Selenium in agriculture and the environment

Selenium occurs naturally in the soil environment in amounts which may cause nutritional toxicity or deficiency to livestock in areas throughout the world. Normal soils contain between 0.1 and 2.0 μg g^?1 selenium compared with 30–324 μg g^?1 (dry weight) or above from a seleniferous area. Plant selenium concentrations can generally be used as an indicator of the soil selenium status. Selenium accumulator plants may contain thousands of μg g^?1 selenium and grow healthily on highly seleniferous soils. Most plants contain small amounts of selenium; less than 1 μg g^?1 when growing on normal soils. A third group of plants, containing large amounts of sulphur, contain higher amounts of selenium when growing on normal soils.Animals consuming plants containing unusually small or large amounts of selenium over a prolonged period may develop nutritional selenium disorders. Development of sensitive analytical techniques has permitted detection of the very low amounts of selenium present in livestock suffering from selenium deficiency and associated problems. Required amounts of selenium necessary for animal nutrition range from 0.04 to 0.10 μg g^?1 depending on the animal species and the level of vitamin E in the diet. Amounts of selenium causing nutritional toxicity are usually an order of magnitude higher than those producing deficiency.Factors affecting selenium absorption in animals include the form of selenium in the diet and the type of animal. Ruminants moderate their dietary intake by reducing selenium to insoluble forms, which they excrete. Monogastric animals, by contrast, may absorb up to 80% or more of their dietary selenium intake, depending on its biological availability.Although there are areas where livestock poisoning occurs, much evidence has been accumulated to indicate that agricultural livestock is deficient, or bordering on selenium deficiency, in many areas of the world. Overt selenium deficiency in man has been reported in China, indicating the possibility of widespread non-overt sub-clinical selenium deficiency in humans. No definite evidence for human selenium toxicity has been reported.Although anthropogenic selenium contributes to the total selenium in the soil environment, most of it is biologically unavailable. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi reduce biologically available selenium to elemental insoluble forms, whilst others produce volatile organic forms of selenium which are lost to the atmosphere. Some bacteria are able to oxidise colloidal selenium so that it becomes biologically available. Whether the overall amount of biologically available selenium is increasing or decreasing in the soil environment is of vital consequence to agricultural productivity. It is recommended that work should be carried out to quantify amounts of available selenium that are lost from soil systems, and to identify the forms and amounts of selenium that enter the soil environment from natural and anthropogenic sources. Tests to indicate the presence of non-overt selenium deficiency in animals, such as blood selenium measurements, are recommended for areas under suspicion from soil and crop analyses.     

我国硒污染分析与电解锰行业控制对策

硒是生命活动中的重要元素,世界卫生组织(WHO)1973年确认硒是人类生命必须14种微量元素中的第一线微量元素。硒的营养与中毒的界限是所有元素中最小的一个,若不足,则生物效应为"存活,缺乏",若过量,则"毒性,致死"。为了有效提高电解锰生产过程中的电流效率,国内企业广泛使用二氧化硒(SeO2)作为添加剂,导致操作工人长期暴露在硒污染作业环境中,同时锰渣中挟带大量的硒污染物进入到外环境中,存在着严重而明显的环境和生态隐患。因此,研究分析电解锰行业硒污染及其控制技术具有其必要性及重要性。     

浙北平原富硒土壤资源区硒来源的定量分离

明确硒元素含量不同来源组分(自然背景组分和外源输入组分)贡献率是评价富硒土地资源是否具有可持续利用性的前提.以嘉兴市秀洲富硒土地资源区为研究区域,通过地学分析和多元统计交互验证,将该区域土壤硒来源定性分离为自然背景组分和含外源输入组分,并采用频数分布函数为工具,对硒含量不同来源组分的贡献率进行定量分离.结果表明,秀洲区富硒土地硒含量来源自然背景组分的贡献率占90%,外源输入组分占10%,表明秀洲区富硒土地资源具有可持续开发利用的潜力.     

