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1.
Allison J. Abell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(4):217-226
The association between spatial proximity and paternity was studied in a population of the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. The relationship between estimated mating success and male phenotypic traits was examined for a sample of 55 males. DNA
samples were obtained from 13 female-offspring families. The males with the closest spatial proximity to each female were
tested as possible sires within each family. Fingerprinting with two multilocus hypervariable minisatellite probes revealed
a strong correspondence between male-female spatial proximity and actual paternity. Paternity could be assigned for 72 of
the 100 hatchlings. Most hatchlings with identifiable sires were attributed to a male with the highest category of spatial
proximity to the mother. However, there was a low to moderate level of multiple paternity within clutches, and for some clutches
probable sires could not be identified even though the most likely behavioural candidates were tested. Thus, nonterritorial
males or other males lacking strong social and spatial relationships with females may achieve some degree of reproductive
success. Analysis of mating success revealed that male success increased with body size, up to a point beyond which larger
size conferred no advantage.
Received: 7 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 16 June 1997 相似文献
2.
Corey R. Freeman-Gallant 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(6):395-400
Empirical relationships between parentage and male parental care are commonly interpreted in the context of life-history
models that consider increased offspring survivorship as the only benefit of paternal effort. However, indirect benefits associated
with male care can also influence a male's response to cuckoldry: if females allocate paternity according to their prior experience
with male parental care, it may pay for males to provision extra-pair young in early broods. Here, I assess the relationship
between first-brood parentage and paternal care in a population of Savannah sparrows (Passerculussandwichensis) where a male's fertilization success in the second brood appears to be influenced by his prior parental performance. Based
on the multi-locus DNA fingerprinting of 17 first broods, male feeding effort was influenced by parentage (percent of brood
resulting from within-pair fertilizations) but not by brood size, male mating status (monogamous versus polygynous), timing
of breeding (hatching date), structural size (wing length) or condition (mass). Males provided more care to broods that contained
few within-pair young. This result supports the idea that males provision young to increase their future mating success, but
alternative hypotheses involving male quality and timing of breeding cannot be excluded.
Received: 13 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 22 February 1997 相似文献
3.
Social monogamy and extra-pair fertilization in an Australian lizard, Tiliqua rugosa 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
C. Michael Bull Steven J. B. Cooper Ben C. Baghurst 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):63-72
This study investigates social monogamy in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. At a 70-ha site near Mount Mary, South Australia, we radio tracked 55 adult female and 39 adult male lizards during their
spring activity periods. Each lizard was observed in 1–5 years. Females were observed with a single male partner on an average
of 10.8 days per year, although in 17.3% of cases, females were observed on 2 or fewer days with a male. The most intense
pairing period each year was 15 September–15 November when females were with male partners on an average of 36% of observation
days. Partnerships lasted an average of 43.3 days each year. After mating in early November, the pairs separated. Observations
of females pairing with other males were rare. Most males (82%) were also consistently monogamous, although 7 were observed
pairing with 2 females within one season. To investigate paternity, we allowed 21 gravid females to give birth to 42 offspring
in the laboratory. We determined genotypes at five polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci for the females, their male partners
and their offspring. Four litters (19%) and 6 of the offspring from those litters (14.3%) showed evidence of extra-pair fertilization
(EPF). Although the sample sizes are small, females of polygynous males were more likely to experience EPF.
Received: 22 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 May 1998 相似文献
4.
Scott Nunes Peter A. Zugger Anne L. Engh Kurt O. Reinhart Kay E. Holekamp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(3):199-207
We examined the effects of food provisioning on the natal dispersal behavior of Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). We provided extra food to adult and yearling females in their maternal territories during pregnancy and lactation, and
to offspring of these females in their natal areas for 6 weeks after weaning. We used unprovisioned young of unprovisioned
mothers as controls. Provisioning influenced the probability of dispersal from the natal area by female but not male S. beldingi. All surviving male S.␣beldingi dispersed by 55 weeks of age, regardless of whether they and their mothers received extra food. By contrast, we observed
a significant trend, beginning 3 weeks after weaning and continuing through the yearling year, for a greater proportion of
provisioned than control female S. beldingi to emigrate from the natal area. Competition for food did not appear to influence natal dispersal of females. However, overall
population density, density of females weaning litters, and rates of aggression and vigilance among these females, were higher
in provisioned than control areas, suggesting that competition for non-food resources was unusually intense in provisioned
areas. We propose that juvenile female, but not juvenile male, S. beldingi may emigrate from the natal site to increase access to areas with low densities of conspecifics. Together with findings of
earlier workers, our results suggest that spatial and temporal distributions of environmental resources are important influences
on the dispersal behavior of female ground squirrels.
