自然保护区学中亟待突破的科学问题

我国自然保护区建设工程实施过程中,迫切需要解决的主要科学技术问题包括:自然保护区体系规划和合理布局方案研究制定、分类经营管理系统建立、野生动植物资源本底调查和动态监测等。自然保护区学是新建立的二级学科。本文定义了自然保护区学的内涵,提出了主要研究领域和方向。     

危险废物处理处置产业发展现状、问题与对策建议

文章回顾了我国危险废物处理处置产业的发展历程,分析了我国危险废物处理处置产业的现状,提出了监管力度不足、市场公平有序不够、经营风险加剧、行业整合难度大等影响危险废物处理处置产业发展的突出问题,提出了强化市场运行机制、严格行业监督管理、完善环境经济政策、培育行业优质企业等建议。     

十种“高危”动植物需保护

十种“高危”动植物需保护据外电报道，世界野生动物基金会目前已将西伯利亚虎和犀牛等１０种野生动植物列为“高危”野生物种，呼吁对它们严加保护。这１０种野生动植物急需保护是因为它们身上有可以赚大钱的部份，所以极易遭到人类的捕杀。该基金会目前在全球１４０个国...     

我国生物多样性保护现状及宏观对策浅析

生物多样性在维护生态平衡、改善生态环境方面的作用尤其突出，然而，我国生物多样性保护及野生动植物资源管理的现状远不能适应新形势的发展要求。     

环境时事

正我国乱捕滥猎滥食野生动物现象仍存在6日,"和谐生态自然精灵——珍稀野生动植物摄影作品暨打击野生动植物非法贸易查没实物巡回展"在北京开展。美国国务院助理国务卿嘉伯、中国国家林业局副局长陈凤学出席,陈凤学指出,我国局部地区乱捕滥猎滥食野生动物、乱挖滥采野生植物仍然存在,全球野生动植物非法贸易还很严重。打击野生动植物非法贸易是一项长期而艰巨的使     

我国电除尘技术与产业发展的回顾和展望

本文介绍了我国电除尘技术及产品的发展过程、电除尘产业的发展及其市场态势、电除尘技术当前研发的热点及对未来前景的展望。     

我国古代对于珍稀动植物的保护

我国幅员辽阔,各地自然差异很大,广袤的土地上,分布着众多的野生动植物。它们中间有许多是珍稀的种和亚种。第四纪以来,与我国同纬度的欧洲和北美洲由于冰川覆盖,许多动植物灭绝了。中国只有一部分高山冰川,一些动植物的活化石如大熊猫、扬子鳄、水杉等残存到现在,...     

拒食珍稀野生动植物 践行“公民十条”,呵护自然生态

正2018年6月5日,国家有关部门联合发布了《公民生态环境行为规范(试行)》(简称"公民十条"),倡导简约适度、绿色低碳的生活方式。其中第七条"呵护自然生态"明确提出"保护野生动植物,不破坏野生动植物栖息地,不随意进入自然保护区,不购买、不使用珍稀野生动植物制品,拒食珍稀野生动植物"。     

洞庭湖区野生动植物资源保护及开发利用

洞庭湖区野生动植物资源十分丰富,生产潜力大.但由于盲目开发、泥沙淤积和环境污染,导致野生动植物生境被破坏,生物生产力下降,并造成物种灭绝.因此,必须加强执法力度,加大投入,保护湖区野生动植物资源的多样性,采取强有力措施对洞庭湖湿地生态环境进行综合整治,建立科学合理的生物利用模式和具有湖区特色的产业结构,对洞庭湖区野生动植物资源进行可持续开发利用.     

运用价格杠杆，促进环境保护产业的发展

环境保护产业作为“朝阳产业”,正在成为新的经济增长点。应运用价格杠杆,在建设骨干企业集团、健全环境保护产品市场体系、排污收费制度、价格信息服务等方面,推动环保产业的发展     

东北地区资源型工业发展对策

资源型工业在东北地区经济发展中占有重要的地位,是地区经济发展的支柱和解决社会就业的主力.在回顾东北地区资源型工业发展历史的基础上,分析了发展中存在的问题和不足,指出振兴东北地区和发展资源型工业的必要性,最后提出了要通过建立支撑系统、优化生产体系、利用国际市场、实行集团化经营、调整产业结构、实现可持续发展等来发展东北地区资源型工业的相应对策.     

