Temporal trends (1990-2000) in the concentration of cadmium, lead and mercury in mosses across Europe

The European heavy metals in mosses survey provides data on the concentration of 10 heavy metals in naturally growing mosses. The survey has been repeated at five-yearly intervals and in this paper we report on the temporal trends in the concentration of cadmium, lead and mercury between 1990 and 2000. Metal- and country-specific temporal trends were observed. In general, the concentration of lead and cadmium in mosses decreased between 1990 and 2000; the decline was higher for lead than cadmium. For mercury not enough data were available to establish temporal trends between 1990 and 1995, but between 1995 and 2000 the mercury concentration in mosses did not change across Europe. The observed temporal trends for the concentrations in mosses were similar to the trends reported for the modelled total deposition of cadmium, lead and mercury in Europe.     

Influence of clay on the adsorption of heavy metals like copper and cadmium on chitosan

The influence of clay on the adsorption of heavy metals like copper and cadmium on chitosan from simulated industrial wastewater is evaluated. Chitosan–clay blend with ratio of (1:1), (1:2), and (2:1) have been prepared, and these were used as membranes to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater. The chemical parameters for quantities of adsorption of heavy metal contamination have been done, and the kinetics of adsorption has also been carried out. Clay provides enough absorbable sites to overcome mass transfer limitations. The number of absorbable sites for cadmium is more compared to copper, and thus the rate of recovery of cadmium is faster than copper, and the percentage removal of cadmium is more than copper at all times on clay over nylon 6. This difference indicates the influence of clay in the adsorption of heavy metals in comparison to synthetic polymer nylon 6. Rate constant for first-order kinetics of adsorption, k ₁, for copper and cadmium is less than that of clay, which clearly indicates that clay, which is a natural polymer, is more kinetically favored compared to synthetic polymer. The difference in the intraparticle diffusion in both the natural and synthetic polymer is not much, and it suggests that the particle diffusion mechanism is the same in both cases. Copper and cadmium recovery is parallel at all times. The percentage of removal of copper increased with an increase in pH from 3 to 5. In the case of cadmium containing wastewater, the maximum removal of metal occurred at pH 5. The uptake amount of Cu²⁺ ions on chitosan increased rapidly with increasing the contact time from 0 to 360 min and then reaches equilibrium after 360 min, and the equilibrium constant for copper and cadmium ions are more or less the same for the adsorption reaction. There are more adsorption sites for cadmium in the presence of clay and mass transfer limitation is avoided without resorting to rotation, which is the highlight of the present work. And more so, this is pronounced in the case of natural polymer compared to synthetic polymer.     

Evaluation of a sequential extraction process used for determining mercury binding mechanisms to coal combustion byproducts

Leaching of mercury from coal combustion byproducts is a concern because of the toxicity of mercury. Leachability of mercury can be assessed by using sequential extraction procedures. Sequential extraction procedures are commonly used to determine the speciation and mobility of trace metals in solid samples and are designed to differentiate among metals bound by different mechanisms and to different solid phases. This study evaluated the selectivity and effectiveness of a sequential extraction process used to determine mercury binding mechanisms to various materials. A six-step sequential extraction process was applied to laboratory-synthesized materials with known mercury concentrations and binding mechanisms. These materials were calcite, hematite, goethite, and titanium dioxide. Fly ash from a full-scale power plant was also investigated. The concentrations of mercury were measured using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry, whereas the major elements were measured by ICP atomic emission spectrometry. The materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The sequential extraction procedure provided information about the solid phases with which mercury was associated in the solid sample. The procedure effectively extracted mercury from the target phases. The procedure was generally selective in extracting mercury. However, some steps in the procedure extracted mercury from nontarget phases, and others resulted in mercury redistribution. Iron from hematite and goethite was only leached in the reducible and residual extraction steps. Some mercury associated with goethite was extracted in the ion exchangeable step, whereas mercury associated with hematite was extracted almost entirely in the residual step. Calcium in calcite and mercury associated with calcite were primarily removed in the acid-soluble extraction step. Titanium in titanium dioxide and mercury adsorbed onto titanium dioxide were extracted almost entirely in the residual step.     