Received: 28 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 16 October 1996 相似文献
5.
Brood sex ratio is dependent on female mating status in polygynous great reed warblers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Isao Nishiumi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):9-14
Females capable of adjusting the sex ratio of their offspring should be more fit than females lacking such an ability. In
polygynous birds where breeding success in males is more strongly influenced by body size and/or attractiveness than in females,
females might produce more sons when predicting good conditions or when mating with attractive males. Polygynous great reed
warbler, Acrocephalusarundinaceus, males direct most of their feeding effort to the primary (first-hatching) nest and in these nests increase their feeding
effort in relation to the brood sex ratio (proportion of sons). Therefore, with the expectation of well-nourished sons, we
would predict that females which start breeding first within harems might produce more sons than those which start breeding
later, and in anticipation of sons with good genes, that females mated to polygynous males might produce more sons than females
mated to monogamous males. I took blood samples from hatchlings and determined the sex using DNA markers. The sex ratio of
primary (monogamous and polygynous primary) broods is more male-biased (mean 0.58 males, n = 50) than that of secondary (polygynous secondary and tertiary) broods (mean 0.46, n = 25). Moreover, in the secondary broods with the largest clutch (five eggs), in which offspring are most likely to suffer
food shortage, the sex ratio was distinctively female biased (mean 0.33, n = 10). In the primary broods, sex ratio was correlated to harem size. The results suggest that great reed warbler females
modify the brood sex ratio to produce both well-nourished sons and sons with good genes, but the former effect is probably
stronger than the latter factor.
Received: 11 March 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 May 1998 相似文献
6.
B. Sklepkovych 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(5):287-296
Foraging competition in Siberian jay groups was examined in relation to dominance and kinship to determine whether juvenile
offspring, by associating with adults, gained in food acquisition relative to juvenile immigrants. Members of the adult pair
were dominant over juvenile cohort members and males were dominant to females, although an inter-sexual hierarchy, with male
juveniles occasionally overlapping adult females, was suggested. Few competitive asymmetries were found between adults and
retained offspring or adults and immigrant juveniles when they were competing for food together, but in kin and non-kin foraging
groups, respectively. Male offspring visited the bait site more frequently than adult males, and female immigrants spent less
time at the bait site than adult females. Under these circumstances, hoarding activities may limit the ability of alpha members
to control resources. In mixed groups containing both juvenile offspring and juvenile immigrants, no difference was found
in the number of visits made to the bait site, although load sizes and foraging rates were lower for immigrant birds. Retained
juveniles obtained greater load sizes and foraging rates when associating with adults. The social dominance of parents suggests
that they control juvenile foraging. Although offspring benefit in the presence of adults, adults may incur a cost to their
restraint by spending more time at the bait site when competing with immigrants. These results extend conclusions from previous
work describing the role of selective tolerance by adults which relaxes competition with retained offspring in Siberian jay
winter groups. The present findings suggest that offspring benefit in both immediate and future energy gains, which may have
a direct influence on survival.
Received: 18 September 1996 / Accepted after revision: 26 January 1997 相似文献
7.
Patrick J. Weatherhead 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(3):151-158
Using data from a 6-year paternity study of red-winged blackbirds, I tested the hypotheses that increased nesting synchrony
should either promote extra-pair mating by increasing the advantage of extra-pair mating to females, or decrease extra-pair
mating by constraining males from seeking extra-pair copulations. Contrary to these hypotheses, the occurrence of extra-pair
paternity did not vary with nesting synchrony over the breeding season, or vary with the number of synchronous nests within
territories or within marshes, or with nesting order on territories. However, for nearly all nests with extra-pair young,
there were fewer females synchronous with that nest on the cuckolder's territory than on the territory of the cuckolded male.
