冰雪灾害对川南森林可燃物的影响

冰雪灾害是影响森林的一个重要气象干扰因素,并会引起生态系统中其他次生干扰。研究冰雪灾害对森林可燃物的影响,提出可行的灾后可燃物管理技术将为今后应对类似的极端气候事件提供科学依据。基于对川南典型森林雪灾后受损情况调查,定量分析雪灾对各类可燃物的影响。按不同森林类型和受灾强度测定林分基本特征和各类可燃物载量,地表可燃物载量调查采用线状相交可燃物调查方法。结果表明：森林受害程度与树种、林龄、海拔、地形等因素有关,针叶林和针阔混交林树冠受损程度为5%~45%,阔叶林树冠受损程度为3%~8%。雪灾引起的主要是较大径级可燃物载量显著增加,径级≥7.0cm的可燃物占可燃物增量的48%~100%。灾后阔叶林地表径级可燃物载量达1.75 kg/m2,其他林分为0.18kg/m2~0.55 kg/m2。雪灾还改变可燃物空间分布,大量断枝和折断树干增加了可燃物垂直分布连续性,地表火更容易发展为树冠火。受灾严重的林分郁闭度下降,也会引起林下草本增加,有利于火灾的发生与发展。建议对受灾林分的地表可燃物清理以人工或机械清理为主。     

一种基于聚类分析的由林分因子估算地表可燃物载量的方法

地表可燃物载量的确定,是实现森林地表火蔓延预测的前提。已有火蔓延模型中,假定同一林分中可燃物分布是均匀的,不能准确描述可燃物载量的复杂空间分布。基于聚类分析方法,建立了一种根据易获取的几种林分因子来估算地表可燃物载量的方法。首先,对大兴安岭地区35块兴安落叶松林样地和21块樟子松林样地的树龄、郁闭度、胸径、树高等林分因子采用重心法进行系统聚类分析,分别将兴安落叶松林和樟子松林分为5类和7类。然后,计算得出每类可燃物的类中心,并以每类包含所有样地的可燃物载量的平均值来表示该类中心的载量,并由此建立可燃物载量与林分因子的对应关系。对聚类分析与线性回归预测模型从平均绝对误差AAD、标准误差SEE、模型预测稳定性指标SIF三方面进行对比,结果表明聚类分析模型要优于线性回归分析模型。     

北京西山森林潜在火行为及防火林带有效宽度分布研究

可燃物类型及其栽量分布是决定林火行为的重要因素.以北京西山试验林场魏家村分场为研究区域,根据样地调查和森林清查数据对可燃物类型进行分类,并对可燃物载量的空间分布进行研究.根据历史气象数据确定当地平均最大风速平均值为3.6m/s,平均最大风速的最大值为14m/s,在此情景下,结合DEM数据和可燃物数据对研究区域的林火强度进行计算,并对防火林带的有效参数进行确定.     

西藏东南部森林可燃物特点及气候变化对森林火灾的影响

根据西藏林芝地区的DEM数据和植被分布数据分析了该地区可燃物的水平分布和垂直分布规律,并根据火发生纪录分别计算了火发生周期和发生概率,根据火灾高发期的降水和气温数据分析降水和气温的变化趋势,本地区易发生火灾的可燃物主要有高山松云南松林,草甸灌丛,云冷杉林等.该地区的火灾轮回期为17178 a,火发生概率为0.00006,远远低于东北林区,但由于该地区处于高海拔地区,生态系统脆弱,林木蓄积量大,积累能量高,潜在的火强度高.林芝地区夏季降水减少,火灾高发期(2～5月)降水有所增加,但增温明显,气温升高对高海拔地区的影响比低海拔地区更大,对于森林可燃物而言,气温增高使高海拔地区的森林火险增大,森林防火面临的形势更加严峻.     