实施最严格的野生动物保护:中国现状与改革方向

随着全球工业化和城市化的快速发展,野生动物及其栖息地保护面临着前所未有的挑战。本文识别了我国的野生动物保护存在的主要问题:(1)现行《野生动物保护法》对野生动物保护范围界定过窄,资源利用主导思维干扰了野生动物保护,缺乏对生态系统与生物安全的足够重视。(2)由于现行野生动物保护立法、执法和管理制度不健全甚至缺失,导致野生动物驯养繁殖交易市场长期混乱,甚至成为非法野生动物交易的"洗白工具"。(3)社会公众群体尊重和保护野生动物意识淡薄,全民参与和监督举报机制不健全。本文认为,我国应该实施最严格的野生动物保护制度,实现人与野生动物平等、文明、和谐相处,建议:(1)树立尊重野生动物物种生存权、人与野生动物文明和谐相处的理念,摒弃野生动物资源利用观,重构人与野生动物平等共存关系。(2)清晰界定野生动物法律定义,扩大野生动物保护范围,围绕捕猎、繁育、运输、储存、转让、食用等环节,全面、科学、精准地构建最严格的野生动物保护制度。(3)立足于全面保护野生动物,严格禁止滥食滥用野生动物和过度商业化利用,实行野生动物保护利用特许制度,并大幅提高标准严格控制交易和利用,建立职责清晰的执法监管和惩治体系。(4)建立最严格的野生动物保护公众参与和司法治理体系,实施野生动物非法贸易、猎杀的行政公益诉讼制度,引导公众建立爱护保护野生动物、不食不用野生动物的文明行为,最终实现人类社会与野生动物的文明和谐共处。     

生物质秸秆成型燃料的制备、应用与市场

介绍了国内外生物质能源技术的应用及生物质燃料的研发制备情况,分析了目前生物质燃料制备技术、资源化利用的现状以及存在的问题,针对符合中国国情的生物质(秸秆)成型燃料生产技术及市场需求进行了分析探讨。     

Behavioral externalities in natural resource production possibility frontiers: integrating biology and economics to model human-wildlife interactions

Production possibility modeling has been applied to a variety of wildlife management issues. Although it has seen only limited employment in modeling human-wildlife output decisions, it can be expected that the theory's use in this area will increase as human interactions with and impacts on wildlife become more frequent. At present, most models applying production possibility theory to wildlife production can be characterized in that wildlife output quantities are determined by physically quantifiable functions representing rivalrous resources. When the theory is applied to human-wildlife interactions, it may not be sufficient to model the production tradeoffs using only physical constraints. As wildlife are known to respond to human presence, it could be expected that human activity may appear in wildlife production functions as an externality. Behavioral externalities are revealed by an output's response to the presence of another output and can result in a loss of concavity of the production possibilities frontier. Ignoring the potential of a behavioral externality can result in an unexpected and inefficient output allocation that may compromise a wildlife population's well-being. Behavioral externalities can be included in PPF models in a number of ways, including the use of data or cumulative effects modeling. While identifying that behavioral externalities exist and incorporating them into a model is important, correctly interpreting their implications will be critical to improve the efficiency of natural resource management. Behavioral externalities may cause a loss of concavity anywhere along a PPF that may compel managerial decisions that are inconsistent with multiple use doctrines. Convex PPFs may result when wildlife species are extremely sensitive to any level of human activity. It may be possible to improve the PPF's concavity by reducing the strength of the behavioral effect. Any change in the PPF that increases the convexity of the production set could offer natural resource managers additional opportunities to optimally provide multiple natural resource outputs. Techniques that minimize the effect could focus on either the human or wildlife outputs, or both. Methods could focus on reducing the externality itself through changing the production of the offending output or to reduce the impact of the externality through a change in the production of the affected output. Managers unfamiliar with PPF modeling can employ PPF thinking by recognizing that every decision involves tradeoffs and that sometimes these tradeoffs are unnecessary negative impacts that could be mitigated without compromising the resource.     

