Changes in the size structure of carabid communities in forest ecosystems under technogenic transformation

The body size structure of carabid communities has been analyzed based on the 2009 and 2013 collections (with the use of pitfall traps) performed at 10 sites of a spruce–fir forest along the gradient of pollution with emissions from the Middle Ural Copper Smelter. A reduction in the unweighted mean body size of carabid individuals has been shown, as well as the heterogeneity of body sizes in the community (Gini coefficient) of the extremely polluted territory. It has been revealed that the weighted mean body size of individuals and the Lorentz asymmetry coefficient are not dependent on the level of pollution. Differences between the communities of carabids in the background and polluted territories are associated with the smaller number of large-sized species, while the similarity is explained by the dominance of medium- and small-sized species at all sites. The high interannual variability has been observed in the ratio of size groups of the analyzed communities at the background and moderate levels of pollution.     

Structural Changes in the Carabid Fauna of Forest Ecosystems under a Toxic Impact

Changes in the abundance, species composition, and biomorphological structure of the carabid fauna were studied in birch and fir–spruce forests growing in a zone exposed to emissions from a copper-smelting plant in the Middle Urals. The dynamic density of carabids decreased and their species composition and the ratio of life forms changed along the pollution gradient, but the principle of organization of carabidocenoses and the structure of dominance in them remained undisturbed.     

Differences in responses of herpetobionts and geobionts to impact from the Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (Tula region,Russia)

The influence of the Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (KMP; Tula region, Russia) on the abundance and biodiversity of carabid beetles and soil macrofauna and on the trophic activity of soil biota was studied. Metal concentrations in the impact plot were many times higher than those in the control plot located on the same transect. As the transect approached KMP, both the abundance of soil invertebrates (geobionts) and trophic activity of the soil biota remained unchanged, whereas the abundance and diversity of carabids (herpetobionts) decreased drastically. It is suggested that the impact of the KMP on herpetobionts is accounted for by modification of the structure of ecosystems and that herpetobiontic and geobiontic groups of the macrofauna respond differently to this impact because of differences in the ecological mechanisms of population response.     

Regulation of numbers of insects on islands of the Kuibyshev Reservoir

The main regulatory mechanism of populations is revealed for some insect groups (Carabidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, and Hemiptera) on islands of the Kuibyshev Reservoir. This mechanism is the dynamics of the ratio of species with imaginal and preimaginal winter diapause. The extent of these dynamics depends on the stability of habitats, which in turn depends on water-level conditions in the reservoir. The period of adaptation of the community of carabids of the most flooded biotope to the extreme impact of water conditions is determined.     

Ecology of ground beetles in an industrial city

Specific ecological features of ground beetles inhabiting city parks and suburban areas were studied in the large industrial city of Nizhnii Tagil (Sverdlovsk oblast). Carabid cenoses of city parks retained considerable species diversity but proved to be strongly dominated by a limited number of species. An analysis of their state before and after recreational impact revealed changes in the species composition of communities, the set of dominant species, the degrees of their dominance, and the ratio between classes of life forms. The results show that the stronger the recreational impact, the more significant the decrease in the species diversity of the carabid community.     

Changes in the Carabid Fauna (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of Meadow Steppes during the Past Decades

Basic trends in the structural dynamics of the meadow-steppe carabid fauna over the period from 1970 to 1997 have been analyzed. Data on changes in the abundance and composition of dominant species are reported. Transformation of carabidocenoses is mainly accounted for by an increased humidity of the climate and the related mesophytization of forest–steppe ecosystems.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

Residual Effect of Induced Water Stress and Nitrogen Addition on the Mycobiota in Scots Pine Stands

Mycobiota (fungi, lichens and myxomycetes) was examined in permanent plots following experiments of artificial drought (D) and nitrogen addition (N) and compared with untreated forest (C), in Scots pine stand planted on Arenosols. Species diversity and relationships between fungal community structure and environmental variables (plant species numbers and cover, bryophyte cover, soil and bark pH, tree mortality) were explored. Both D and N treatments lead to decrease of fungal species in general, however, responses of individual trophic and ecological groups varied. The strongest effect of the treatments was observed for soil fungi, especially mycorrhizal: numbers of fruiting species and ectomycorrhizal root tips decreased, and species composition has changed. Saprotrophic fungi reacted by changes in species composition but not in numbers. Of the studied environmental variables, the most significant effect on mycobiota had bryophyte and vascular plant cover as well as vascular plant species numbers.     

