海峡西岸清洁岛屿臭氧污染特征及影响因素

近地层臭氧(O_3)是由挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NO_x)等物质在光照条件下形成的二次污染物,近年来已成为我国不少地区的首要污染物.本文利用2017年平潭综合实验区4个空气自动监测站监测数据,分析了海峡西岸清洁岛屿平潭O_3污染特征及其与气象条件、前体物、区域输送等影响因素之间的关系,以探索清洁岛屿O_3污染影响因素.结果表明,2017年平潭4个监测站的O_3浓度基本相近,最大监测浓度为241μg·m~(-3)(JS站、JJW站)、247μg·m~(-3)(36JH站)、256μg·m~(-3)(XZF站),全年平均值为89.3μg·m~(-3)(JS站)、82.9μg·m~(-3)(JJW站)、86.4μg·m~(-3)(36JH站)、88.8μg·m~(-3)(XZF站);O_3日变化因光化学反应呈现出单峰特征,受季风及气象因素影响,月变化呈现春秋高夏季低的双峰特征;高压、高温、低湿是引起平潭O_3污染的主要气象因素;非降雨日的O_3浓度要比降雨日高3—5μg·m~(-3),超标率高5%左右;O_3与CO正相关,与NO_x负相关,O_3浓度高值出现在CO浓度为400—1000μg·m~(-3)、NO_x浓度为5—20μg·m~(-3)范围内;区域输送对平潭O_3污染存在一定的贡献,2017年9月12日的O_3浓度突升是一次典型的污染物外来输送,同时叠加本地生成造成的污染过程.可见,气象条件、前体物、区域输送是清洁岛屿O_3污染的重要影响因素.     

环形扩散管和滤膜联用采集和测定大气中气固相物质

建立了环形扩散管(annular diffusion denuder)和滤膜连用的采样装器。采用涂渍1％碳酸钠甲醇水溶液和5％亚磷酸甲醇溶液的两段环形扩散管串联分别收集气态HNO_3,HCl,SO_2和NH_3、空气经扩散管后,继而抽入滤膜采样头,用Teflon滤膜采集颗粒物,Nylon滤膜收集由Teflon滤膜上颗粒物挥发产生的气态HNO_3和HCl。样品提取后,用离子色谱法测定SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-和Cl~-;采用流动注射荧光法测定NH_4~+。当采样流速为10L/min,采样24h,环形扩散管对气态硝酸、氯化氢和二氧化硫的检出限(3σ)为0.04—0.09μg/m~3,对氨的检出限为0.12μg/m~3。实验结果表明本法适用于大气和室内空气的采样和测定。     

珠三角北部背景站臭氧浓度变化特征

O_3已取代PM_(2.5)成为珠三角空气污染的首要污染物,深入研究珠三角背景地区O_3浓度变化特征对全面掌握珠三角空气质量概况具有非常重要的意义。以珠三角北部郊区背景监测点位广州市从化区天湖站点2006—2018年的监测数据为基础,结合空气质量模型与过程分析等工具,对珠三角背景地区的O_3浓度进行分析。结果表明,2006年以来,珠三角背景地区的O_3年平均质量浓度均在80μg·m~(-3)左右波动,年均值在2014年达到自动监测以来的历史峰值91μg·m~(-3),2014年以来有逐年下降的趋势。2006—2018年O_3小时质量浓度的频数分布表明30—100μg·m~(-3)是主要的小时质量浓度水平,占比约为59%,100μg·m~(-3)以下质量浓度的占比约为70%,160μg·m~(-3)以下质量浓度的占比约为94%,天湖站小时质量浓度超标(大于200μg·m~(-3))概率为1.8%。平均而言,天湖站6—7月的O_3质量浓度最低,分别为71μg·m~(-3)与73μg·m~(-3)。冷暖交替的月份质量浓度相对较高,10月与4月分别达到102μg·m~(-3)与84μg·m~(-3),过程分析结果显示,在下沉气流等影响下,近地面层上层边界O_3垂直输送是4月与10月高质量浓度O_3的主要来源。天湖站的日均与月均O_3质量浓度与日照时数均存在正相关关系,O_3昼高夜低且与NO_2呈反相关关系,O_3质量浓度远高于NO_2,说明天湖受人为源排放影响少。天湖站化学过程对O_3的影响因季节而异,夏季光化学过程对O_3的影响明显,白天平均O_3净化学生成速率为18.5μg·m~(-3)·h~(-1);其他季节珠三角背景地区的O_3质量浓度主要受物理过程影响。     

原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量钌

本文试验了多种氧化荆对用原子吸收光谱法测定钌的影响。结果表明,在三氯化钌溶液中分别加入NaBiO_3,(NH_4)~2S_2O_8,KIO_4,KBrO_3,Ce(SO_4)_2,Ce(SO_4)2+KBrO_3等试剂,能使测定钌的灵敏度分别提高10,17,19,19,23,37倍,方法的灵敏度(特征浓度)为0.051μg/ml,检出限为0.02μg/ml,测量1.0和0.5μg/ml钌溶液10次,变异系数分别为1.2％和2.1％.水中含有50mg/ml K~+,SO_4~(2-),10mg/ml Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),1mg/mlCl~-不影响钌的测定.探讨了氧化剂的作用机理.本法适于水中痕量钌的测定.     

