highlight the significance of molecular transport properties on the decision whether or not an ignitable mixture can evolve into a propagating flame.     

反射式加热炉的清洁化工艺改造

介绍了一种新研制开发的加热炉型 ,并以生产运行的实践数据论证了其技术的先进性和效益的显著性 ,展望了其可作为清洁生产工艺设备进行推广的广阔应用前景。     

出口风速对防烟空气幕防烟效果影响的数值模拟

本文利用火灾模拟软件FDS,以四川消防研究所高层实验塔二层为原型,建立模型研究了防烟空气幕防烟空气幕出口风速对高层建筑前室烟气运动的影响,试验中在前室内设置18个测点,测定前室内的温度、CO浓度及能见度变化情况,试验结果表明：当风速〈1m／s时,前室内各测点处各参数变化情况与无风幕时基本相同,防烟效果不明显,风速〉2．5m／s时,随着出口风速的增加,前室内各测点处温度、CO浓度降低,能见度增加,烟气蔓延途径由前室上部逐渐变为前室下部,且前室门处0．2m、1．25m高度处测点处各参数值瞬间波动很大,综合考虑防烟的有效性及经济性,认为防烟空气幕的最佳运行风速应为2．5m／s～3．5m／s。     

基于风量-风压复合特征的通风系统阻变型故障诊断

为了避免风量单一特征进行故障位置诊断的不适定性,提出基于风量-风压复合特征的故障位置诊断方法,实现特征信息的多维互补,提高故障位置诊断的准确度。利用蒙特卡洛方法生成大致满足实际故障风阻值分布的故障仿真样本,为了避免不同变量之间不同量纲、不同数量级造成的数据损失,对原始风量、风压数据进行标准化处理,并分别以风量单一特征、风压单一特征、风量-风压复合特征作为支持向量机（SVM）的输入,构建通风系统阻变型故障位置诊断模型。通过故障模拟实验研究表明:风量、风压单一特征进行故障位置诊断的准确度分别为89.80%,90.34%,风量-风压复合特征进行故障位置诊断的准确度为98.23%,说明风量-风压复合特征进行故障诊断可以消除风量、风压单一特征进行故障诊断的不适定性,提高故障诊断的准确度。     

长距离掘巷局部通风计算风筒中风量风压的一种新方法

长距离掘进巷道通风时风筒进风口和出风口会有大的风量差和风压差。为了选择合理的风机通风,需要研究风筒中风量、风压的变化规律。常规方法是利用经验或实验得到风筒接头平均漏风量,从而计算进风口的风量和风压。但对于长距离通风且每段风筒较小时该方法所计算的参数偏小,会对风机选型造成误差。本文另辟蹊径,根据风量、风压平衡定律,按照非连续性通风网络模型推导出了进风口的风量、风压与出风口处的关系,并给出了简化的近似关系,作为风筒通风参数计算的新方法。结合具体实例,发现参数近似值与精确值高度相似,说明可以利用近似关系进行计算,简单方便;同时比较了按新方法和常规方法计算的风筒进风风量和通风阻力的差异,结果表明长距离掘进巷道的风量风压按新方法计算更为科学。     

基于有上下界风量约束的矿井风量极值流算法研究

为解决既有方法不能准确求出矿井最大通风量与最小配风量,从而导致矿井通风系统产生能源浪费或难以满足矿井通风需求,出现安全隐患与改造难度大、潜力低等问题,提出1种基于有上下界风量约束的矿井风量极值流算法.该算法首先利用最大流算法求解满足节点流量平衡与分支上下界容量限制条件的可行流问题,若存在可行流,在求得可行流基础上,再利...     

空压机安全操作规程

空压机是不少企业主要的机械动力设备之一,保持其安全操作是非常必要的。 1 开车前的准备 (1)保持油池润滑油在刻度范围内,润滑油的牌号应符合要求。 (2)检查注油器内的油量、不应低于刻度线。 (3)开车前转动手动轮,向气缸注油,从视油器中要能见到均匀充足的油滴。     

Errors of perception in air traffic control

Accurate and timely perception of visual and auditory information by air traffic controllers is critical to aviation safety. The aim of this research was to investigate the types of errors of perception that occur in air traffic control (ATC). The data were gathered from interviews with 28 UK area controllers and a review of 48 area and terminal control incidents involving loss of separation in the UK spanning three years. The data gave rise to a set of classifications, which form part of the technique for the retrospective analysis of human error (TRACEr). The results are discussed in terms of theory and empirical research. Key main implications for future automation are outlined, in terms of display design, automation reliability and the operation of multiple tools designed and developed separately.