表生环境中硒形态研究现状

硒是一种对环境具有灵敏指示意义的元素,在表生环境中存在诸多形态,如Se(IV)、Se(VI)、Se(0)、Se(-II)、Org-Se,每种形态都有独特的化学、生物化学性质(控制元素的可溶性、毒性、营养功能、环境行为)。在综合分析近年来国内外表生环境硒形态研究的基础上,作者分别对岩石(矿物)、土壤和沉积物、生物体、各种水体、大气中硒自然形态的分布进行了综述,并初步建立了不同体系之间硒在积累、迁移过程中形态迁移转化的地球化学模型;最后指出了硒形态研究方面有可能的前景。     

硒的微生物地球化学研究进展

硒是人体和动物所必需约微量元素,在自然界中以Se2-、Sec、Se4-和See6+的无机和有机形态存在.微生物在硒的形态转化中发挥着重要的作用,影响着地质环境申硒的地球化学循环.本文重点综述了与硒相关的微生物类群、微生物在硒形态转化过程中的作用机理及其与硒相关微生物的最新研究方法,并就其应用前景和存在的问题与展望也给予...     

广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

应用原子荧光光度法对广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻和根系土中的硒含量进行了测试。研究了水稻中硒含量与根系土中硒含量以及土壤性质之间关系。结果表明:研究区水稻中硒含量在0.021～0.335mg/kg之间,平均值为0.074mg/kg,标准差0.045,样品数为70件;根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.167～1.328mg/kg,平均值为0.620mg/kg,标准差0.230,样品数为70件。高于世界土壤表层平均值和全国表层土壤平均值,相关分析结果表明,根系土中S、有机质、P、C、N不利于水稻对硒的吸收,高CaO含量和pH有利于硒的吸收。土壤全硒量不是控制水稻硒水平的最主要因素。     

雄安新区富硒土地资源分布特征及开发利用评价

采集雄安新区表层土壤样品（0~20cm）、大宗农作物（小麦籽实）及根系土样品,利用GIS空间分析、相关分析等方法对土壤硒含量分布、富集特征及影响因素进行分析,基于生态位适宜性评价理论模型开展富硒土地资源开发利用适宜性评价.结果表明：新区表层富硒土地16993hm²,土壤中硒赋存形态以强有机结合态为主,其次为残渣态和腐殖酸结合态,三者占土壤硒总量的87%以上,生物可利用态硒含量所占比例相对较小（水溶态硒占比4.44%、离子交换态硒占比3.43%）.小麦籽实样品富硒率28.45%,籽实中硒含量与根系土壤中硒含量具有显著相关性（r=0.77,P<0.01）.土壤硒富集主要受第四纪沉积地貌环境的影响,此外灌溉水、化肥和大气干湿沉降（燃煤降尘）等外源输入也影响贫化富集.土壤硒含量与沉积地貌环境“标志性”土壤指标Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、MgO和K₂O含量,土壤有机碳（Corg.）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、黏粒和粉粒含量等具有显著正相关关系,与SiO₂、Na₂O含量和土壤砂粒含量等具有显著负相关关系（P<0.01）.基于生态位评价理论模型,新区富硒土地资源开发利用适宜性评价结果表明：高适宜区（Ⅰ级）和中适宜区（Ⅱ级）主要位于新区西北容城县南张镇和小里镇、安新县寨里乡和老河头镇等地,土地面积为14397.35hm²,占新区规划总面积的8.13%.     

正相液体色谱法测定ppt量级的硒

硒作为生命必需的微量元素,其有关研究报告日见增多。在我国,已经报道了由区域环境低硒引起的大骨节病、克山病、以及区域性癌症。相关研究工作包括我国低硒带的成因、硒的生物地球化学循环、地方病病因的探讨。由于中国低硒带内环境样品硒含量低,其中饮水中硒的总量一般低于0.1ppb,形态分析中的组成部分含量甚至低于0.01ppb,因     

浙西球川富硒区耕地土壤硒含量及其影响因素

通过浙西球川耕地土壤的调查与分析,对表层土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,该区表层土壤硒含量均值为0. 43 mg/kg。不同地层分布区土壤硒含量差异较大,荷塘组碳质页岩、硅质岩分布区土壤硒含量最高(平均值为0. 59 mg/kg),寿昌组凝灰岩分布区土壤硒含量最低(平均值为0. 32 mg/kg),地质背景(岩石分布)对土壤硒含量及分布起控制作用。旱地土壤硒含量平均值高于水田。土壤硒含量与有机质含量呈正相关关系,而与土壤p H关系不密切。球川地区土壤硒主要来自自然背景(成土母质),外源输入影响较小,该区富硒土壤具有可持续开发利用潜力。     