超高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定空气中甲基苯胺同分异构体及对氯代苯胺

建立了空气中甲基苯胺同分异构体及对氯代苯胺的硅胶吸附管采样-超高效液相色谱荧光检测分析方法.通过硅胶填料吸附管,采集空气中甲基苯胺和氯代苯胺.采用含1%氨水的甲醇,对硅胶填料解吸20 min.解吸溶液经0.22μm滤膜过滤,采用超高效液相色谱法分析,选择235 nm和335 nm作为荧光检测的激发和发射波长.4种苯胺类化合物在4.5 min内得到分离,在0.1—2.0 mg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.11—0.4μg·m~(-3)(采样体积以10 L计),在0.5、1.0、2.0μg加标水平(相当于10 L空气中甲基苯胺和氯代苯胺浓度为50、100、200μg·m-3)下,回收率分别为95%—98%、94%—103%和95%—102%,RSD分别为1.0%—2.2%、1.6%—3.7%和1.3%—2.1%.结果表明,该方法适用于空气中甲基苯胺同分异构体及对氯代苯胺的同时分析.     

Cr(Ⅵ)-Ⅱ底唑-CTAB体系显色反应的研究

本文提出了甩(口底)唑和CTAB分光光度法测定微量Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法。五法灵敏度高,络合物在555nm处有最大吸收,表观摩尔吸光系数为9.0×10~4/摩尔·厘米。铬量在0—10μg/50ml符合比尔定律。用C_yDTA和H_2O_2掩蔽Fe(Ⅲ)、Al(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ti(Ⅳ)和V(Ⅴ).Cr(Ⅲ)不干扰测定。本法可应用于水中微量Cr(Ⅳ)的测定。     

微分脉冲极谱法测定空气中痕量甲醛

本文用微分脉冲极谱法测定空气中痕量甲醛,样品在含有硫酸肼的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲体系中,于滴汞电极上产生灵敏的还原峰。实验结果表明:峰电压为—0.97V时,检测下限为0.001μg/ml;浓度在0.02—40μg/10ml范围内与峰高呈良好的线性关系;甲醛回收率为99.3％,吸收效率为98.5％,相对标准偏差为1.9％。     

用磷酸钠作基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定海水中痕量镉

本文描述了用Na_3PO_4作基体改进剂低温原子化石墨炉原子吸收光谱直接测定海水中痕量镉的方法。用Na_3PO_4作改进剂能够提高镉的灵敏度、减小氯化物、高氯酸盐和海水样品基体的干扰,并使海水中镉在850℃低温原子化,从而与背景吸收信号相分离。采用本方法测定海水中0.077μg/L镉的结果与用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)测定结果相一致,海水中镉的回收率为94—103％。该方法简便、可靠。     

石墨炉原子吸收测定土壤中锡

土壤样品用高氯酸——硝酸——氢氟酸或在高压罐中分解后.以0.2％草酸水溶液提取,继以最大功率升温石墨炉原子吸收测定锡,将草酸介质与目前常用的盐酸介质比较.具有试剂空白低、灵敏度高和干扰少等优点,本文还讨论了用抗坏血酸消除高氯酸干扰的方法,在含锡量为3.5—12.5μg/g的样品中加入标准锡的回收率为92—112％,取锡含量为3.8μg/g的土壤样品,作七份平行试验,其相对标准偏差为3.2％。     

水中剩余臭氧的分光光度法测定

本文提出了测定水中剩余臭氧的碘化钾-淀粉分光光度法。该方法是根据臭氧和碘化钾在微酸性条件下的定量反应: O_3 2I~- 2H~ =O_2 I_2 H_2O 生成的碘用淀粉显色,用磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氧二钠缓冲溶液调节溶液的pH=5.9,于560nm处测定。该显色反应的摩尔吸光系数ε=2.59×104、桑德尔灵敏度S=1.85×10~(-3)/臭氧浓度在0—1ppm符合比耳定律。六聚偏磷酸钠能有效地消除 2μg/mlFe~(3 )、5μg/ml Cu~(2 )的干扰。应用本法对实际水样进行了测定,并和碘量法作了比较,结果令人满意。本法的优点是灵敏度较高、所用仪器设备简单、操作方便。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture