Relationship between structure and aboveground biomass of typical steppe and climate in Inner Mongolia

Typical steppe in Inner Mongolia belongs to a part of Central Asia sub-region in Eurasian temperate steppe region. In climate distinct wet and dry season, coherence of water and heat result in single peak type of seasonal dynamic of steppe biomass. Community biomass has linear regressional equation with community height, its correlation coefficient (R) is 0.959***. Growth rate of biomass in June, July and August is usually at 1.5-3.0 g/m2. d-1. Community standing dead occurs in June and equates green living biomass by mid-September. Community biomass is only standing dead biomass in the mid-October. Biomass, green production and standing dead have linear regressional relation with days of plant growing, their correlation coefficient (R) are 0.9919***, 0.9878*** and 0.9923***, respectively. Yearly dynamic of typical steppe biomass is variable, the maximum value is 2.4 times as much as the minimum. The peak biomass of Stipa grandis steppe was 87g/m2 in dry 1980 and 210g/m2 in rainy 1981, and their height     

基于N：P化学计量特征的高寒草甸植物养分状况研究

土壤养分条件影响不同功能群植物的养分状况与生长,这在施肥实验中已得到充分验证.然而,自然养分梯度下植物-土壤养分耦合关系的研究仍然缺乏.基于植物N∶P化学计量学特征,本研究探讨青藏高原亚高寒草甸自然养分梯度下不同功能群植物氮状况及生物量变化.2008年、2009年N∶P比值分别为9.83和11.57,其低群落N∶P比验证了该地区自然植被主要受到N素的限制.偏冗余分析(partial RDA)结果显示,随着土壤氮素可利用性的增加杂草生物量比例上升,而豆科、禾草生物量比例下降.豆科的固氮作用以及禾草的高养分利用效率分别提高其在氮限制植被中的竞争力;这些结果表明,全球氮沉降的增加将提高杂草的优势度.豆科生物量比例与群落、非豆科植物的N∶P显著正相关,表明豆科植物能够改善群落的氮状况,包括降低非豆科植物的氮限制水平.     

土壤种子库特征及与地上植被的关系——以福建省三明市杉木人工林为例

以杉阔混交林和杉木人工纯林为研究对象,采用野外调查、取样和室内种子萌发法,研究土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布特征及其与地上植被的关系.结果表明：混交林土壤种子库由24科30属的30种植物组成,纯林由20科24属的24种植物组成,种子密度分别为656.94±89.59粒/m²和486.11±77.66粒/m²,物种组成均以草本植物为主.两林分土壤种子库中的种子主要集中于0~2cm和2~5cm土层,占69.0%~75.2%.乔木种子主要分布于凋落物层中,灌木、草本和藤本植物的种子主要分布于0~2cm土壤层中.混交林和纯林土壤种子库与各自地上植被的相似性指数分别为0.40和0.33,整体相似程度较低.总体而言,杉木纯林和杉阔混交林林内种源充足,可满足林下植被更新的需求,混交林林下草本植被的更新潜力大于纯林.杉木种源不是其更新障碍的主要因素,林内较厚的凋落物以及林下较弱的光照可能是主要障碍因素,但尚需进一步研究.     

不同生态修复模式下土壤水文性质及其对溶质运移的影响

煤矿区生态修复过程中不可避免地改变了土壤水和溶质运移过程.土壤水是溶质运移的主要载体,溶质运移受土壤水文性质与植被状况影响.以我国北方典型半干旱区山西古交矿区草本、灌草和乔灌草3种不同生态修复区和撂荒地的土壤为研究对象,揭示不同生态修复模式下土壤水文性质变化规律及其对溶质运移的影响.结果表明,土壤持水性从大到小依次为乔灌草地灌草地草地撂荒地,草本、灌草和乔灌草3种植被修复区的土壤持水量相对于撂荒地分别增加了33.79%、59.19%和62.71%,植被修复有助于增加土壤层蓄水能力.土壤饱和导水率由大到小依次为草地(1.736 mm·min~(-1))灌草地(1.678 mm·min~(-1))乔灌草地(1.564 mm·min~(-1))撂荒地(1.012 mm·min~(-1)),非饱和导水率随吸力增大而呈指数下降,植被修复过程中降低容重的同时提高了土壤持水性,改善土壤持水性能.不同生态修复区土壤中溶质穿透时间呈草地灌草地乔灌草地撂荒地的趋势.CDE、SC和TRM模型均可对矿区不同生态修复模式土壤的溶质运移过程进行较好的表达,其中CDE模型拟合效果最好.结果表明研究区溶质运移方式以对流为主,而且土壤容重和砂粒含量是影响溶质运移的主要因素.     