大气环境中硒的存在形式、来源及通量

大气硒是全球硒循环的重要组成部分。人为源和自然源释放的硒以气态和颗粒态硒形式在大气中迁移和转化,最后通过干湿沉降回到海洋和大陆,完成硒的生物地球化学循环。本文综述了大气环境中硒的存在形式,总结和讨论了大气硒的各种人为源和自然源通量,并对该领域未来的研究作了展望。     

Assessment of selenium pollution in agricultural soils in the Xuzhou District, Northwest Jiangsu, China

Xuzhou City is an important base for coal production and coal-fired power. To evaluate selenium contamination in this area, we sampled agricultural soil, soil profile, irrigation water, bedrock, coal, fly ash, paddy rice, and vegetables from the north of Xuzhou City, and determined their selenium contents. The background level of selenium in the soil profile was 0.08 mg/kg. The selenium concentrations in agricultural soils and irrigation water were in the range of 0.21-4.08 mg/kg and 0.002-0.29 mg/L, respec...     

青阳县富硒土壤中硒的形态与水稻富硒的相关性研究

通过对青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量及种植水稻中硒的含量测定,研究青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的赋存分布特征,探讨水稻中硒含量及分布特点,同时对土壤中各形态的硒与水稻中硒的相关性进行研究。研究结果显示:青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量差异较大,其中强有机结合态、腐殖酸态和残渣态的硒,含量较高,占到总量的10%以上;而水溶态、离子态、铁锰态、碳酸盐态的硒含量较低,占总量比例皆低于5%;研究区水稻籽粒中硒的含量均值为0. 063 8 mg/kg高于全国平均水平0. 032 mg/kg,达到了国家富硒水稻的标准;水稻对土壤中硒的富集利用与土壤中硒的形态关系密切,当地土壤中水溶态和腐殖酸态的硒与水稻中硒的含量呈显著相关,而其它形态的硒相关性不明显,说明水稻吸收利用的主要是土壤中水溶态与腐殖酸态的硒。据此可以通过施加有机生物质的生产措施,增大土壤腐殖酸态硒的含量,提高土壤中有效硒的供给含量,以有利于水稻对土壤中硒的吸收富集,提高水稻中硒的含量。     

原子荧光法测定硒的不确定度评定

在环境样品的理化分析过程中,一切测量结果都不可避免地带来一定的不确定度,有很多因素都会影响到监测的最终结果,如：基准物质的称量、纯度、所用玻璃器皿、取样体积、实验温度等等。以测定水中硒的含量为例,分析和评价影响水中硒的测量的不确定度,建立数学模型,对在分析过程中产生的不确定度进行识别和计算,从而对原子荧光法测量硒的不确定度分析评定。掌握水中硒测量不确定度评定方法,能帮助分析人员确定测定结果的可靠程度,确保测定结果的准确、可靠。     

Coordinated gene expression for pheromone biosynthesis in the pine engraver beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ips pini</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

In several pine bark beetle species, phloem feeding induces aggregation pheromone production to coordinate a mass attack on the host tree. Male pine engraver beetles, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), produce the monoterpenoid pheromone component ipsdienol de novo via the mevalonate pathway in the anterior midgut upon feeding. To understand how pheromone production is regulated in this tissue, we used quantitative real-time PCR to examine feeding-induced changes in gene expression of seven mevalonate pathway genes: acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, mevalonate 5-diphosphate decarboxylase, isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase, geranyl-diphosphate synthase (GPPS), and farnesyl-diphosphate synthase (FPPS). In males, expression of all these genes significantly increased upon feeding. In females, the expression of the early mevalonate pathway genes (up to and including the isomerase) increased significantly, but the expression of the later genes (GPPS and FPPS) was unaffected or decreased upon feeding. Thus, feeding coordinately regulates expression of the mevalonate pathway genes necessary for pheromone biosynthesis in male, but not female, midguts. Furthermore, basal mRNA levels were 5- to 41-fold more abundant in male midguts compared to female midguts. This is the first report of coordinated regulation of mevalonate pathway genes in an invertebrate model consistent with their sex-specific role in de novo pheromone biosynthesis.Electronic Supplementary Material  Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .     

