密闭空间硫化氢泄漏喷淋捕消实验研究

搭建密闭箱实验装置,使用30°超声波喷嘴,在纯硫化氢释放速率为60 L/min条件下,待密闭空间硫化氢体积分数达到0.1%和0.3%时,分别采用质量分数为3%的碳酸钠单一溶液和质量分数为3%的碳酸钠+体积分数为0.6%的过氧化氢混合溶液,进行泄漏硫化氢的喷淋捕消实验,捕消效率达到91.3%及90.7%时的用时分别为6 min 58 s和8 min 31 s。实验结果表明,喷雾雾化均匀、雾滴粒径小,混合溶液捕消效果优于单一溶液。     

室内装潢甲醛污染治理研究

针对室内装修所产生的甲醛污染危害,对不同甲醛清除剂去除甲醛的效果进行研究.结果表明,在所研究的用量内,甲醛清除剂的去除效果显著高于活性炭,且持久性较好;最佳量的甲醛清除剂处理不同板材所含同一甲醛浓度时,中密度板的去除效果要高于木板、细木工板和装饰单面贴面胶合板;环境温度升高时,最佳量的甲醛清除剂去除甲醛的效率有所降低.     

硫化氢捕消剂清除硫化氢效果研究

硫化氢气体是高毒性气体,当其发生泄漏事故时将产生严重危害。目前,应对硫化氢泄漏事故的方法较少,主要为消防水喷淋和人员疏散,不能完全消除硫化氢的危害。针对硫化氢气体的特点,研制了在泄漏事故中用于清除硫化氢气体的捕消剂。硫化氢捕消剂为干粉状的,由吸附载体、反应组分和疏水组分组成。当发生硫化氢泄漏时,将捕消剂喷洒在泄漏源周围的空气中,使捕消剂与硫化氢充分接触反应以降低危害程度和范围。清除硫化氢实验结果表明,硫化氢捕消剂能够有效地清除泄漏在空气中的硫化氢气体。     

含硫化氢天然气泄漏事故的硫化氢中毒灾害分析

应用前文建立的天然气长输管道泄漏扩散模型,在大量事故统计分析基础上,针对含硫化氢天然气泄漏后硫化氢导致的化学灾害后果提出了一种新的风险分析方法。综合考虑概率风险评价法和伤害范围评价法的特点,研究了不同规模泄漏事故可能导致的个人风险和社会风险,并绘制了相应的社会风险曲线图。     

某公司酸性水汽提装置职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别建设项目存在的职业病危害因素,并对其控制效果进行评价。方法采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测进行定性、定量评价。结果该建设项目存在的主要职业病危害因素为硫化氢、氨、噪声,工作场所职业病危害因素检测结果,符合国家职业卫生接触限值要求。结论建设项目存在硫化氢、氨属高毒物品,建设项目职业卫生防护措施基本达到国家相关卫生标准要求,职业病防治重点在于突发事故等非正常状态下的应急处置。     

安全生产领域3个专利项目获得第十九届中国专利优秀奖

正经国家安全监管总局推荐,由中国专利奖评审委员会评审,国家知识产权局和世界知识产权局组织授予"远程控制的井下瓦斯抽采钻机"(专利号:ZL201010234399.1)、"一种在线/离线煤层瓦斯压力监测分析系统"(专利号:ZL201410245594.2)、"硫化氢气体泄漏清除剂"(专利号:ZL200910176521.1)等3个专利项目第十九届中国专利优秀奖。这3个专利项目专利权人分别是中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司、煤炭科学技术研究院有限公司、中国石     

海洋钻井平台井喷硫化氢扩散规律研究

针对海洋酸性气田开发过程中的井喷硫化氢扩散问题,以计算流体力学(CFD)为理论基础,建立一套数值模拟方案和毒害评价模型.选取静风、平均风速和季风风速3种典型环境风速条件,对左舷、右舷、船艏、船艉4个来风方向的硫化氢扩散过程进行模拟,分析了硫化氢扩散的时空分布以及风速对硫化氢扩散的影响作用.结果表明,静风条件下,硫化氢对平台空间危害最为严重;有风条件下,船艏和船艉来风,平台空间危害较为严重;其他方向来风时,硫化氢对平台空间区域危害较小.风速越大,硫化氢对平台空间的危害程度越小.最后,据此提出了相应的应对措施.     

超声相控阵技术在湿硫化氢损伤压力容器检测中的应用

针对湿硫化氢损伤的特征和检测难点,本文通过对人工模拟试板开展超声相控阵检测实验研究,总结出不同湿硫化氢损伤以及分层缺陷的相控阵图谱特征,结果表明该技术能够较好地满足湿硫化氢损伤的检测要求。应用超声相控阵技术对多台湿硫化氢环境下服役的压力容器进行定量检测,检测出大量严重的氢鼓泡和氢致开裂存在,并对损伤的分布和三维尺寸信息进行了精确测量。     

ALOHA在职业卫生评价中的应用——以炼化企业轻烃回收装置硫化氢模拟泄漏为例

正石油化工企业含有硫化氢(H_2S)的环节主要有:加氢、脱硫、废气处理、胺液闪蒸、硫磺转化等。职业性硫化氢中毒多由于设备损坏,输送管道及阀门漏气,违反操作规程,生产事故等致使硫化氢大量溢出。石油化工行业硫化氢中毒事故发生较多,造成的危害很大,若能在职业卫生评价中定量分析硫化氢泄漏的浓度及范围,可提高管理人员及作业人员对硫化氢中毒的重视程度。     

高炉煤气含硫废水的空气催化氧化法实验研究

高炉煤气精脱硫过程中采用湿法脱除无机硫时会产生大量的含硫废水,若处理不当,不仅会污染环境、危害身体健康,而且严重限制高炉煤气精脱硫行业的可持续发展。针对此问题,进行了含硫废水的空气催化氧化法实验研究。对比4种催化剂在空气催化氧化法处理含硫废水过程中的氧化效率,研究了催化剂含量、气泡大小对氧化率的影响和氧化含硫废水过程中的硫化氢逸出率。结果表明,氧化锰和氧化铜的催化氧化效果较好,较优条件下氧化5 h,氧化率接近80%;通过增加催化剂含量和减小气泡直径都可以在一定程度上提高催化氧化效率;整个实验的硫化氢逸出率在1%～5%。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。