长江中游监利江段鱼类群落结构研究

基于2013~2015年、2017~2018年长江中游监利江段的鱼类资源监测数据,采用多样性指数和多元统计方法分析该江段的鱼类群落结构特征。研究表明:5年共监测到鱼类68种,隶属于6目13科,其中鲤形目共46种;2018年监测的鱼类种类数要多于其他年份。各年份的均匀度指数值相差不大,2018年Shannon Wiener指数值和Margalef丰富度指数值要大于前面4个年份,优势度指数值有一定波动,但值均偏低。ABC曲线及W统计表明2013年和2014年鱼类群落结构受到了人类活动的严重扰动,而2015、2017和2018年受到人类活动的扰动程度不大。聚类分析和非度量多维尺度分析显示鱼类群落可以分为三组,但相似性分析表示三组间无明显差异。     

杭州湾及钱塘江河口冬季水鸟群落多样性及其空间分布

在2007、2009和2011年的冬季,对杭州湾及钱塘江河口段曹娥江口至甬江口之间潮间带及其附近围垦区大水面的水鸟群落进行了调查,共记录7目14科69种,其中冬候鸟45种,占总数的65.2％;国家一二级重点保护鸟类7种;超过其东亚地理种群数1%标准的水鸟有6种。研究显示：杭州湾及钱塘江河口湿地越冬水鸟分布的重点区域有4个,即杭州湾慈溪段(记录的水鸟达65种,占总数的94.2%)、钱塘江上虞段（38种,占总数的55.1%）、杭州湾镇海段（37种,占总数的53.6%）和钱塘江海宁段（28种,占总数的40.6%）。对主要类群在4个重点区域的分布比较表明,除与杭州湾镇海段的鸻鹬类分布物种数、钱塘江上虞段的雁鸭类个体数量之间无显著差异外,杭州湾慈溪段分布的鸻鹬类、雁鸭类和鸥类物种最为丰富,该区域记录的鸻鹬类、雁鸭类个体数量也显著高于其它区域。从水鸟群落组成年际动态看, 2007～2011年,杭州湾及钱塘江河口冬季水鸟群落多样性指数变动不大,但个体数量出现了较大波动,雁鸭类和秧鸡类数量呈现增加趋势,而鸻鹬类和鸥类则出现下降态势,且秧鸡类、鸻鹬类及鸥类的个体数量变动最大。湿地资源尤其是滩涂面积可能是影响杭州湾区域水鸟分布的重要因素。拥有大水面的海涂水库、围垦区自然抛荒而待开发的滩涂能为水鸟提供重要的越冬场所。从整个杭州湾来看,人为活动如近年来高强度的大规模围垦可能是导致该区域越冬水鸟群落组成和种群数量发生剧烈变动的主要原因。在加强自然潮间带资源保护的同时,改进围垦区人工湿地的管理,将有利于提高当地乃至整个区域的水鸟多样性水平     

Specific Features of the Dynamics of Murine Rodent Communities under the Effects of Urbanization: 2. Maintenance of Population Size

The reproduction dynamics of nonsynanthropic rodents living in urbanized areas was compared with that of rodents from natural communities. The number of females in a community and the number of embryos and placental spots per female were estimated. The mechanisms providing for the maintenance of population size were different in different habitats. In particular, the urban communities of murine rodents proved to have a higher reproductive potential.     

Estimations of the Transparency of the Forest Canopy: Analysis of the Ecological Content

The transparency of the forest canopy of lichen-green moss pine forests was estimated for different numbers of sectors of the celestial hemisphere. The ecological contents of these estimations are discussed. The dominance frequencies of species of the herbaceous-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen layers were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that the transparency estimated for the zenith sector alone better reflects the influence of leaf debris and the rainfall interception by the crowns. If the transparency was estimated taking into account all sectors of the celestial hemisphere, the effect of community disturbance increased and the redistribution of rainfall was masked.     