超声强化茶皂素对污染土壤中重金属去除效果的影响

利用超声强化茶皂素修复土壤重金属,研究了淋洗剂浓度、淋洗方式及淋洗时间对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的修复效果及修复前后土壤重金属的形态变化。结果表明：茶皂素对土壤Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的解吸率随着茶皂素浓度升高而增大,最大解吸率分别为48.60%、35.10%、28.10% 和45.60%。单独采用超声导致低解吸率,而超声辅助振荡能增加重金属的解吸率(26.3%~61.6%)并缩短达到平衡状态的时间。双常数方程和Elovich方程均能较好描述3种淋洗方式下重金属的解吸动力学过程,重金属的解吸过程是非均相扩散。超声辅助作用下可以活化土壤中的重金属,并通过振荡减少重金属的酸提取态和可还原态,从而减少重金属可迁移性和生物可利用性。     

某聚氯乙烯树脂厂退役场地土壤汞污染特征分析

场地重金属污染是工业化进程的产物,污染来源多为原料及副产物的泄漏或不达标排放,给人类和环境造成不同程度的危害。本文以武汉某退役聚氯乙烯（PVC）树脂厂为研究对象,结合氯化汞催化工艺特点,探究场地土壤重金属汞的污染来源及分布特征,为同类型场地土壤重金属汞的污染调查、防治、修复提供案例支撑。研究结果表明：1）参与调查的33个点位中有27.3%已达到相当严重的污染水平,潜在生态风险单项指数Ei值最高达57 900,污染分布范围主要集中于氯化汞催化乙炔生产氯乙烯（VCM）工艺段,水平迁移扩散能力不强;2）重金属汞的垂直迁移受土壤性质影响,粘土对重金属汞的截留效果佳,粘土层中0.8~1.0 m至1.8~2.0 m最大汞浓度衰减量达2 040 mg·（kg·m）-1,衰减率达97.2%,而疏松的杂填土则有利于汞的垂直下渗;3）调查区域受重金属汞污染呈现典型点源污染特征。     

Metal concentrations in seabirds of the New Zealand region

Concentrations of the heavy metals cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, mercury and, in some individuals, methyl mercury were determined in a range of tissues of 64 tropical, subtropical, subantarctic and antarctic seabird taxa mostly from the New Zealand region. Although apparently natural, levels of cadmium and mercury in some species greatly exceed those known to have toxic effects in some terrestrial birds. Copper and zinc levels exhibited less inter-species variation than the non-essential metals cadmium and mercury. Cadmium concentrations were highest in kidney tissues but uniformly low in feathers. Total mercury concentrations showed most inter-species variation. Mean methyl mercury levels in liver tissues of several large procellariiforms represented less than 5% of the corresponding mean total mercury level. Lead concentrations were generally low or below the limits of detection, but elevated levels were measured in some coastal or scavenging species. In a significant number of species, mean concentrations of liver cadmium and mercury and kidney cadmium were greater in adults than in young birds. The reverse was true for copper. Mean zinc levels in liver did not differ between adults and young. High levels of cadmium in some species seem likely to be due to diet, whereas high levels of mercury probably reflect more closely the moult intervals which constrain the ability of birds to eliminate methyl mercury.     

新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料高效去除镉及其作用机制

通过高温厌氧碳热还原方法制备出一种新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料,并详细分析了材料的结构和性质;考察了制备过程中的热解温度、pH和干扰离子等环境因子对镉吸附性能的影响,并揭示了铁炭基功能材料对镉的固定机制。结果表明,材料比表面积和孔容随热解温度升高而增加,在800 ℃材料中形成了纳米零价铁和碳化铁,制备出了具有磁性的铁炭基功能材料(MCFe-800),有利于材料的磁性回收。动力学实验结果表明,MCFe-800对水体镉的去除率明显高于其他热解温度,最大吸附容量归一化到铁为463.84 mg·g⁻¹。在偏中性条件下更有利于对镉的去除。MCFe-800对镉的固定机制主要为静电吸附、共沉淀和表面络合。此外,经过4次循环实验后,MCFe-800对实际水体中镉的去除率仍为75.0%。滤柱实验结果表明,当镉初始质量浓度为1 000 μg·L⁻¹和2 000 μg·L⁻¹时,有效处理量分别为400 BV和270 BV。因此,新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料在水体镉污染修复方面具有很大应用潜力。     