交通事故信息管理与时空分布分析

交通事故发生点具有明确的空间位置属性 ,其在空间和时间上的分布具有不均匀性 ,利用GIS技术能实现交通事故信息管理及其时空分布规律的研究。笔者在分析道路交通事故信息的基础上 ,采用全新的管理模式 ,利用空间数据库技术实现交通事故的空间、时间信息以及造成交通事故的人、车、路和环境等因素的一体化管理 ;通过GIS技术进行道路交通事故的时空分布分析 ,发现其在空间和时间上的分布规律 ;最后提出了交通事故管理与分析中需要进一步解决的几个问题。     

黄土高原刺槐人工林地土壤颗粒分形特征研究

采用分形理论,研究黄土高原刺槐人工林地不同树龄和不同深度的土壤颗粒的分形特征.结果表明,在刺槐人工林凋落物和根系等的作用下,人工林能够提高林地土壤的团聚能力,降低土壤的分形维数;不同树龄刺槐人工林地的土壤颗粒分形维数在土壤剖面的不同深度上趋于均一,而且小于同种质地的其他土壤;土壤颗粒分形维数可以反映森林土壤粒径分布的变化,因而可作为评价森林土壤生态特征的指标.     

大型仓库防火分区问题性能化设计研究

本文运用性能化设计方法对某大型仓库防火分区问题进行分析说明,其结果勿需对空间进行实体分隔,从而实现动态分区。为了实现了动态分区,通过采用合理的消防对策和减少火灾时热释放速率的方法,防止火灾扩散和蔓延。本文运用ISO9705实验装置研究了该仓库内主要可燃物(轮胎)在不同堆放方式下的热释放速率,通过确定可燃物堆放方式来减少该仓库的热释放速率,由于研究结果表明了可燃物水平堆放比垂直堆放的热释放速率小得多,从而可燃物应水平堆放;同时本文也对采用标准喷头和快速响应早期抑制喷头的自动喷水灭火系统分别进行了科学计算,比较二者的结果所得：标准喷头不能实现对着火源的控制,而快速响应早期抑制喷头可以对着火源的控制,该仓库的自动喷水灭火系统采用快速响应早期抑制喷头可以将火势控制在一定的范围内,火源上方(z=6．8m)温度分布也表明该仓库不需要进行钢结构保护。     

西藏森林火灾时空分布规律研究

根据1992～2005年西藏藏族自治区森林火灾统计,分析了森林火灾发生的时间和空间规律.森林火灾的年际间波动较大,2001以来火灾次数呈明显的上升趋势,但主要是火警次数增多.西藏的森林火灾主要发生在春季和冬季,特别是12月～翌年5月,2月和3月份的森林火灾最为严重.从森林火灾的空间分布来看,森林火灾主要发生在藏东南地区,特别是芒康、察隅、林芝和米林等县的森林火灾较多.引起森林火灾的火源主要是由生产用火和生活用火引起的.文中还对西藏森林火灾发生的火环境进行了分析,气候特点和可燃物分布特征决定了西藏的森林防火期为冬春季,火灾多发生在海拔2800 m～3600 m的阳坡针叶林和阔叶林中,以地表火最多,大多火场面积少于10 hm2.根据西藏森林火灾的发生特点,建议今后在防火基础建设、火源管理、可燃物管理、林火预防和扑救等方面加强工作,提高森林防火的能力.     

棉纺织印染行业的火灾危险性研究

印染过程中,易燃、可燃物较多,有些还会自燃,甚至爆燃;印染加工工序较多,机械设备复杂,用电量较大,存在明火作业,因此,印染生产的火灾危险性较大。本文对棉纺织印染的火灾危险性进行系统的分析,并提出合理可行的安全技术措施建议。     

超声波促进化学品遇水反应释放气体速率的研究

为缩短化学品遇水反应释放易燃气体的检测时间,提高化学品危险性鉴定效率,在联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书-试验和标准手册》化学品遇水反应危险性检测方法的基础上,以超声波水浴代替传统的电加热水浴,研究了不同频率超声波对加速化学品遇水反应释放易燃气体速率的影响,考察了超声波对不同粒径镁硅铁、硅铁、高纯硅铁、铝粉、锌粉以及镁粉遇水反应释放气体速率的加速规律,建立了超声波法检测结果与标准实验方法检测结果的等效加速方程.研究表明,超声波方法可以有效的促进化学品遇水反应释放易燃气体的速率,45kHz为最佳超声频率,将遇水反应危险性检测时间由原来的7h缩短至1h;当化学品粒径小于240目与大于240目时,超声波对其遇水反应释放易燃气体速率的影响不同,等效加速方程充分考虑了超声波对不同粒径化学品的促进规律,使得超声波法能够与标准实验方法实现良好等效.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。