Screening ecological risk assessment for the benthic community in the Venice lagoon (Italy)

According to the risk hypothesis: the sediment as source of potential risk for the benthic community, an Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) based on the quotient method was undertaken. The exposure of the benthic community to different classes of pollutants (metals, chlorinated organic compounds and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) was inferred by estimating the pollutant stocks in the top 15-cm sediment of the whole Venice lagoon, after application of geostatistic techniques. The risk was calculated by comparing the sediment exposure profiles with the ecotoxicological benchmarks for benthic organisms. Kriging based maps of the spatial distribution of the estimated risk for the benthic community over the whole lagoon were obtained. The highest risk, found in the areas nearest to the sources of contamination (e.g., the industrial district of Porto Marghera and the river mouths), was posed by mercury (40% of the sampling stations showed exposure levels higher than the Probable Effect Level), arsenic and nickel (75% of the sampling stations exceeded the Threshold Effect Level).     

Application of the Eco-Industrial concept to community environmantal management

This study is aimed at studying the feasibility of applying the Eco-Industrial concept to community environmental management and then investigating factors and appropriate means. In-depth interviewing of scholars and authorities and surveying of five sample communities representing the four different regions in Thailand is carried out to search for the feasibility of applying the concept. The results show that it is feasible, especially in rural areas, where dependence on the local resources and the community members in doing activities in the communities in accordance with the ecological context still exists. Factors and conditions involved in applying the concept include analysis of resources, participation of the people, community leaders, formulation of community development plans, good communication, sharing of knowledge, and provision of appropriate support to create network of communities. The appropriate means of applying the concept to community environmental management entails promoting involvement in the part of the local people and sustainability in the cooperation, with appropriate channels of communication and under the guidance of the leaders, who are the community’s central figures with the determination and ability to motivate and navigate the people in the community. Importantly, there must be analysis on the economic, social, environmental, and health benefits resulting from such application.     

山水林田湖生命共同体健康评价——以红枫湖区域为例

了解、掌握山水林田湖生命共同体健康情况能为共同体修复工作提供参考。以红枫湖所在地为研究区,借鉴VOR生态模型建立山水林田湖生命共同体健康评价的SC模型。评价体系中27个指标等级设定参考国际、国家行业标准、相关文献,未有明确标准的指标采取标准化或者自然断点发划定等级,权重采用AHP确定。结果表明：（1）研究区山水林田湖生命共同体健康整体属于亚健康状态;（2）因2010年百年一遇大旱,生命共同体健康（H）指数在2010年最低;（3）山的基本状态指数与评价其他子系统基本状态的多个指标存在相关性;（4）生命共同体基本状态（S）指数与林、湖强度相关;（5）2005～2015年H指数增加得益于湖的基本状态得到改善。以相关性分析结果与实地实施的方针政策相结合,确定影响生命共同体健康的主要因子有地形地貌、极端雨量、水利工程以及生态环境保护措施。最后,从重点湖泊区保护、水库生态环境优化、抗旱防汛水利工程实施、重点工业区、土地开发建设、水土流失治理等5个方面提出生命共同体健康维护建议。     

Prenatal and postnatal insecticide use and infant neuropsychological development in a multicenter birth cohort study

There is little evidence about exposure to currently used insecticides during early life periods and adverse effects on child neuropsychological development. The aim of this study is to examine the association between residential insecticide use during pregnancy and infancy, and the development of children.Study subjects were participants in the INMA (Environment and Childhood) Project, a Spanish multicenter birth cohort study. Prenatal and postnatal use of indoor insecticides and other variables were obtained from personal interview during pregnancy and infancy. Mental and psychomotor development was assessed around 14 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The associations were analyzed by linear regression models.54% of women used indoor insecticides at home during pregnancy and 47% postnatally. 34% of women used insecticide sprays and 33% used plug-in devices during pregnancy. During infancy, the percentage of women who used insecticide sprays decreased (22%), but the use of plug-in devices was similar to the prenatal period (32%). The use of insecticide sprays during pregnancy was associated with a decrement in psychomotor development (β = − 1.9; 95%CI: − 3.4, − 0.5) but postnatal use did not associate with mental and psychomotor development. The negative effect was enhanced according to some modifying factors, such as being female, higher levels of prenatal exposure to PCB and mercury and belonging to the lowest social class.We found certain evidence about the adverse effect of using insecticide sprays during pregnancy on the psychomotor development of children. Some socio-demographic factors and other exposures could enhance that effect.     