植物药重金属污染状况及全链条生产过程污染的溯源与管控

植物药所含的重金属具有一定的健康风险,但目前缺少对植物药重金属污染状况、溯源及管控的系统研究。总结了世界范围内对植物药重金属的限量标准,依据《中国药典》2020年版的相关要求,基于Web of Science及中国知网(CNKI)数据库中获取的相关文献对国内外植物药的重金属含量进行了分析,结果表明：国外植物药重金属超标情况较严重,超标率达24.58%,我国植物药的重金属超标率也有24.07%;铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)这3种重金属的超标率较高。在时间维度上看,我国植物药中砷(As)超标历年来逐渐加重,而Hg超标历年来逐渐减轻,Cu、Pb超标率在2010—2015年达到峰值并开始减轻,镉(Cd)超标率自2010年以来无明显变化。在地理分布上,我国植物药重金属超标最严重的区域为西北区域,其次是东南区域。植物药的生产环节划分为种植、加工炮制、运输贮存3个环节。根据植物药重金属元素的来源,提出了针对全链条生产过程的植物药重金属管控措施,以期为系统、可行地降低植物药重金属的健康风险提供参考。     

Removal of trace elements in three horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands in the Czech Republic

Between March 2006 and June 2008 removal of 34 trace elements was measured on a monthly basis at three horizontal-flow constructed wetlands in the Czech Republic designed to treat municipal wastewater. In general, the results indicated a very wide range of removal efficiencies among studied elements. The highest degree of removal (average of 90%) was found for aluminum. High average removal was also recorded for zinc (78%). Elements removed in the range of 50-75% were uranium, antimony, copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, barium, iron and gallium. Removal of cadmium, tin, mercury, silver, selenium and nickel varied between 25 and 50%. Low retention (0-25%) was observed for vanadium, lithium, boron, cobalt and strontium. There were two elements (manganese and arsenic) for which average outflow concentrations were higher compared to inflow concentrations. Reduced manganese compounds are very soluble and therefore they are washed out under anaerobic conditions.     

共存物质对重金属絮凝齐MCC除镉性能的影响

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围,以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC）,研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响,探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明,Na＋、Cl-、N03、F-、SO4 2-的存在对MCC除Cd2＋均有促进作用,Ca2＋表现为明显的抑制作用;低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用,随着EDTA浓度的增大,逐渐转为抑制作用;低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd2＋有显著的促进作用;在一定范围内,浊度可促进MCC对Cd2＋的去除;絮体间空隙越多,絮体分形维数越小,除镉效果越好。     

共存物质对重金属絮凝剂MCC除镉性能的影响

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围,以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC）,研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响,探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明,Na+、Cl-、NO3-、F-、SO42-的存在对MCC除Cd2+均有促进作用,Ca2+表现为明显的抑制作用;低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用,随着EDTA浓度的增大,逐渐转为抑制作用;低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd2+有显著的促进作用;在一定范围内,浊度可促进 MCC对Cd2+的去除;絮体间空隙越多,絮体分形维数越小,除镉效果越好。     

Nanocellulosic fiber-modified carbon paste electrode for ultra trace determination of Cd (II) and Pb (II) in aqueous solution

In recent years, increasing awareness of the environmental impact of heavy metals has prompted a demand for monitoring and decontaminating industrial wastes prior to discharging into natural water bodies. This paper describes the preparation and electrochemical application of carbon paste electrode modified with nanocellulosic fibers for the determination of cadmium and lead in water samples using anodic stripping voltammetry. First, cadmium and lead were adsorbed on the carbon paste electrode surface at open circuit potential, followed by anodic stripping voltammetric scan from -1 to 0 V. Different factors affecting sensitivity and precision of the electrode, including accumulating solvent, pH of the accumulating solvent, accumulation time, supporting electrolyte, and scan rate were investigated. The proposed method was also applied to the determination of Cd (II) and Pb (II) in the presence of other interfering metal ions and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and Triton X-100 as a representative of cationic, anionic, and neutral surfactants. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration ranges of 150–650 μg?L^?1 and 80–300 μg?L^?1, respectively, for cadmium and lead at an accumulated time of 10 min with limits of detection 88 and 33 μg?L^?1. Optimized working conditions are defined as acetate buffer of pH?5 as accumulating solvent, hydrochloric acid as supporting electrolyte, and scan rate 50 mV/s. This technique does not use mercury and therefore has a positive environmental benefit. The method is reasonably sensitive and selective and has been successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of Cd (II) and Pb (II) in water samples.     

硫铝酸盐水泥及其改性材料对典型重金属的去除性能

应用经济高效的材料和简易的方法去除水中重金属已成为当前的研究热点。选择硫铝酸盐水泥(L)及其改性材料(LA)为清除剂,以Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺ 4种典型的重金属离子为研究对象,通过考察L和LA去除重金属过程中单因素的影响,对去除条件进行了优化,此外,通过竞争吸附实验及吸附动力学模型探究了对金属离子的去除机理。结果表明,L和LA可以有效地去除废水中的重金属离子,在pH为3.0~10.0条件下能够以较少的投加量(0.05~3 g·L⁻¹)使目标离子达到94%以上的去除率,30 min内表观吸附速率可降到零。相比之下,LA对金属离子的去除率略高于L。在最佳应用条件下,金属离子的去除率基本在90%以上。在竞争吸附实验中Cu²⁺的竞争性最强,且其能够促进其他离子被吸附。吸附动力学分析表明,L和LA对重金属的吸附是以化学吸附为主,去除机理以水解沉淀为主。以上研究结果可为该类材料对重金属的处理提供参考。     

Trace metals in the hair of habitants of the Ok Tedi region, Papua New Guinea

It has long been known that mining activity can markedly change the level and distribution of certain heavy metals in the adjacent environment. This pollution can be quite widespread and long lasting and often has deleterious effects on the health of local populations. In the present study scalp hair was used as the biopsy material because of its ease of collection and long history of use in this connection. Hair was collected from all the local villages in the vicinity of the mine site, as well as from Papua New Guinean nationals from other provinces, and European expatriates who were employed by the mining company and who were resident in the area. Hair from local people showed a remarkably high iron content by comparison with previously studied populations. The extreme variations in hair iron levels were reflected in the differential distribution of levels according to location, age and sex. Hair cadmium was also high in the population studied. Hair copper, lead, zinc and mercury all appeared to be within 'normal' limits by comparison with other general populations. These results are discussed in the context of the environmental and social impact of the mining operations on the local people.     

Simultaneous removal of phenanthrene and cadmium from contaminated soils by saponin, a plant-derived biosurfactant

Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of saponin, a plant-derived biosurfactant, for simultaneously removing phenanthrene and cadmium from the combined contaminated soils. Results showed that phenanthrene was desorbed from the contaminated soils by saponin with the partition of phenanthrene into surfactant micelle, meanwhile cadmium was effectively removed from the contaminated soils by the complexation of cadmium with the external carboxyl groups of saponin micelle. The efficiencies of saponin for the removal of phenanthrene and cadmium from the contaminated soils were greater than that of Triton X100 and citric acid, respectively. At concentration of 3750 mg/L, saponin has a removal rate of 87.7% and 76.2% of cadmium and phenanthrene, respectively, from the combined contaminated soil. The removals of cadmium and phenanthrene from the soils were not obviously constrained each other. Thus, saponin has the potential for the removal of heavy metal and PAHs from the combined contaminated soils.     

华北农村水环境污染评价及源解析

近年来,国家相继发布多项重要文件要求整治农村人居环境、建设美丽乡村,但当前针对农村水环境问题研究相对较少,制约了农村环境治理工作开展。选取华北某镇农村河道坑塘,评价农村水环境污染水平、生态风险并进行污染溯源。结果表明,57处调查点位中有1处水体黑臭,但有多处调查点位水体溶解氧在2~3 mg∙L⁻¹、透明度在25~35 cm、氨氮在8~15 mg∙L⁻¹,接近黑臭阈值。仅有约9%的水体全部水质指标均能满足地表水V类要求 (检测指标为18项) ,超标指标主要为pH、COD_Mn、BOD、氨氮、总磷、总氮、粪大肠菌群等8项。底泥总磷、总氮标准指数分别处于中度、重度污染状态,营养盐综合指数属于重度污染状态。底泥存在不同程度的重金属富集,铜、锌、汞、镉、铬、铅、砷、镍等8项重金属的平均浓度是天津土壤背景值的0.45~2.73倍。汞的地累积指数平均值为0.64,为轻度污染;铜、锌、镉、铬、铅、砷、镍等其他7项重金属为清洁状态。汞的潜在生态风险指数约110,为较高生态危害;其他7项重金属生态风险指数均小于80,为轻微生态危害。综合Pearson相关性、主成分及PMF分析,研究区重金属最主要的污染来源是交通源和大气沉降,其次是工业源,最后是农业源。总体来看,研究区水体水质较差,沉积物有重金属轻度富集,其中汞是沉积物生态风险的主要贡献元素。     