三江平原湿地植物的土壤环境因子分析

以三江平原毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)湿地和小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)湿地为研究对象,选取土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效氮、有效磷、有机质、pH值和土壤含水量为主要环境控制因子,通过主成分分析(PCA)和逐步多元回归分析,来确定环境因子对物种相对密度和地上生物量的贡献值.结果表明,2个样地中土壤全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效磷的贡献率能达50%左右.毛果苔草湿地中主成分1能够解释88%的物种相对密度和84%的地上生物量;小叶章湿地中主成分1对相对密度和地上生物量的解释量则分别为75%和58%.湿地营养状况决定着植物的生产量;土壤含水量的变化影响着植物对营养物质的吸收和利用.     

白洋淀两种生境中芦苇地上生物量及其影响因子分析

文章在野外调查的基础上,在白洋淀台田和沼泽中各选择6个样区,统计分析了2种生境芦苇地上生物量;运用冗余分析方法(RDA),分析了芦苇生长季(4～9月)平均水深、土壤/底泥有机质、全氮和全磷等对两类生境中芦苇地上生物量的影响.结果表明,台田、沼泽中芦苇地上生物量分别为1 408.2±527.5 gDW/m2、723.2±...     

广西亚热带酸性土丘陵山地草丛的群落学特点及其合理利用的方向

我国亚热带酸性土丘陵山地,当常绿阔叶林或山地常绿、落叶阔叶混交林被采伐以后,在采伐迹地上遭火烧的情况下,无论垦殖与否,都会出现大片的以禾本科草类或蕨类植物占优势的草丛。如果连年都遭受火烧,它就能保持稳定,成为所谓的火烧顶极。一旦火烧停止,阳性乔灌木树种就会迅速侵入,几年之后就会发展成为灌丛,并向森林的方向发展。热带许多地方的情况也是这样。毫无疑问,亚热带草丛是亚热带     

Chronosequence analysis of two enclosure management strategies in degraded rangeland of semi-arid Kenya

The establishment of enclosures has become an important measure to combat land degradation in many of the world's semi-arid rangelands. In view of the increased pressure exerted by this land reclamation strategy on the neighbouring agricultural lands, knowledge of the time required for restoring vegetation cover and soil health, and of the potential positive impact of an adapted management strategy, is highly required. This paper assesses the vegetation and soil rehabilitation in a 23-year chronosequence of two different enclosure management types. In the severely degraded, semi-arid Njemps Flats plain of the Lake Baringo Basin in Kenya communal enclosures characterised by high quality inputs and strict control, and private enclosures managed by individual farmers, were installed since the 1980s. Six communal enclosures (3–17 years since establishment) and six private enclosures (13–23 years since establishment) were selected. Vegetation cover was estimated along three 50 m transects set within each enclosure and in the adjacent open grazing area using the point-to-line transect method. Five 0.5 m² quadrats systematically placed alongside each transect were sampled for herbaceous standing biomass and topsoil physical, chemical and biological analyses. Grass cover and herbaceous biomass production proved to be the most responsive biotic parameters under both management types, whereas the recovery of the forbs was unsuccessful. Under communal management, the biomass production fully recovered up to its optimal level as recorded in the neighbouring nature reserves. Within private enclosures however, the adopted management strategies seriously restricted biomass production to a significantly lower level. Soil quality generally recovered more slowly with time. Significant improvements compared to the open rangeland were recorded in topsoil bulk density, organic C and total N stocks, and microbial biomass C and N stocks of the communal enclosures. Unlike the communal enclosures, only topsoil bulk density and the microbial biomass C stock showed a significant difference in the private enclosures. With respect to C and total N stocks, and the microbial biomass N a non-significant improving trend was recorded. The level of chemical and biological soil quality obtained under both management types is still low and draws the attention to the importance of careful monitoring of grazing and grass cutting activities under both enclosure management strategies. The chronosequences further highlight the potential of some well-managed private enclosures, whereas intrinsic soil properties such as high alkalinity, as well as changes in management, limit the rehabilitation of some other private as well as communal enclosures.     

宝鸡城市主干道植被叶子滞尘对环境污染的磁学响应

为探究城市主干道植被滞尘对环境污染的磁学响应,采集宝鸡市道路两侧不同类型植被叶子进行系统的环境磁学测试。结果表明:街道两侧植被叶子主要为低矫顽力的多畴磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,同时含有高矫顽力赤铁矿。城市道路叶子磁性矿物浓度高于校园清洁区,载磁矿物粒径集中在0.1~5 μm,其中离交通线较远的草本粒径相对较细,为0.1~1 μm。同一高度不同时间(5月和11月)植被记录的环境污染存在差异,距地表0.05 m草本和4 m处乔木的叶子5月记录的污染较11月严重,而0.25 m和1 m处的灌木11月污染较重。城市主干道空间分布呈现两个污染峰值区,分别为包含姜谭路与宝福路的A区和东风路所在B区,这与繁忙的交通和区域内分布的重工业企业有关。     

西藏当雄县高寒草地NDVI的海拔分异特征及其指示

通过提取西藏当雄县Landsat ETM影像NDVI以及DEM的海拔要素,在坡面的小尺度水平上分析了NDVI的海拔格局,并利用沿海拔梯度的草地地上生物量实测数据进行验证,进一步在全县尺度上分析了当雄NDVI >0.2 的区域内草地NDVI 的海拔分异特征.主要结果如下:①在坡面尺度上,随海拔的增加,不同计算方式的NDVI均表现为先增加后降低的单峰格局,与沿海拔梯度实测的地上生物量格局一致,NDVI最大值与围栏外生物量最大值均出现在4 950 m左右;②在全县尺度上,当雄草地NDVI随海拔的变化略为复杂:在4 300 m以上,NDVI随海拔的增加表现为先升高后降低,最高值出现在4 700 m左右;在4 300 m以下植被可能以湿地草甸为主,形成另一个NDVI高值区,但其分布面积仅为总草场面积的10%左右.上述结果表明,海拔是影响当雄县NDVI 空间分布的重要地形因子,NDVI 的海拔格局体现了较大尺度上草地植被对不同水热组合环境的适应特征,这对于在气候变化背景下实施高寒地区生态保护工程以及制定合理的草场资源配置方案具有重要指导意义.     

Comparative diet selection by cattle and sheep grazing two contrasting heathland communities

In the UK the funding mechanism for moorland restoration is being implemented primarily through agri-environment schemes, yet to date remarkably few comparative grazing studies with domesticated livestock have been conducted on this type of vegetation community. In this experiment the diet composition of four groups of animals grazing heathland swards with low (8%) and high (61%) percentages of cover of Calluna vulgaris was estimated from faeces profiles of n-alkanes and long-chain fatty alcohols. Two breeds of sheep (Welsh Mountain (WM) and Scottish Blackface (SBF)), and two breeds of cattle (Welsh Black (WB) and Continental cross (CX)) grazed the experimental sites during two separate 14-day sampling sessions, in July and September respectively. Both species were selective feeders, consuming grasses (selectivity indices 0.20–1.0) in preference to dwarf shrubs (selectivity indices 0.20–1.0), but there were significant differences in the proportions of various plant groups within the diets. Although the sheep diets contained significantly more C. vulgaris, the quantities consumed were small (<10% of the diet), even on the High site, reflecting the biomass of the graminoid species present, and hence availability of preferred items. The SBF sheep were the only animal type to increase consumption of C. vulgaris later in the season. There were a number of significant differences in the composition of the diets selected by the two hill breeds of sheep used in the study, with the SBF sheep recorded as consuming more C. vulgaris. These results imply that through choice of breed land managers may be able to meet environmental goals more effectively without compromising returns from conventional production systems. In contrast, the overall diet composition of the two breed types of cattle was similar. This indicates that commercial breeds have the potential to deliver the types of environmental benefits associated with grazing of traditional breeds.     