This “advantage” of a synchrony difference was less pronounced for older males that cuckolded younger males, particularly
when the two males were not neighbors. Collectively, these results suggest that breeding synchrony affects extra-pair mating
by affecting mate guarding, but that breeding synchrony alone can not be used to predict which females are more likely to
engage in extra-pair mating, nor with which extra-pair males they will mate. Understanding why extra-pair mating by older
males is less affected by breeding synchrony may explain much about both the proximate and ultimate causes of extra-pair mating
in red-winged blackbirds.
Received: 7 June 1996 / Accepted after revision: 25 November 1996 相似文献
8.
Kelley J. Kissner Patrick J. Weatherhead H. Lisle Gibbs 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,59(2):207-214
To resolve conflicting field observations regarding the action of sexual selection, we used breeding experiments and paternity analysis of the 927 resulting offspring to assess how male size, condition, tail length, genetic similarity to the female, and variation in operational sex ratio (OSR) affected male reproductive success and the incidence of polyandry in northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon). Only size affected male mating success. Large males were more successful, but only when male size varied substantially and competition among males was intense (i.e., male-biased OSR). The conditional nature of the size advantage may explain why studies of free-living watersnakes have produced inconsistent results regarding the relationship between male size and mating success. Size differences between males did not affect the proportion of offspring each male sired within multiply sired litters. We found positive size-assortative mating, but only when the OSR was female biased, suggesting that smaller males had improved access to females when competition among males was reduced, but that competition with larger males still restricted mating opportunities of small males to less preferred, smaller females. Most litters (58%) were multiply sired and larger females were more likely to produce multiply sired litters, similar to free-living watersnakes. There was no association between the incidence of multiple paternity and OSR, however, suggesting that polyandry is not simply a function of opportunity, with females passively waiting for males to court them. 相似文献
9.
Relatedness, polyandry and extra-group paternity in the cooperatively-breeding white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis ) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Linda A. Whittingham Peter O. Dunn Robert D. Magrath 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(4):261-270
We used DNA fingerprinting to examine the genetic parentage and mating system of the cooperatively breeding white-browed
scrubwren, Sericornis frontalis, in Canberra, Australia. Our analyses revealed a remarkable variety of mating tactics and social organization. Scrubwrens
bred in pairs or multi-male groups that consisted of a female and two or more males. Females were always unrelated to the
pair male or alpha (dominant) male. Among multi-male groups we found three different mating tactics. Firstly, when alpha and
beta (subordinate) males were unrelated, they usually shared paternity in the brood. This resulted in both males gaining reproductive
benefits directly. Secondly, when beta males were not related to the female but were related to the alpha males, beta males
sired offspring in some broods. In this situation, beta males gained reproductive benefits both directly and potentially indirectly
(through the related alpha male). Thirdly, when beta males were related to the female or both the female and alpha male, they
remained on their natal territory and did not sire any offspring. Thus beta males gained only indirect reproductive benefits.
Overall, when group members were related closely, the dominant male monopolized reproductive success, whereas when the members
were not related closely the two males shared paternity equally. This positive association between monopolization of reproduction
and relatedness is predicted by models of reproductive skew, but has not been reported previously within a single population
of birds. Other cooperatively breeding birds with both closely related and unrelated helpers may show a similar variety of
mating tactics. Finally, we found that extra-group paternity was more common in pairs (24% of young) than in multi-male groups
(6%), and we discuss three possible reasons for this difference.
Received: 21 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 14 December 1996 相似文献
10.
On the evolutionary stability of female infanticide 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Territoriality among female rodents may have evolved as an adaptation to intraspecific competition for resources or, alternatively,
to defend pups against infanticide. In order to evaluate the latter, we analyse the conditions that allow an infanticidal
strategy to invade a population of non-infanticidal females, and the circumstances under which infanticide may become an evolutionarily
stable strategy (ESS). Our game theoretical analyses indicate that infanticide has to be associated with some direct (cannibalism)
or indirect (reduced competition) resource benefits in order to invade a non-infanticidal population. We also expect that
females will primarily kill litters of nearby neighbors, thereby removing the closest competitors while keeping costs at a
low level. However, once established in a population, infanticide may be an ESS, even if females do not gain any resource
benefits. This is theoretically possible if a female through infanticide can reduce the possibility that other, potentially
infanticidal, females establish and/or stay close to her nest. While behavioral data indicate that these special circumstances
sometimes occur, they may be too specific to apply generally to small rodents. Therefore, we expect that the evolutionary
stability of infanticide often requires resource benefits, and that female infanticide in small rodents may, in fact, be a
consequence rather than a cause of territoriality.