Uptake of 203Hg++ and 115 mCd++ by Chlamydomonas reinhardi under various conditions

The uptake of radioactively labeled mercury and cadmium ions by living and dead cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardi WT⁺ was measured at 25 °C under minimal and optimal conditions (dark/nitrogen or light/air, respectively). In each case, incorporation was completely independent of external energy. Living and dead cells incorporated almost the same amount of the added heavy metal ions; after about 4 to 8 hours, saturation was obtained. Furthermore, the distribution of mercury in the system of algea/culture medium/gas phase and the amount of mercury and cadmium adsorbed by cells were studied.     

污泥中重金属的去除及回收试验

论述了利用离子交换技术循环使用柠檬酸去除污泥中重金属,并置换回收重金属的适宜工艺条件.经柠檬酸处理后,污泥中90%以上的重金属被去除;柠檬酸处理液中的重金属用离子交换法回收,考察了树脂种类、流速、操作方式等因素对离子交换、再生效果的影响;在适宜工艺条件下,重金属的交换率均为100%,而洗脱率均接近90%;柠檬酸及离子交换树脂循环使用,重金属也得到回收,降低了处理成本.     

Levels and interactions of heavy metals in sea birds from Svalbard and the Antarctic

Samples of liver and kidney from 92 seabirds of ten species collected on Spitsbergen and in the Antarctic, were analysed for their content of copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium. Significantly higher levels of copper and zinc were observed in birds from Spitsbergen than in those from the Antarctic, while the opposite was true for selenium. The highest cadmium levels were found in fulmar Fulmarus glacialis and macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus. A possibility of kidney damage due to cadmium exists. The highest mercury levels were recorded in brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi collected at Bouvet?ya. Lead was not detected in any of the birds. Significant correlations were observed between levels of several of the metals studied, especially between cadminum and zinc and between mercury and selenium. However, for all birds, the highest correlation coefficients were observed when the molar concentrations of cadmium plus mercury, and selenium plus zinc, were used in the calculations. Thus several protective mechanisms may operate to diminish effects of heavy metal contaminants.     

Cadmium ion sorption onto lignocellulosic biosorbent modified by sulfonation: the origin of sorption capacity improvement

Juniper (Juniperus monosperma), a small-diameter underutilized material, has been studied as a lignocellulosic biosorbent for removing heavy metals from water. In this study, juniper wood was modified by sulfonation to enhance sorption capacity for cadmium in water. The origin of the enhancement was investigated by observing the sorption behaviors and the change in surface functional group concentrations. Cadmium sorption by all juniper wood biosorbents studied was fast and the sorption capacity decreased with decreasing pH, similar to results found for other biosorbents. Sulfonated juniper was found to have at least twice the sorption capacity for cadmium removal from water compared to that of untreated juniper, though the sorption capacity increased with increasing pH. A slight increase in carboxylate content after sulfonation was likely responsible for a small portion of the enhancement. Elemental analysis showed an increase in sulfur content after sulfonation. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra showed a decrease in the band at 1660 cm(-1) in the range of carbonyl groups as a result of sulfonation. This indicates that coniferaldehyde groups in the lignin of juniper wood corresponding to this band were substituted into sulfonic acid groups after sulfonation. This interpretation was supported by both the color forming reaction with phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid and the reaction mechanisms from the acid sulfite pulping process. Consequently, the enhancement of cadmium sorption capacity of juniper wood by sulfonation mainly originated from the production of sulfonic acid groups, which are binding sites for heavy metals.