三江源区退化天然草地和人工草地生物量碳密度特征

生物量碳密度是生态系统表征碳截存能力的重要功能特征之一。为明晰三江源区高寒草地生物量碳密度特征,选取源区内3个县（玛沁县、甘德县、达日县）的退化天然草地（黑土滩）、退化人工草地、未退化天然草地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对样区地上生物量、根系生物量及其碳密度进行测定与分析。结果表明：“黑土滩”地上生物量高于退化人工草地和天然草地;“黑土滩”活根和死根生物量都低于天然草地和退化人工草地。退化人工草地、“黑土滩”和天然草地的总生物量碳密度分别为719.47、706.57和2 233.09 g/m²。草地退化不仅改变了生态系统的生物量分配,而且改变了地上部分、活根和死根中的碳密度分配比例。退化人工草地和天然草地的活根和死根碳密度占总生物量碳密度的90%以上,“黑土滩”活根和死根碳密度占79.41%。活根碳密度与总生物量碳密度的比值在3种不同草地群落间的变化较地上植被和死根的大,因此,活根碳密度比例可以作为草地退化的敏感指标。     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Phragmites australis in relation to water level variation and nutrient loadings in a shallow lake

Shallow lake eutrophication is a global environmental issue. This study investigated the effects of water level variation and nutrient loadings on the growth and nutrient accumulation of Phragmites australis (reed) by field samplings in Baiyangdian Lake, the largest shallow lake of northern China. The field samplings were conducted in two sites of different nutrient loadings during the whole growth period of reeds, and three types of zones with different water depths were chosen for each site, including the terrestrial zone with water level below the ground, the ecotone zone with the water level varying from belowground to aboveground, and the submerged zone with water level above the ground. The result showed that reed growth was more limited by water level variation than nutrient loadings. The average stem lengths and diameters in terrestrial zones were about 26.3%-27.5% and 7.2%-12.0% higher than those in submerged zones, respectively. Similarly, the terrestrial status increased the aboveground biomass of reeds by 36.6%-51.8% compared with the submerged status. Both the nutrient concentrations and storages in the aboveground reeds were mainly influenced by the nutrient loadings in surface water and sediment rather than the water level variation of the reed growth environment, and the nutrient storages reached their maxima in late August or early September. It was observed that the maximum nitrogen storage occurred in the terrestrial zone with higher nutrient loadings, with the value of 74.5 g/m 2 . This study suggested that water level variation and nutrient loadings should be considered when using reeds to control and remediate eutrophication of shallow lakes.     

汶川地震灾区不同气候区土壤微生物群落碳源代谢多样性

为探讨汶川地震灾区不同气候区土壤微生物群落功能代谢的变化,采用Biolog-ECO生态板技术,研究了亚热带湿润季风气候和半干旱干热河谷气候未受损区、受损治理区、受损未治理区土壤微生物碳源代谢的多样性变化特征.结果表明,平均颜色变化率(AWCD)在未受损区和受损治理区表现为亚热带湿润季风气候区半干旱干热河谷气候区,在受损未治理区表现为半干旱干热河谷气候区亚热带湿润季风气候区,不同气候区内受损未治理区AWCD值均处于最低水平;亚热带湿润季风气候区土壤微生物的碳源利用类型明显多于半干旱干热河谷气候区,在不同气候类型区内碳源利用种类均表现为受损治理区未受损区受损未治理区的趋势;不同气候区土壤微生物群落碳源代谢多样性特征差异显著,其中多样性指数和均匀度指数均表现为未受损区受损治理区受损未治理区,而受损治理区均具有最高的丰富度指数;土壤微生物群落的碳源代谢特征与土壤养分、地上植被生物量及植被覆盖度具有一定的相关性,表明地震及其次生灾害主要通过对地表植被和土壤环境的作用间接影响土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力,在不同气候类型区与不同的受损治理情况下土壤微生物群落的碳源代谢特征具有显著差异.     