Received: 27 June 1996 / Accepted after revision: 28 December 1996 相似文献
11.
Coalitionary mate guarding by male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
David P. Watts 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):43-55
Cooperative mate guarding by males is unusual in mammals and birds, largely because fertilizations are non-shareable. Chimpanzees
live in fission-fusion communities that have cores of philopatric males who cooperate in inter-group aggression and in defending
access to the females in their community. Male contest mating competition is restrained within communities, but single high-ranking
males sometimes try to mate guard estrous females. Data from an unusually large chimpanzee commmunity at Ngogo, Kibale National
Park, Uganda, that contains more males than any previously studied community show new variation in chimpanzee mate-guarding
behavior. Contrary to expectation given the large number of males, mate guarding was as common as, or more common than, at
other sites, and males other than the alpha male guarded more often. More strikingly, pairs or trios of top-ranking males
sometimes engaged in cooperative aggression to prevent estrous females from mating with other males, but tolerated each other's
mating activities. Both single males and coalitions mostly guarded periovulatory females. Mate-guarding coalitions were previously
unknown in chimpanzees. Coalitions occurred in large mating parties, seemingly because these often contained too many males
for single males to maintain exclusive access to estrous females. Coalition members gained higher shares of copulations than
they could have expected from solo mate guarding, and suffered lower per capita costs of guarding (as inferred from aggression
rates). Two males who most often participated in coalitions formed two-male coalitions at about the point where the number
of males present made it unlikely that either could get 50% or more of total copulations on his own, and formed trios when
this value dropped below 33%. Kin selection could be a factor in cooperation among male chimpanzees, but coalition members
were not necessarily close relatives and the apparent structure of payoffs fit that of mutualism. Furthermore, reliance of
male chimpanzees on support from allies to maintain high rank could have led to trading of mating exclusivity for support
against mating competitors.
Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 16 May 1998 相似文献
12.
In polygynous species, males appear to gain additional offspring by pairing with multiple females simultaneously. However, this may not be true if some females copulate outside of the social pair bond. Polygynous males could experience lower paternity because of trade-offs among gaining multiple social mates, guarding fertility with these mates, and pursuing extra-pair matings. Alternatively, polygynous males could simultaneously gain extra social mates and have high paternity, either because of female preferences or because of male competitive attributes. We tested four predictions stemming from these hypotheses in a facultatively polygynous songbird, the dickcissel (Spiza americana). Unlike most previous studies, we found that males with higher social mating success (harem size) also tended to have higher within-pair paternity and that the number of extra-pair young a male sired increased significantly with his social mating success. Females that paired with mated males were not more likely to produce extra-pair young. In contrast, extra-pair paternity was significantly lower in the nests of females whose nesting activity overlapped that of another female on the same territory. This pattern of mating was robust to differences in breeding density. Indeed, breeding density had no effect on either extra-pair mating or on the association between polygyny and paternity. Finally, nest survival increased with harem size. This result, combined with the positive association between polygyny and paternity, contributed to significantly higher realized reproductive success by polygynous male dickcissels. 相似文献
13.
Jay D. Evans 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):35-42
Most social groups have the potential for reproductive conflict among group members. Within insect societies, reproduction
can be divided among multiple fertile individuals, leading to potential conflicts between these individuals over the parentage
of sexual offspring. Colonies of the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmicatahoensis contain from one to several mated queens. In this species, female sexuals were produced almost exclusively by one queen.
The parentage of male sexuals was more complex. In accordance with predictions based on worker sex-allocation preferences,
male-producing colonies tended to have low levels of genetic relatedness (i.e., high queen numbers). Correspondingly, males
were often reared from the eggs of two or more queens in the nest. Further, over half of the males produced appeared to be
the progeny of fertile workers, not of queens. Overall investment ratios were substantially more male biased than those predicted
by genetic relatedness, suggesting hidden costs associated with the production of female sexuals. These costs are likely to
include local resource competition among females, most notably when these individuals are adopted by their maternal nest.
Received: 3 March 1998 / Accepted after revision: 20 June 1998 相似文献
14.