粤北山区连州市土壤硒含量分布特征及影响因素研究

以粤北山区连州市为研究区,采集了3009个耕地表层土壤（0~20 cm）样品,利用GS+软件构建的半方差变异函数模型、ArcGIS中的克里金插值法以及SPSS相关性分析等方法,分析了研究区耕地表层土壤硒含量的空间分布特征、硒元素的形态特征及影响因素.结果表明,土壤硒含量的均值为0.432 mg·kg^-1,变化范围为0.048~4.650 mg·kg^-1,耕地土壤整体处于富硒和足硒的水平,富硒土壤较为丰富.在空间分布上,富硒土壤主要连片分布在连州市的南部和东北部,中西部地区则呈斑状分布.土壤中硒的赋存形式主要以残渣态和强有机结合态为主,二者占全量的60.5%;土壤硒全量与残渣态硒、强有机结合态和腐殖酸结合态硒有显著的相关性.土壤pH和TOC对土壤硒含量具有重要的影响作用,而成土母质是影响连州市耕地表层土壤硒含量分布状况的决定性因素.     

长效硒丸对山羊工业氟中毒预防效果的研究

包头地区是典型的工业氟污染区,据调查,在受影响的近万km~2牧区,数十万只山羊遭受不同程度损害。在重污染区,动物生长缓慢,生产性能降低,生命周期显著缩短,给畜牧业造成巨大经济损失。到目前为止,还没有一条根治污染的有效途径。多年来,人们一直在寻找一种预防氟中毒的有效方法,以减轻由此造成的经济损失。1985年我们用亚硒酸钠注射法对工业氟污染区的山羊进行了防治试验,初步观察到硒有较好的预防效果。在此基础上,为了进一步证实其效果和寻找一个适合牧业大生产的长效剂型,我们又于1987年12月至1989年7月进行了此项研究。     

贵州省土壤硒的背景值研究

在贵州省 17 6× 10 4km2 的范围内 ,按点位法采集土壤样品进行硒含量的测定 ,获得 947件样品的算术平均值为 0 39mg kg ,中位数为0 30mg kg。全省土壤含硒量在 0 0 6～ 1 2 9mg kg之间。全省大部分地区属于硒含量适中区。研究表明 ,贵州省的土壤大多数是基底岩石原地风化形成的 ,所以 ,基岩含硒量的高低对土壤含硒量起主要制约作用      

大巴山区早古生代地层和石煤中硒的化学活动性的初步研究

通过对大巴山区主要分布的早古生代地层中的碎屑岩，碳酸盐岩和石煤的原岩，风化岩，原生土壤的硒含量及其相关关系分析，及对南秦岭早古生代地层和石煤中硒的化学活动性进行了研究。结果表明：其岩石和石煤中的硒在地层环境下有较大的活动性，不同类型岩石中硒淋失率和硒的淋失量不同，富硒而淋失率低但淋失量高的下寒武统鲁家坪组和早志留世大贵坪组的炭质板岩和石煤的分布区土壤（主要为当地岩石的风化残积物）的含硒量可达10mg/kg，甚至更高，是大巴山的富硒带和硒中毒带，含硒低而且淋失率高的志留系砂岩和粉砂岩以及寒武系统砾屑灰岩分布区是大巴山区的低硒带。     

Study on correlation between humic acid and selenium in Kaschin-Beck disease areas

The relationship between humic acid and selenium content was studied in this research. The results of calculation showed that there is more humic acid and less selenium in Kaschin-Beck disease areas in China. Fulvic acid in soil could increase selenium level in plants. The chemical bonding between humic acid and selenium was observed with an I.R. spectroscope. It was remarkable for the changes of absorption peak and frequency in 1100-1000 cm-1, 900-700 cm-1.