普通高校的音乐教学探讨

音乐教育对每个人的素质培养具有重要作用，但长久以来音乐教育都不被学校、学生所重视，在我国高校的音乐教育才刚刚起步。作者根据自身多年的高校音乐教学经验，认为高校的音乐教育关键是编订独具特色的音乐教材、开启学生的兴趣之门、施行兼收并蓄的教学方法。     

浅谈高校音乐教育中的多元文化音乐教育

如今,音乐呈现出多元化发展的趋势,这有利于加强和外国的音乐交流,促进双方音乐的进一步发展。目前,我国多数高校的音乐教育大多采用西方音乐教育模式,这为了解西方音乐文化、促进音乐多元化发展提供了必要保障,但同时也应加强对本土音乐及传统音乐的重视。因此,在高校音乐教育中引入多元文化教育时,我们应保持理性,承认多元文化的积极作用。此外,如何正确处理好传统音乐、少数民族音乐和外来音乐三者之间的关系,是当前值得我们重点思考的。     

将音乐游戏巧妙融入小学音乐教学中

音乐是学生学校教育的重要组成部分,在小学教育中,音乐教育可以帮助学生健康成长,培养学生的创造力,促进素质教育的实现,提高学生的综合素质。如何在小学教育中提高音乐教育的教学质量,是当前小学教学中需要考虑的重要问题。从学生自身的特点和年龄考虑,对学生进行音乐教育,可以将音乐游戏融入小学音乐教学中。针对如何将音乐游戏巧妙地融入小学音乐教学中这个主题进行分析研究。     

浅析高中音乐教师技能素养要求及其思考

伴随着学校音乐教育的发展,高中阶段音乐教育对学生音乐素养水平培养以及建设社会主义精神文明,培养有理想、有道德、有纪律、有文化的社会主义公民有着重要的作用,音乐教育也成为人们普遍关心的问题。高中音乐教师作为这方面的执行者与实施者,在新的环境和与教育背景下,应具备哪些专业技能素养,是值得思考的。明确高中音乐教师专业技能素养的要求,不仅有利于为学校选拔更加优秀的音乐教师;还有利于不同类型的音乐教师互补促进,产成1+1>2的效果,形成完整教学体系;更加通过音乐教育培养学生感受、表现、创造美的能力,激发学生创造能力,全面提升学生素质。     

关于高校音乐教育模式的思考

随着科技的进步,人类逐渐迎来了信息时代,在人们物质生活水平提高的同时,人们精神领域的追求也在提升。在教育事业发展的今天,高校音乐教育的发展也越来越受重视,高校音乐教学也面临着新的挑战。虽然近年来,高校音乐教育在教育改革的大环境下,在很多方面有了实质性的进步和发展,但是依然存在着亟待改善的很多问题。本人根据自己多年的教学实践和经验,指出了高校音乐教学中存在的一些具体问题,并对这些问题做了针对性的分析,提出了对应的建议和解决措施,希望能够为我们今后更专业的音乐教学提供一定的帮助,为我们音乐教学的研究和探索提供一定的理论参考,促进我们音乐教育事业的发展。     

挖掘农村音乐资源,丰富农村音乐课堂

在农村音乐教学中,音乐资源是非常丰富的,如果音乐教师能善于挖掘和利用,结合本地的人文文化、地方文化,就能够丰富音乐课堂,让农村小学学生做到"人人享受音乐教育、个个享受音乐带来的乐趣"。     

对小学音乐欣赏审美过程的探究

在学校音乐教育中,从教育学、心理学的角度和小学生的特点、教学大纲的要求和实施素质教育的高度来审视小学音乐教学,培养学生对音乐的感受力、审美力、表现力及创造力,在感悟音乐中陶冶情操,是小学音乐教学追求的主要目标。     

音乐鉴赏课的资源整合及结构优化

<正>音乐是情感的艺术,是人类文明进程史上的精神财富。高中音乐教育的目的在于培养学生对音乐美的感受及感悟能力,提高学生的音乐鉴赏能力,并具有一定的音乐创造能力。所以,在短短的每周一节课时间内充分调动学生的积极性、挖掘学生及教师的潜力尤为重要。音乐教学不只是简单地教唱几首歌曲,更重要的是要给学生艺术美的熏陶和享受,打开学生通向音乐殿堂的大门。因此,教师根据大纲和学     

对新课程改革下音乐教学的几点思考

<正>新的课程改革为基础音乐教育带来了绿色的春天,它展现出一种崭新的理论思路。本着立足于学生的音乐学习方式的改革,关注学生创意与实践能力的培养,我们知道任何一种理念、观点的确立,都是对已有观点、模式的冲击与挑战。最新提出的新课标、新理念"主动、探究、合作"是对长期习惯于传统教学的音乐教师的巨大挑战。作为一名从事音乐教育工作十多年的教     

探究高中音乐教育教学的“合纵连横”

通过较为详细对我国高中音乐教育教学状况做出分析、研究,着重对深化教育体制改革,提升音乐教师专业化水准,探索新型音乐人才培养办法,创新高中音乐教学等进行阐述。把"横"向的音乐教育教学与"纵"向的音乐发展多元素整合,从而建立起新型、高效的立体化高中音乐教育教学体系,逐步推进我国高中音乐的不断发展。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.