Safeguarding of pinch and shear points on power windows by limitation of the closing velocity: A pilot study

Power-operated windows are increasingly employed in modern buildings engineering. When they close, these windows give rise to pinching and shearing points between the window sash and the frame at which injury may occur. A number of safety measures, including reduction of the closing velocity, may be considered for minimization of the risk of injury. The purpose of the present study is to identify the closing velocity at which a person may still withdraw their hand safely from the window. The subjective stress was also measured. The deformability of the fingers was first determined. In order to measure reaction times, test apparatus was fabricated in which a vertically closing window was modelled. The reaction times and the subjective stress were measured at a number of closing velocities.The results show that neither the reaction times, nor the subjective stress vary as a function of the closing velocity, but that the closing velocities recommended in the past are too high. A velocity of between 2.5 and 5.0 mm/s may be recommended. Reduction of the closing velocity can help to reduce the risk of injury. It should not, however, be the sole measure for enhancing the safety of power-operated windows.     

基于属性约简的绝缘节破损预测

准确的绝缘节破损预测能够保证铁路运输安全和经济效益。支持向量机算法能够处理轨道电路测试数据,对其进行分类,预测可能存在隐患的绝缘节,但支持向量机预测模型的原始样本多有冗余,基于此,提出了一种基于粗糙集和支持向量机的绝缘节破损预测模型。通过改进主分量启发式属性约简算法,降低样本维数,同时选用模拟退火算法完成SVM自动参数选优。实例分析和仿真结果表明,与单一支持向量机算法相比,属性约简后的粗糙集-支持向量机算法提高了分类器的分类性能,与采用网格搜索技术的SVM预测方法相比,模拟退火算法有效提高了SVM的预测精度。     

旋风除尘器静动态强度分析

对旋风除尘器在静态载荷下的强度进行了分析,发现头部顶板是较薄弱部件。通过动态载荷系数（ＤＬＦ）方法,研究了旋风除尘器承受动态粉尘爆炸压力载荷时提高使用强度的可能性,结果表明,一般情况下,由于载荷的动态特性导致设备强度的变化可以忽略。     

重大事故动力学演化

为进一步研究重大事故发生演化机理，在对典型重特大事故比较研究的基础上，应用系统动力学理论分析重大事故孕育、发生、发展和激变的动力学特征，认识重大事故行为过程及其主要影响因素，探讨重大事故闭环反馈系统的调控规律。作者建议应用系统动力学理论与方法建立决策实验室，以提高对重大事故风险控制水平。     

Awareness of zero tolerance laws in three states

PROBLEM: A prior study indicated that zero tolerance laws differ in their enforceability and likelihood of enforcement, with California's law being easier to enforce than New York's, and New Mexico's being the hardest of all. The question is, do these differences in enforcement affect teenagers' knowledge and perception of these laws? METHOD: A telephone survey was conducted to investigate awareness of the laws among 17-20 year olds in these three states and perceptions of enforcement. RESULTS: Estimated percentages of teenagers who knew of the laws were much higher in New York and California (71% and 65%, respectively) than in New Mexico (34%). Perceptions that police were enforcing the law, that licenses could be suspended, and that penalties were often applied were also lowest in New Mexico. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The potential of zero tolerance laws will not be realized without better awareness among young people. Full enforcement of the laws accompanied by publicity about the enforcement is recommended. Changes to the laws and their application may encourage enforcement efforts.     

