布袋除尘器挡板和导流板对气流分布特性的影响研究

采用计算流体力学方法对1×410t/h锅炉的布袋除尘器进行三维流场的数值模拟,考察整个除尘系统的烟气流量分配、速度及压力的内部分布规律.通过对烟道入口和除尘室入口合理布置导流板和挡板,改善气流的分布情况.这一方法和结果为同类除尘器的流场优化提供参考.     

无机陶瓷膜除尘器内部流场的数值模拟

无机陶瓷膜因其耐高温、耐腐蚀等特点在高温气固分离方面具有广阔的应用前景。不同结构特点和不同工艺参数下的无机陶瓷膜分离装置具有不同的内部流场分布,从而具有不同的分离行为和分离性能。采用基于流体动力学的数值模拟方法对内部速度场、烟气轨迹等进行模拟对于补充实验的不足以及指导结构和工艺参数的优化具有重要意义。通过Fluent软件对课题组研发搭建的无机陶瓷膜除尘设备模拟研究,并且考察添加导流板、气流均布板后的设备内部流场特性,结果表明:原除尘器膜组气流分配系数波动较大,速度场分布不均匀,烟气主要集中在左侧膜组,改进后的设备速度场和烟气分布相对均匀,气流分配系数在1处附近波动,气流分布比原型更均匀。     

脉冲袋式除尘器进气口导流板形式的试验研究

本文通过建立脉冲喷吹袋式除尘器的小型模型,分别对某型脉冲喷吹袋式除尘器在安装格栅导流板、安装阶梯导流板和安装斜向导流板的情况下内部流场的分布情况进行了测定,并对安装格栅导流板、阶梯导流板和斜向导流板时的布置形式进行了优化.结果表明,格栅导流板、阶梯导流板和斜向导流板对内部流场的均化都有非常明显的效果.但格栅导流板前部速度过高,局部阻力过大;阶梯导流板和斜向导流板内部气流均匀向上流过,减少由于局部气流速度过高引起的布袋损坏,相比之下,斜向导流板阻力更小,降低20%以上,因此更值得推广.     

脉冲袋式除尘器进气口导流板形式的试验研究

本文通过建立脉冲喷吹袋式除尘器的小型模型，分别对某型脉冲喷吹袋式除尘器在安装格栅导流板、安装阶梯导流板和安装斜向导流板的情况下内部流场的分布情况进行了测定，并对安装格栅导流板、阶梯导流板和斜向导流板时的布置形式进行了优化。结果表明，格栅导流板、阶梯导流板和斜向导流板对内部流场的均化都有非常明显的效果。但格栅导流板前部速度过高，局部阻力过大；阶梯导流板和斜向导流板内部气流均匀向上流过，减少由于局部气流速度过高引起的布袋损坏，相比之下，斜向导流板阻力更小，降低20％以上，因此更值得推广。     

直通式布袋除尘器气流均布的数值研究

本文利用CFD软件对直通式布袋除尘器内部流场进行模拟,在袋区增加导流装置后不仅使进入布袋区域的平均速度减小,同时使进入各袋室的流量偏差减小,为直通式布袋除尘器的结构改进提供了依据。     

烟气脱硫脱硝流化床反应器入口导流板的数值模拟与优化

为优化循环流化床半干法脱硫系统脱硫塔入口段结构,以某热电厂的循环流化床同时脱硫脱硝塔为原始对象,对其入塔口导流板进行模拟研究。发现入口段烟气无导流板时,流场分布不均匀,压力损失大。加装导流板以后,烟气流场均匀性提高。在直管段和弯管段和扩展段交界处添加一组和原来平行的导流板以后,流场得到进一步改善,并可以消除扩展段的大回流。在弯管段和扩展段交界处添加"井"状格的导流板流场会得到更好的改善,但压力损失加大。     

集成内循环烟气流化床脱硫塔内流动特性

针对脱硫塔内烟气的偏流问题,提出了直导流板加旋流结构的措施,应用CFD软件包FLUENT平台对导流板的尺寸、位置、数量进行了优化,得到了烟气入口调节的优化方案。通过工业流场试验对数值计算结果进行了验证,结果表明:采用烟气调节措施后,流场均匀性得到明显的提高。计算和工业试验数据一致,表明采用合适的计算模型,数值计算能取得良好的模拟结果。     

脱硫塔-湿式电除尘器一体化设备气流组织与优化

气流分布对脱硫塔-湿式电除尘器一体化设备的除尘效率以及SO_3酸雾和PM_(2.5)的去除具有重要意义,通过数值模拟试验,对1台130 t/h循环流化床锅炉脱硫塔-湿式电除尘器一体化设备内部流场进行系统分析。结果表明:通过在集液斗导流叶片上部和湿式电除尘器进口喇叭段添加导流板可使流场变得均匀,电场进口断面气流分布相对均方根满足要求;将管式湿式电除尘器中超过一定烟气流量偏差的阳极管数量控制在一定范围内,保证出口烟气含尘浓度达到设计目标。     

脱硫塔增效的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟的方法,对南通某热电厂的脱硫塔塔板的不同布置方案进行流场模拟,并显示塔内流场的分布情况。为使塔内的流场分布更加均匀,在所建立的数值模型基础上,对现有的塔板运行情况以及设想的塔板优化方案进行计算、比较和筛选。计算结果表明,现有的脱硫塔入口存在回流区,烟气SO2浓度和速度场分布不均匀,且系统阻力较大。在分析了影响流场的关键技术参数之后,通过改进脱硫塔入口形状,并在入口处增加整流装置,并将喷淋层改为雾化模式等对系统进行优化设计,不但气流改善,还有助于降低阻力。     

基于CFD的袋式除尘器流场优化及漏袋模拟

基于计算流体力学（CFD）,对苏州某环保公司实验用下进风袋式除尘器4种方案下的流场模拟结果进行分析比较,分别为无导流板（方案1）、直板加同向翼板（方案2）、直板加异向翼板（方案3）、竖直导流板加整流格栅（方案4）,选取滤袋进口前100 mm处截面速度相对标准偏差作为评价指标,并对不同面积破袋情况进行数值模拟,研究压差、流速和浓度作为检漏特征因子的可行性。结果表明:方案4的流场分布最为均匀,优于方案2和3;方案2的阻力增幅最小,显著低于方案3和4。研究从模拟角度验证了小范围破袋出口浓度与破袋面积呈线性正相关,并发现选取压差和流速作为检漏特征因子影响不显著,浓度变化最为灵敏。综合气流分布均匀性和阻力2个重要评价指标,方案2、4速度均匀性指数分别为0.36、0.2,且方案2阻力增幅远小于方案4,方案2更具实用性。研究提供的数值模拟方案可为下进风袋式除尘器的导流板布置及监测传感器的选用提供一定的参考依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.