砷钼杂多酸—罗丹明6G荧光猝灭法测定痕量砷

探讨了在聚乙烯醇存在下，砷钼杂多酸－罗丹明６Ｇ荧光猝灭法测定痕量砷的条件，其λｃｍ位于５６０ｎｍ，Ａｓ（Ｖ）量在２～６０ｎｇ／ｍＬ范围内与荧光猝灭值成线性关系，方法可用于环境水样中痕量砷的测定。     

高灵敏XRF测定废水中痕量砷

本文提出了在硫酸介质中,以锌粒还原产生氢化物,溴化铜溶液吸收,微孔滤膜过滤制成薄样,Ｘ射线荧光测定水中痕量砷的分析方法。     

氢化物发生—原子荧光法测定水中砷（Ⅲ）,砷（V）

以吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵（ＡＰＤＣ）络合砷（Ⅲ），氯仿萃取，用湿消化法处理萃取液，消除有机物质干扰，所得消化样品用氢化物发生－原子荧光测定砷（Ⅲ）。在水样中加入碘化钾还原砷（Ｖ）至砷（Ⅲ），用相同方法测定总量。总量减去砷（Ⅲ）量，求得砷（Ｖ）含量。     

加热砷锑钼蓝杂多酸光度法测定水中痕量砷

本文采用单纯形最优化法探讨了加热显色砷锑钼蓝杂多酸的最佳条件,砷锑钼蓝杂多酸的最大吸收波长位于６９０ｎｍ,砷在０～５μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定祁。方法灵敏、准确与简便,应用于水样痕量测的测定,结果满意．     

土壤和底质中砷形态分析前处理技术

利用可溶性砷（包括有机砷、砷的无机含氧化合物）和硫化砷的特性进行砷的形态分析。在２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸中提取可溶性砷,与硫化砷进行分离,分别测定总砷和可溶性砷后差值为硫化砷,在９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸－碘化钾溶液中用苯萃取砷的无机含氧化合物与有机砷进行分离,可分别测定有机砷的砷的无机含氧化合物。     

用AgDDC光度法测砷时应注意的问题

用ＡｇＤＤＣ光度法测砷时应注意的问题范俊峰（河南省邓州市环境监测站４７４１５０）砷是自然界中普遍存在的元素，其化合物大多有剧毒。在环境监测中，砷是一个常规分析项目，二乙基二硫代甲酸银光度法（简称ＡｇＤＤＣ光度法）是测定砷的最常用方法。笔者就此法结合工...     

高砷煤矿废水灌溉土壤中砷的垂直分布特征

本研究在贵州兴仁县交乐村高砷煤矿废水灌溉区采集了55个土壤剖面（0 ～ 85 cm）,以分析研究区内土壤砷的垂直变化趋势.结果表明,研究区内土壤砷的垂直分布极为广泛,在85 cm深的剖面砷含量为19.067 ～ 179.62mg/kg,均高于全国平均水平.同时还发现,距离污染源越近土壤剖面中的砷含量,无论是表层还是下层均高于未受或少受煤矿废水灌溉土壤中的砷含量.农田土壤中高含量砷的来源,除受当地高砷的地质背景影响外,高砷煤矿废水的灌溉也是重要的因素,砷在研究区内的垂直变化没有呈现出统一的规律.     

不同方法加入锌粒对砷测定影响的探讨

不同方法加入锌粒对砷测定影响的探讨金中华（江苏省灌云县环境监测站２２２２００）《水和废水监测分析万法》要求在测定水质中的砷时，要预先称取多份一定量（４ｇ）的无砷锌粒，分装备用．这不仅繁琐费时，而且在加锌粒时还容易出错。为此，本文改用不称量．通过小漏斗...     

用DPP法测定饮用水中痕量As（Ⅲ）和总无机砷

砷是一种剧毒的痕量元素,其毒性取决于砷的化学形态.笔者用DDP法测定饮用水中痕量AS(Ⅲ)和总无机砷,克服了原子吸收光谱法或发射光谱法对微量H_3As的测定困难,测定速度又比溶出伏安法快,且精密度高,虽然其方法的灵敏度低于溶出伏安法,但检测限是允许的.1 操作条件:仪器参数、支持电解质、去除干扰物、As(V)还原为 As(Ⅲ).     

南通地区地下水中砷的形态分布特征研究

2012年开展南通市1∶50000水文地质调查,对监测网内地下水进行采样分析,建立了基于液相色谱－电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定地下水中砷形态的方法,该方法检出限为0．1μg／L。样品分析表明,南通地区地下水中砷的形态以三价无机砷为主,有机砷以砷胆碱（AsB）和乙基砷（DMA）为主,样品中未检出五价无机砷。通过砷形态研究表明,南通近海地区地下水中砷的质量浓度较低（＜0．5μg／L）,主要以 As（Ⅲ）为主,不存在其他砷的形态;近长江地区地下水中砷的质量浓度较高（＞1．0μg／L）,砷形态以 As（Ⅲ）和 DMA为主。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.