不同水分条件沼泽湿地土壤轻组有机碳与微生物活性动态

通过野外实验与室内分析,对三江平原生长季内毛果苔草(Carex lasiocapa)沼泽湿地生物量及0~20cm土壤不同有机碳组分进行观测,分析了不同水分条件下毛果苔草湿地土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)与微生物量碳(MBC)的变化动态.结果表明,随水位增加毛果苔草群落地上生物量积累明显,与10~20cm积水条件相比,17~30cm水位状况下湿地土壤具有较高的轻组有机质含量与比例.生长季初期冻融过程提高了土壤轻组分(LF)有机碳含量与LFOC含量,之后随植物生长毛果苔草沼泽湿地土壤重组有机碳(HFOC)含量增长快于LFOC,说明毛果苔草沼泽湿地土壤具有较高的重组有机质持有能力.此外不同水位条件下毛果苔草沼泽湿地微生物活性受到土壤有机碳含量影响不同,低水位条件下微生物量碳与SOC呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.859),17~30cm水位条件下二者关系不显著,并且高水位毛果苔草沼泽湿地具有较低的MBC与微生物熵,表明该条件下土壤碳库具有较高的稳定性.     

Gradient analysis and numerical classification of apple orchard weed vegetation

Importance values based on cover and frequency were determined for 36 weed species in understory samples from 47 apple orchards located in Henderson County, North Carolina. Orchard sub-groups identified by cluster analysis of the weed composition data included two major groupings dominated by grasses and woody perennials, respectively. Ordination by detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA) was used to extract axes of compositional variation in orchard weed vegetation. Orchard sub-groups identified by cluster analysis could be recognized in the DECORANA ordinations. All grasses, most perennial forbs and all summer-annual forbs decreased in importance along a first ordination axis based upon data from 43 orchards. Two perennial forbs and all woody perennials increased in importance along the same axis, while species-richness of weeds declined. Results of multiple regression indicated that the annual frequency of paraquat application from 1976 to 1979 was the single factor accounting for the greatest compositional variation in the first two axes of the 43-orchard ordination. Tree canopy width and in-row spacing, total extractable soil cations, and percentage soil organic matter also accounted for significant amounts of variation in weed composition. Similar results were obtained from models developed for an ordination of the 35 grass-dominated orchards, suggesting the importance of management, structural and soil factors in determining weed composition in apple orchards.     

新疆阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度与碳储量估算

为科学评估新疆森林碳汇功能提供更准确的基础数据,论文基于在阿尔泰山布设的35个样地实测数据,参考2011年新疆森林资源清查资料,研究了我国境内阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳储量、碳密度及其空间分布特征。结果表明：1）阿尔泰山森林生态系统平均生物量为126.67 t·hm^-2,各组分生物量大小排序为：乔木层（120.84 t·hm^-2）>草本层（4.22 t·hm^-2）>凋落物层（1.61 t·hm^-2）,乔木各器官中,干、根、叶和枝分别占乔木生物量的50%、22%、16%和12%,干所占比例最大;林龄对植被生物量影响显著,生物量随林龄的增长而增加;2）生物量平均含碳率在0.40~0.53范围内,各组分、乔木各器官含碳率均不同,且林龄对含碳率影响显著;3）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度为205.72 t·hm^-2,碳储量为131.35 Tg,其中土壤层、乔木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量分别为86.67、43.09、1.03、0.56 Tg,土壤层和乔木层碳储量分别占阿尔泰山森林生态系统总碳储量的66%和33%,构成阿尔泰山森林生态系统的主要碳储存库;不同龄级的碳储量表现为成熟林最大,过熟林次之,两者合计占生态系统总碳储量的61%;4）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度整体呈南高北低分布,是由西北—东南不同的环境因子影响所致。     