旋转火焰动力学特性的研究

在森林火灾中，出现旋转火焰的可能性很大。在大气环境中，由于局部温度的不均匀，从而导致气体的密度不均匀，这种气体密度的不均匀分布必然会在火焰内部和其周围环境之间产生一个压力差，引起气体的流动，同时由于火焰内部的斜压性，在受到地球Coriolis力的影响时，使火焰产生旋转，形成旋转火焰；同时，Coriolis力也会影响到旋转火焰的方向性。     

Enhanced seismic performance of non-standard bolted flange joints for petrochemical piping systems

This paper presents an experimental test campaign carried out on a number of seismically enhanced Bolted Flange Joints. In particular, two non-standard Bolted Flange Joints, comparatively thinner than standard ones, were designed and their performance was evaluated through several monotonic and cyclic tests. Experimental results exhibited a favourable performance of the examined joints under bending and axial loading and moderate internal pressure; a good capacity in terms of strength, ductility, energy dissipation and leakage was observed. A comparison between experimental results and Code-based design loads proved the usability of the proposed joints during and after Operating Basis Earthquake ground motions. Finally, a comparison between capacity and seismic demands of these joints adopted in a piping system of a realistic Case Study suggested their suitability for seismic applications as well as some building code deficiency with respect to response modification factors.     

配式钢混拱桥钢板加固立柱节点抗震研究

为研究装配式钢筋混凝土拱桥腹孔墩柱节点在地震荷载作用下的力学性能和破坏机理,通过拟静力试验和数值模拟计算,对比分析了立柱节点未加固、钢板加固两种情况下的抗震性能。设计制作8mm的钢板加固试件,采用拟静力试验得到试件的滞回曲线、等效阻尼比、初始刚度、荷载-位移骨架曲线作为衡量结构的耗能能力的指标。建立了装配式钢筋混凝土拱桥立柱钢板加固节点的有限元模型,分别从结构的强度、变形能力和能量耗散3方面对比分析抗震性能。结果表明:同一加载位移下,外包钢板加固比一般连接点的恢复力特性曲线面积峰值增大13.2%,承载力提高24.7%,变形破坏程度更低,抗震性能更好。     

土壤和西瓜中五氯硝基苯的残留检测与消解动态研究

为了解五氯硝基苯在土壤和西瓜中的消解动态及残留状况,研究了土壤和西瓜中五氯硝基苯的气相色谱检测方法,并在山东济南和浙江杭州进行了土壤和西瓜中五氯硝基苯残留状况和消解动态规律研究的田间试验.结果表明,在0.01～0.5 mg/kg的添加水平内,土壤和西瓜中五氯硝基苯的平均添加回收率为83.41%～93.17%,变异系数为3.37%～9.74%;土壤和西瓜中五氯硝基苯的最小检出量均为1.2×10-12 g,其中西瓜中五氯硝基苯的最低检出质量比为0.001 mg/kg,土壤中为0.005 mg/kg.田间残留试验表明,五氯硝基苯在土壤和西瓜中的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学反应模型,在土壤、全瓜和瓜瓤中的消解半衰期分别为4.13～6.08 d、4.28～4.92 d和3.67～4.10 d.按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在西瓜上各喷施质量分数为40%的多菌灵·五氯硝基苯可湿性粉剂1～2次,2次施药间隔为7 d,距最后1次施药7 d时,五氯硝基苯在瓜瓤中的最高残留量为0.005 8 mg/kg,低于规定的果菜类蔬菜中五氯硝基苯的最大残留限量标准0.1 mg/kg.     

Dynamic modeling and bifurcation analysis for the methyl isocyanate hydrolysis reaction

The aim of this work was to characterize the methyl isocyanate hydrolysis reaction and to identify its operational criteria. The parametric sensitivity and dynamic stability methodologies were performed at the Bhopal disaster circumstances, over the relevant operating parameter space. Stable and unstable conditions, bifurcations points, turning points and oscillatory behavior were determined. The combined methodology give useful guidance on the operative conditions selection and the appropriate strategy to overcome hazardous situations. The obtained results demonstrated high sensitivity to small perturbations (thermal runaway) and prevalent oscillatory behavior. Moreover, the following critical parameters for the studied dynamic system were defined: the inverse residence time of 1.5700103 and the heat transfer coefficient of 752.394.     