Capital structure and asset utilization: the case of resource intensive industries

This research studies the relationship between the capital structure of a firm and its asset utilization rate in resource intensive industries. We study this issue from both private and public policy perspectives. From a private perspective, it's conceivable that a positive relationship may exist because a company is trying to increase its use of debt to effect a more efficient utilization of its assets. However, from a public policy perspective, finding a positive relationship between asset utilization and debt levels in natural resource sensitive industries may signal a sub-optimal exploitation of natural resources when debt levels rise. This research examines measures of leverage and asset utilization in firms from the mining, oil, and timber industries to determine whether the behavior alleged in the PALCO/MAXXAM case (an increased cutting rate to pay off junk bond financing) has been observed more systematically. We observe a positive relationship between leverage and asset utilization in all three industries when leverage is calculated using book value measures. When market value measures are used, this positive relationship no longer holds in the mining industry. Possible explanations for these results are offered.     

低成本海水淡化集成技术探讨

海水淡化集成技术以低温多效蒸馏海水淡化为核心,联合热电与盐碱化工,形成"热-电-水-盐"四联产模式,实现淡水资源、海水资源以及能源的综合利用,大幅降低生产成本,并取得环保效益、社会效益。为未来向城市供水提供了一条现实可行的方案。     

浅析宁夏水泥行业清洁生产水平现状及对策

水泥行业是宁夏自治区重要的经济支柱之一,同时也是一个污染极严重的产业,给当地环境质量带来了严重影响。通过对宁夏自治区内部分水泥企业进行清洁生产水平调研,从企业的生产规模、生产装备及资源能源利用情况等方面,与《清洁生产标准水泥工业》（HJ/T467-2009）进行对比分析,总结了区内水泥行业清洁水平存在的共性问题,并依此提出了相应的对策建议。     

灰白银胶菊的开发利用

介绍了有关灰白银胶菊的一些生物学特征,探讨了作为天然橡胶资源的市场开发利用价值,以及可能对半干旱区生态环境的影响,并针对开发利用中可能出现的问题提出了建议.     

Wildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

This paper uses the concept of sustainable development to examine the utilisation of wildlife resources at Moremi Game Reserve (MGR) and Khwai community area (NG 18/19) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both secondary and primary data sources, results show that the establishment of MGR in 1963 led to the displacement of Khwai residents from their land; affected Basarwa's hunting and gathering economy; marked the beginning of resource conflicts between Khwai residents and wildlife managers; and, led to the development of negative attitudes of Khwai residents towards wildlife conservation. Since the late 1980s, a predominantly foreign owned tourism industry developed in and around MGR, however, Khwai residents derive insignificant benefits from it and hence resource conflicts increased. In an attempt to address problems of resource conflicts and promote sustainable wildlife utilisation, the Botswana Government adopted the Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programme, which started operating at Khwai village in 2000. The CBNRM programme promotes local participation in natural resource management and rural development through tourism. It is beginning to have benefits to Khwai residents such as income generation, employment opportunities and local participation in wildlife management. These benefits from CBNRM are thus having an impact in the development of positive attitudes of Khwai residents towards wildlife conservation and tourism development. This paper argues that if extended to MGR, CBNRM has the potential of minimising wildlife conflicts between Khwai residents and the wildlife-tourism sectors. This approach may in the process promote the sustainable wildlife use in and around MGR.     

有色金属工业固废资源属性多维度评价体系构建——以锡尾矿为例

提升固废综合利用水平是近年各类政策、法规、标准的要求,从固废资源属性入手,全面分析和评价固废资源属性特征,有利于固废综合利用技术的开发应用,是提升固废综合利用水平的有效途径。本文针对目前固废资源属性特征评价体系缺失、资源属性数据缺乏等问题,以有色金属工业固废为例建立了一套资源属性评价体系。从有色金属工业固废自身的物质和能量属性,以及使其成为固废的环境、经济、技术、社会等6个维度构建评价指标体系,形成定性和定量相结合的14项指标,并以锡尾矿为例,进行实证。结果表明,除能量维度外,对锡尾矿开展资源化利用的综合潜力较大,其最具潜力的利用途径是回收有价金属,其次是作为陶瓷制品的原料,评价也指出未来在锡尾矿作为建材利用的技术方面仍需要加强研发和应用推广。评价结果以定量为主结合定性描述,为锡尾矿资源化利用方向提供了具体参照和指导,也为探索固废资源属性全面评价、完善固废资源属性数据库提供理论和方法学的借鉴。