基于神经网络的三江源区草地地上生物量估算

三江源区位于青藏高原腹地,作为长江、黄河、澜沧江三大河流的发源地,是我国重要的水源涵养和生态功能保护区.为了及时准确地获取该区域草地生物量信息,根据三江源区高寒草甸、高寒草原采样点的地上生物量实测值,结合遥感植被指数、海拔、气象观测数据（光合有效辐射、年均气温、年降水量）构建BP神经网络模型,估算2001—2010年三江源区的草地地上生物量,并对其进行分县统计和年际变化分析.结果表明:① 通过多次反复的训练与测验得到的BP神经网络模型,对高寒草甸、高寒草原的地上生物量模拟值与实测值的R2分别为0.73、0.79,表明BP神经网络模型具有较好的模拟效果.② 2001—2010年三江源区草地地上生物量多年平均值为172.34 g/m2,其中高寒草甸为214.81 g/m2,高寒草原为130.07 g/m2.③ 三江源区草地地上生物量的空间分布具有明显的空间异质性,呈从东南向西北递减的趋势.其中,位于东部的河南县草地地上生物量最高,为413.46 g/m2;而北部的曲麻莱最低,仅为69.04 g/m2.④ 2001—2010年三江源区草地地上生物量呈缓慢波动上升趋势,平均升幅为0.93 g/（m2·a）.研究显示,利用站点地上生物量实测数据构建BP神经网络模型并对地上生物量进行模拟,对于分析区域尺度的草地地上生物量分布格局和变化趋势行之有效.      

Effects of Oxalis pes-caprae L. invasion in olive groves

The present work aimed at studying the effect of Oxalis pes-caprae invasion in the herbaceous understory of olive groves in the island of Lesvos, Greece. The number of species, their biomass and dead plant material production was followed throughout the vegetative period in invaded and non-invaded plots. Species richness in the area invaded by O. pes-caprae gradually declined and was significantly smaller in comparison with the natural vegetation. Although biomass was equal in the invaded and non-invaded areas 1 month after germination, annual net primary production (NPP) was three times smaller in the invaded than the non-invaded area. Moreover, aboveground dead plant material of O. pes-caprae decomposed faster than a mixture of litter species of the natural vegetation. Lower biomass production in combination with increased decomposition rates of O. pes-caprae is expected to lead to reduced soil C sequestration in invaded areas. It was concluded that although O. pes-caprae does not add a new life form or functional type to the invaded herbaceous system it has considerable impacts on the diversity and ecosystem functions in olive groves.     

Biodiversity,carbon stocks and sequestration potential in aboveground biomass in smallholder farming systems of western Kenya

While Carbon (C) sequestration on farmlands may contribute to mitigate CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere, greater agro-biodiversity may ensure longer term stability of C storage in fluctuating environments. This study was conducted in the highlands of western Kenya, a region with high potential for agroforestry, with the objectives of assessing current biodiversity and aboveground C stocks in perennial vegetation growing on farmland, and estimating C sequestration potential in aboveground C pools. Allometric models were developed to estimate aboveground biomass of trees and hedgerows, and an inventory of perennial vegetation was conducted in 35 farms in Vihiga and Siaya districts. Values of the Shannon index (H), used to evaluate biodiversity, ranged from 0.01 in woodlots through 0.4–0.6 in food crop plots, to 1.3–1.6 in homegardens. Eucalyptus saligna was the most frequent tree species found as individual trees (20%), in windrows (47%), and in woodlots (99%) in Vihiga and the most frequent in woodlots (96%) in Siaya. Trees represented the most important C pool in aboveground biomass of perennial plants growing on-farm, contributing to 81 and 55% of total aboveground farm C in Vihiga and Siaya, respectively, followed by hedgerows (13 and 39%, respectively) and permanent crop stands (5 and 6%, respectively). Most of the tree C was located in woodlots in Vihiga (61%) and in individual trees growing in or around food crop plots in Siaya (57%). The homegardens represented the second C pool in importance, with 25 and 33% of C stocks in Vihiga and Siaya, respectively. Considering the mean total aboveground C stocks observed, and taking the average farm sizes of Vihiga (0.6 ha) and Siaya (1.4 ha), an average farm would store 6.5 ± 0.1 Mg C farm^?1 in Vihiga and 12.4 ± 0.1 Mg C farm^?1 in Siaya. At both sites, the C sequestration potential in perennial aboveground biomass was estimated at ca. 16 Mg C ha^?1. With the current market price for carbon, the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation/Reforestation (CDM A/R) projects seems unfeasible, due to the large number of small farms (between 140 and 300) necessary to achieve a critical land area able to compensate the concomitant minimum transaction costs. Higher financial compensation for C sequestration projects that encourage biodiversity would allow clearer win–win scenarios for smallholder farmers. Thus, a better valuation of ecosystem services should encourage C sequestration together with on-farm biodiversity when promoting CDM A/R projects.