动态安全系统理论的研究与应用

将量子纠缠理论引入安全理论中,提出安全与危险纠缠机制;指出人们当前所处的“安全”的状态,实质上是“安全与风险叠加”的状态,是不确定的;而相对于当前的状态,之前的状态实质上是安全的,是确定的,由此重新给出了安全的新认知。再以安危纠缠和安全新认知为理论基础,建立了动态安全系统理论,给安全管理与事故预防提供了新思想和新方向。然后借由塔吊生产系统,展示了动态安全系统理论的应用,定量分析系统内部安全程度,从而使安全管理步入动态的定量化管理阶段。     

矿井火灾时期风流紊乱的动态分析

本文采用动态分析法,分析上行风流火灾中旁侧支路风流逆转的现象。首次提出了长度越大,初始风速越高的巷道越不易发生风流逆转的结论。从而突破了静态分析法的局限,加深了对矿火井灾风流紊乱现象的认识。该结论为选择最佳的避灾路线提供了新的依据。     

Dynamic simulation of the BP Texas City refinery accident

The paper investigates the causes and simulates the dynamics of the events that led to the catastrophic explosion on March 23, 2005 at the British Petroleum (BP) refinery in Texas City (USA) where 15 people died and 180 were injured.The paper follows the timeline of the accident, investigates the premises that characterized its phenomenology, and performs a critical analysis to fill the gaps that can be found in the scientific literature concerning the accident. In particular, a commercial dynamic process simulator (UNISIM) was adopted and integrated with ad hoc models to explain the column flooding and overfilling, the opening of the relief valves, and the flow of a two-phase mixture into the pipe connected to the blowdown system. The main findings are: (1) that the mass balance and the liquid thermal expansion cannot explain the complete flooding and overflow of the isomerization column; (2) the vapor cap used to explain the column overflow is unrealistic in our opinion; (3) the overflow can be explained by the partial vaporization of the feed stream after 1:00 PM and the consequent dispersion of vapor bubbles into the liquid holdup above the feed tray. In particular, tray holes smaller than 8 mm could cause the overflow; (4) there is a significant change in the thermodynamic conditions of the mixture emitted by the column head (temperature, pressure, vapor/liquid fractions) along the 270 m pipeline that connects the relief valves to the blowdown system; (5) the HEM model, together with the initial conditions we applied cannot explain the blowdown drum filling and release, therefore further studies are necessary.     

马家沟矿煤与瓦斯动力现象机理研究

马家沟矿煤与瓦斯动力现象严重威胁着该矿的安全生产,掌握其机理意义重大。笔者在统计并分析该矿煤与瓦斯动力现象的基础上,以上山掘进和石门揭煤为例,根据煤与瓦斯动力现象发生后遗留的典型孔洞形状,采用RFPA-Flow对其进行数值模拟。通过数值模拟反演出了该矿动力现象发生的地质条件及过程,得出了马家沟矿煤与瓦斯动力现象机理,并通过数据处理,得出了在动力现象前后掘进头前方煤体内地应力、瓦斯压力分布状况及卸压区宽度变化规律。     

Risk tolerance and pilot involvement in hazardous events and flight into adverse weather

INTRODUCTION: According to Lopes [Lopes, L.L. (1987). Between hope and fear: The psychology of risk. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 255-295] tolerance of risk may be governed by sensitivity to either the opportunities for gain or threats of loss involved. Methods: In the initial study, qualified pilots were presented with 36 written flight scenarios that varied in the levels of opportunity and threat present. The pilots rated the likelihood that they would undertake each flight. Pilots were largely risk averse, as their ratings were all significantly influenced by threat. Results: The pilots whose ratings were significantly influenced by opportunity had been involved in more hazardous aviation incidents than the other pilots. In the final study, 32 qualified pilots completed both the risk tolerance measure and a simulated flight into adverse weather. The pilots who continued flying into adverse weather were less risk averse compared to the pilots who diverted. This further highlighted the link between risk tolerance and risk-taking, and suggested that some pilots may fly into adverse weather because of a greater tolerance of risk. Impact on Industry:The studies provide evidence that a measure of risk tolerance can predict potential accident involvement amongst general aviation pilots.     