Xavier Lambin 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(6):363-372
Numerous accounts of partial or complete breeding dispersal by adult females reported in the literature on microtines have
been interpreted as maternal bequeathal. However, for most species, no causal relationship between a female's movements between
successive litters and the settlement of her offspring in the natal range has been demonstrated. I tested predictions from
the bequeathal hypothesis using data from an intensive study of Townsend's voles where genetical relationship had been determined
by marking most pups in the maternal nest before weaning. After correcting statistically for temporal changes in the distance
moved between successive litters I rejected the following predictions: (1) that females with one or several daughters of reproductive
age should be more likely to disperse or disperse farther between successive births than females without such daughters; (2)
that mothers should be more likely to bequeath their range to their daughters in spring when the latter would gain most from
having ready access to a breeding range; (3) that daughters benefit from their mother abandoning the natal range through an
increase in their probability of recruitment; and (4) that daughters actually use the home range vacated by their mother.
I critically reassess the empirical studies quoted as evidence that breeding dispersal is a form of parental investment in
microtines and other mammals. Most empirical studies cited in support of the bequeathal hypothesis often only contain anecdotal
reports of movements by breeding females or do not mention it as one of its possible adaptive functions. Some studies contain
evidence only consistent with the bequeathal hypothesis whereas others are incompatible with this explanation. Documented
evidence of bequeathal comes exclusively from species which rely on a semi-permanent resource such as a midden, mound or burrow.
I conclude that there is no indication from Townsend's voles or any other microtines that females abandon their breeding range
to their female offspring as a form of parental investment.
Received: 27 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 1 March 1997 相似文献
15.
Craig W. LaMunyon 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,34(6):403-408
Paternity of offspring in natural populations of insects has received little attention due to the difficulties inherent in following females and sampling each of their mates. Here, an existing statistical technique is modified to estimate paternity based on allozyme variation found in the female and her last mate, thus allowing paternity in nature to be studied by collecting copulating pairs of insects. Using this technique, paternity was investigated in naturally-occurring females of the arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix. These females mate promiscuously: upon dissection, they were found to contain up to 13 spermatophores. Statistical paternity estimation revealed considerable variation in the share of offspring sired by the female's last mate: approximately 25% of the males sired all the offspring, while another 25% fathered no offspring; the remainder sired at least some offspring. The proportion of offspring sired by the last male did not correlate with latency to oviposition, the extent of previous mating by the female, or male wing length. Male U. ornatrix are known to make substantial nuptial investments during mating, and this study shows that mating males frequently sire few or no offspring. Thus, male moths stand a chance of being cuckolded. 相似文献
16.
Adjustment of parental effort in the puffin; the roles of adult body condition and chick size 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
K. E. Erikstad M. Asheim P. Fauchald L. Dahlhaug Torkild Tveraa P. Dahlhaug 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(2):95-100
We examined the adjustment of parental effort of puffins by switching 20-day-old chicks randomly between parents of known
body condition. Among unmanipulated birds mass gain (5–20 days) and mass of 20-day-old chicks was positively correlated with
the body condition of parents at day 6. During the first 5 days after chick switching 28% (n = 55) of the parents deserted their foster chick. Parents which deserted their foster chick originally had a chick of their
own that was smaller than that of those which did not desert their foster chick. Whether parents deserted their foster chick
was also negatively related to the size of the foster chick. The mass of the foster chick was more important than the size
of the parents' own chick in determining the desertion rate of chicks. The mass gain of the foster chick during the first
5 days after switching was positively related to the body condition of foster parents and also positively related to the mass
of the foster parents' own chick, but negatively related to the size of the foster chick. The results suggest that puffins
adjust their parental effort according to both their own body condition and the size of the chick. The latter may indicate
the chick's prospect of survival and recruitment to the population.
Received: 20 January 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1996 相似文献
17.
Devon E. Pearse Fred J. Janzen John C. Avise 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2002,51(2):164-171
When females receive no direct benefits from multiple matings, concurrent multiple paternity is often explained by indirect genetic benefits to offspring. To examine such possibilities, we analyzed genetic paternity for 1,272 hatchlings, representing 227 clutches, from a nesting population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) on the Mississippi River. Goals were to quantify the incidence and distribution of concurrent multiple paternity across clutches, examine temporal patterns of sperm storage by females, and deduce the extent to which indirect benefits result from polyandrous female behaviors. Blood samples from adult males also allowed us to genetically identify the sires of surveyed clutches and to assess phenotypic variation associated with male fitness. From the genetic data, female and male reproductive success were deduced and then interpreted together with field data to evaluate possible effects of female mating behaviors and sire identity on offspring fitness. We document that more than 30% of the clutches were likely fathered by multiple males, and that presence of multiple paternity was positively correlated with clutch size. Furthermore, the data indicate that the second male to mate typically had high paternity precedence over the first. 相似文献
18.