“5.12”汶川地震极重灾区灾后 十年生态恢复状况评估

汶川地震发生10年后，通过对极重灾区生态系统类型解译和地面植被样方调查， GPP、LAI反演，以及对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的测定与分析，综合评估了极重灾区植被和土壤恢复情况。结果表明：区域生态系统总体趋于稳定向好的恢复态势。2017年的裸露地表面积虽高于震前（2007年），但相对于震后（2008年后）已有所减少。从生态系统质量上来看：GPP、LAI均值在2014年以后呈持续缓慢上升状态，反映了区域生态系统总体良好的恢复力。但是部分在地震中损坏的森林生态系统，仍未恢复到原来状态。成都平原区域部分农田转变为城镇建设用地。至2017年，地震破坏迹地植物种类明显增加。但仍以蔷薇科、菊科和禾本科等先锋物种为主，与2009年的调查结果相似。地震破坏迹地的群落结构已得到了较好的恢复。垂直分层方面，除干旱河谷区域群落结构仅草本或灌草结合1个层次外，其余区域的群落结构已经形成乔木-灌木-草本3个层次；土壤肥力状况总体上对照点优于受损点，受损点土壤肥力状况仍呈恶化状态。地震造成的土壤裸露，加速了矿化过程，短期内受损点速效营养元素含量的增加，长期来看将导致营养元素的流失，土壤肥力下降。在加强地质灾害监管，预防次生灾害的基础上，龙门山前华西雨屏一带，自然植被应坚持自然恢复为主。干旱河谷区域可以按照“因地制宜，适地适树”原则，采取适当人工恢复措施，同时注意改善土壤养分条件，促进植被恢复；城镇建设过程中应加强国土空间管控，保护基本农田。同时，应加强对生态保护红线，以及包括基本农田在内的各级各类保护地的监管。     

Factors of variation in the number of adventive species in herbaceous communities of the Western Caucasus

The saturation of herbaceous communities with adventive species in the Northern Caucasus has been estimated using as an indicator the number of such species in 0.5-m² plots. Among factors accounting for variation in the test parameter, consideration has been given to the coverage of the herbaceous layer, the species richness of communities (in 0.5-m² plots), and the numbers of adventive and indigenous species (in 15-m² plots). The field data have been processes by methods of ordinary and multivariate regression analysis. The results show that variation in saturation with adventive species between small areas of herbaceous communities largely depends on the number of such species in larger areas, their species-holding capacity, and the level of completeness of communities.     

近年长江湖口江段鱼类群落组成及多样性

2007~2009年每月2次,其中4~6月每月5次对湖口江段的鱼类群落特征及其多样性组成进行了调查,共收集鱼类样本4 241尾,隶属7科19属26种。群落优势种为黄颡鱼（〖WTBX〗Pseudobagrus fulvidraco）和粗唇鮠（Leiocassi crassilabis〖WTBZ〗）,占样本个体总数的6403%;Shannon Wiener多样性指数 (〖WTBX〗H′〖WTBZ〗)为1782,Simpson优势度指数 (〖WTBX〗λ〖WTBZ〗)为054,Pielou均匀度指数 (〖WTBX〗J′〖WTBZ〗)为0547,Margalef种类丰富度指标 (〖WTBX〗D〖WTBZ〗)为2993,Wilhm 改进指数（〖WTBX〗H″〖WTBZ〗）1873,相对稀有种数 (〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗)为5769%;长江湖口江段鱼类群落中体重50~500 g的中小型鱼类占绝对优势,体重>500 g的大型鱼类占的比例非常小,经济鱼类趋于小型化,鱼类群落稳定性较低,生物多样性处于较低水平。 鱼类群落可分为3个生态类型,其中江海洄游性鱼类有3种、河湖洄游性鱼类4种、定居性鱼类19种;食鱼性鱼类有8种,食无脊椎动物性鱼类11种,杂食性鱼类3种,食浮游生物性鱼类有2种,草食性鱼类2种     

Spatial differentiation of the total bird population in a definite area

The spatial structure of the total bird population at the level of communities has been studied in a definite area at the boundary between northern open forests and forest-tundra. The boundaries of communities have been delimited by mapping out areas with a homogeneous species composition. The pattern of communities is shown to be as follows: the species-richest part of a local species assemblage (characteristic of a given landscape type) forms the basic community, which is surrounded by poorer communities of increasingly variable composition and configuration, depending on distance from the basic community. The most distant communities consist almost exclusively of abundant and widespread species. A group of borderline communities of mixed composition is located at the boundary between two landscape complexes. Mechanisms accounting for such a pattern are discussed.