天津市近20年生态足迹的动态测度与分析

利用生态足迹分析法对天津市1987-2006年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行时间序列的测度,将天津市资源利用的动态特征纳入生态足迹模型中,在此基础上进行横向和纵向比较.结果表明,20年来.天津市人均生态足迹快速增长,由1987年的1.446 9 hm2增长到2006年的2.892 5 hm2,人均生态赤字从1987年1.127 2hm2增长到2006年的2.609 2 hm2.这说明天津市在近20年的发展中,生产生活强度大幅度增加,大大超过了自然生态系统的承载力,区域的经济社会发展处于一种不可持续的状态.同时万元GDP占用生态足迹从1987年的5.470 4 hm2降低到2006年的0.713 3 hm2,说明天津市资源利用效率提高较快,经济增长方式向良性发展.针对天津生态环境现状,提出了天津建设生态城市的对策措施,包括减少生态赤字、控制污染、提高资源利用效率、改变消费方式和大力发展循环经济等.     

金川矿区岩移与工程稳定性研究及动态预测

针对金川矿区控制性工程所潜在的安全隐患,首先明确了影响矿区控制性工程稳定的主要因素是采动影响,提出了开展岩移规律与动态预测研究的必要性,论述了国内外岩移规律研究的现状及发展趋势,提出了该课题研究的主要内容以及关键技术,最后阐述了课题研究应采用的理论与技术方法.     

环氧乙烷存储单元寿命周期动态风险分析与预测

为了保证工艺过程的安全性,工程师们使用多种定量风险评价方法对整个过程进行评估。但定量风险评价方法无法随着化工工艺寿命周期的进行而实时更新数据。基于南京化工园区某公司环氧乙烷存储装置,借助@Risk软件,分别应用确定性概率方法和不确定性概率分布方法对装置进行了风险概率分析。在此基础上,应用贝叶斯理论更新概率分布参数,基于设定的事件累积次数对环氧乙烷存储装置进行了动态风险评估。结果表明,24个终态事件的发生概率是变化的,装置整体的安全状态概率随着运行时间的推移而减小,并逐渐趋近0.612 86,事故概率减小,并逐渐趋近0.023 72,未遂事件概率增加,并逐渐趋近0.334 57。通过Origin拟合得到的事故概率和未遂事件概率函数与海因里希法较为吻合。     

爆破动载影响矿柱稳定性的研究

针对铜坑锡矿细脉带17~#采场16~#矿柱,用模拟试验方法研究和分析了爆破动载对该矿柱稳定性的影响,并用现场验证结果修正了动载安全系数。指出爆破动载作用是影响矿柱稳定性的主要方面,从爆破动载的角度提出了设计安全、可靠矿柱的具体要求,建议在设计地下采场矿柱时,不但要考虑静载的作用,而且要考虑撂破动载的作用,相应地提出了与所研究的现场矿柱岩性相适应的具体矿柱设计经验公式,为同类矿体设计提供了科学依据。     

中国省域建筑安全生产水平的动态综合评价及策略分析

为从宏观层面上把握我国建筑安全生产水平的差异,因地制宜地采取措施,优化资源配置,在分析我国建筑业安全生产状况的基础上,利用安全事故统计分析原理,从绝对指标和相对指标两个方面构建了区域建筑安全生产水平评价体系;利用熵权法确定各指标权重,引入时间加权平均算子"TOWA"进行二次加权,对2009-2016年我国30个省域的建筑安全生产水平进行了相对优劣排序。结果表明,中部地区建筑业安全生产水平总体高于东部、东北部及西部地区。根据综合评价值将30个省域划分为建筑安全生产水平良好、不足、低下3个层次,进而提出了技术优先策略、管理优先策略及政策优先策略。