Chad C. Smith 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(3):415-424
Genetic analyses of parentage provide crucial information about the prevalence of polyandry and the potential for sexual selection to operate in wild populations. In the swordtail Xiphophorus nigrensis, large males are thought to have a competitive advantage due to their superiority in male–male contests and attractiveness to females, who are presumed to mate multiply. I examined the distribution of paternity within broods, the relationship between male body size and paternity and the effect of sire number on fecundity from females collected in the field. Sixty-one percent of females produced offspring from two to four males, with 70% of the offspring typically sired by one of the males represented in the brood. Male body size did not affect paternity share or whether females were multiply mated, as predicted if precopulatory sexual selection has a strong effect on the outcome of postcopulatory sexual selection. Female fecundity increased with the number of sires; however, this relationship was not observed when the smallest broods, where multiple mating is more difficult to detect, were excluded from the analysis. The high levels of multiple paternity and reproductive skew suggest that postcopulatory sexual selection has important evolutionary consequences in X. nigrensis. Traits important in precopulatory sexual selection, such as male body size, however, are more likely to affect sexual selection by increasing the number of mates obtained rather than paternity share within broods. 相似文献
19.
When two closely related species are sympatric the process of species recognition (identifying conspecifics) and mate-quality recognition (increased fitness benefits) can yield a conflict when heterospecifics resemble high-quality conspecifics. Conflict in species versus mate-quality recognition may serve as a possible mechanism for the persistence of unisexual, gynogenetic Amazon mollies (Poecilia formosa). Amazon mollies require sperm from closely related species (e.g., sailfin mollies, P. latipinna) to start embryogenesis but inheritance is strictly maternal. When choosing mates, male sailfin mollies from populations sympatric with Amazon mollies may rely on traits indicating species identity rather than those indicating mate quality. Conversely, males from allopatric populations may rely more on traits indicating mate quality. Previous work has found that male sailfin mollies in sympatry exhibit a significantly greater mating preference for female sailfin mollies over Amazon mollies compared to males in allopatry. In addition, male sailfin mollies prefer to associate with and produce more sperm in the presence of larger conspecific females, which are more fecund. We hypothesized that male sailfin mollies experience a conflict in species recognition and mate-quality recognition in the presence of Amazon mollies that are relatively larger than female sailfin mollies. To test this hypothesis, we paired males from sympatric and allopatric populations with a larger Amazon molly and a smaller female sailfin molly. We scored the number of mating attempts that males directed to conspecific and heterospecific females. Males in most sympatric and allopatric populations demonstrate no clear preference for conspecifics. In addition, we found some evidence for a difference in mating preference between allopatric and sympatric populations with males from allopatry showing a greater heterospecific mate preference. These results indicate a conflict between species and mate-quality recognition. In sympatry this conflict may contribute to the persistence of gynogenetic Amazon mollies. 相似文献
20.
We studied female guppies from two populations (Trinidad and Jemez Springs, New Mexico) to determine their mating preferences,
the degree of consensus among females for particular male phenotypes, and the variation among females for the types of traits
they prefer. We recorded the visual responses of 68 Trinidad and 10 Jemez females in paired male trials. The three sexually-selected
male traits quantified were the area of orange color and iridescence on the body, and display behavior. Females from the Trinidad
population agreed in their choice of males in three of the eight replicates, and this agreement was based on display rate
rather than male color patterns. Females from the Jemez population showed no agreement in their preferences of males. Mating
preferences of females varied both between populations and among females of a population. In both populations, female preferences
were based primarily on courtship intensity and only secondarily on color pattern. However, females from both populations
differed in the relative importance of orange color and iridescence. The fact that females differ in criteria for evaluating
males has important implications for selection and maintenance of color polymorphisms and for the interactions among multiple
secondary sexual traits of males in the guppy.
Received: 5 December 1995/Accepted after revision: 7 June 1996 相似文献