日本的城市环境问题及其改善过程：政策和规划视角研究

日本是亚洲最先城市化的国家,目前已有86%的人口生活在城市行政区范围内。在城市化的进程中,日本曾出现过各种各样的环境问题,经过半个多世纪的努力,现在的城市生活环境不仅得到根本改善,而且在资源循环利用和低碳社会建设等方面也做出引人注目的成绩。本文从日本城市规划制度和环境政策演变角度,分阶段介绍自1950年以来的城市环境问题、环境法律和有关城市规划建设的政策,逐步展开日本改善城市生活环境、保护地球自然环境的过程,尤其注重从生态城市到低碳社会转型发展的最近政策动向。     

环境监测报告审核应注意的问题

本文从环境监测质量保证的角度出发,提出了环境监测报告的审核应注意其完整性,准确性、相关性及文字说明部分等方面的问题。     

环境监测中最优化抽样策略

本文分析了基本抽样程序,并用来解决环境监测的抽样优化问题。抽样过程形成马尔可夫链,通过划分接收水平和抽样区间建立抽样策略。计算每一组策略的目标函数的取值,找到备选策略中最小成本抽样策略即最优抽样策略。     

Urban Environmental Management in Shanghai: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects

This article critically reviews the evolution of urban environmental management in Shanghai since 1978. Established in a transitional postsocialist economy and shaped by a spectacular urban redevelopment process, the current environmental management framework of Shanghai has succeeded in mitigating major industrial pollution and improving urban amenities with unprecedented pace and magnitude. However, it generally failed to take social equity and environmental justice issues into consideration. Based on Haughton’s models of sustainable urban development, this article proposes four priorities and five principles within the framework of a fair shares cities model for the future environmental management of Shanghai and briefly discusses their policy implications and implementation issues. The authors argue that Haughton’s approach is relevant to Shanghai’s case because the essence of his argument—the multidimensional equity principles—is the core of the concept of sustainable development.     

对城市中心区小型建设项目的环保管理

结合天津市和平区的地域特点,分析了环境污染的形式和特点,探讨了如何加强城区小型建设项目和强化工商执照前环保审批程序,控制和减轻对环境的污染,并介绍了和平区对加强城区小型建设项目和强化工商执照环境保护管理审批的办法和措施。     

缓解城市环境问题的有效途径

从区域环境和城市环境的角度出发，介绍了城市绿地系统在维护城市生态平衡、保护城市环境中的重要作用，揭示了在城市可持续发展战略中，加强城市绿地系统规划与建设的重要性。     

新时期的城市环境问题与对策

面对新时期经济高速发展和城市化进程加快的双重挑战,城市环境问题显现出压缩性、复合性、分异性的特点,面对城市发展的形势,我国城市环境保护的对策也要进行相对调整。     

Urban Environmental Management in Botswana: Toward a Theoretical Explanation ofPublic Policy Failure

For the last three and half decades, Botswana has been widely acclaimed to be one of sub-Saharan Africa's longest and most stable liberal democracies, coupled with and sustained by a growing economy. One of the major contradictions, however, within this development scenario, has been the neglect of environmental problems in the country in general, and urban environmental issues in particular. Part of the problem fueling the misconception of environmental issues in Botswana is the state's domination of the country's environmental agenda. This is linked to the power disjunction in decision-making and policy processes between state and nonstate actors over the most appropriate course of action to tackle the problems. Without adopting appropriate analytical frameworks, it is possible that the problem of urban environmental mismanagement in Botswana will persist. This article examines some of the major urban environmental issues in Botswana from neighborhood, citywide, and urban–rural interface perspectives. Further, the elite theory of public policy is used to explain constraints on policy change in the urban environmental management arena in Botswana.     

城市生活垃圾处理的环境经济政策分析

如何处理城市生活垃圾是我国面临的一个重要问题,本文对我国面临的城市生活垃圾问题及原因、城市生活垃圾处理技术、与城市生活垃圾处理相关的环境经济政策进行了较为深入的分析。     

经济欠发达地区环境保护管理工作中存在的问题探讨

在对经济欠发达地区环境保护管理中存在的问题进行探讨的基础上，本文建议环境保护管理应该随着经济的发展而同步发展，着重强调了两者的统一性。     

昆山市农产品产地环境质量监测与评价

为研究昆山市农产品产地环境质量,采用采样分析方法,对昆山市农产品产地的代表性土壤、灌溉水、渔业水质量进行了定点取样分析检测,在此基础上依据国家相关环境质量标准进行了单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价。结果表明,该市58.1%的耕层土壤为安全、清洁,36.6%的耕层土壤处于警戒限,为尚清洁,3.8%的耕层土壤为轻污染,1.5%的耕层土壤为中污染;76.0%的灌溉水为安全、清洁,24.0%的灌溉水处于警戒限,为尚清洁;73.5%的渔业水为安全、清洁,23.5%的渔业水处于警戒限,为尚清洁,3%的渔业水为轻污染。     

Policy And Practice Green Grass and Brown Roots: Understanding Environmental Problems in Deprived Neighbourhoods

Understanding neighbourhood conditions can play an important role in urban environmental management, especially when environmental services are lacking and new approachesare being debated. This paper describes and evaluates three research methods for assessing some of the environmentalproblems facing low income households and communities: (1) broad spectrum household surveys; (2) participatory rapid assessment; and (3) contingent valuation. As part of the study upon which this paper is based, the techniques were applied on a small scale in Jakarta. The paper finds that each technique can provide important and often complementaryinsights. The broad spectrum survey is particularly suitable to broad based planning, participatory appraisal to NGO initiatives and contingent valuation to utility pricing decisions.     

三级站环境质量综合分析中的几个问题及建议

提出了目前三级站环境质量综合分析方面存在的几个问题及建议。     

城市建筑工地环境监察管理存在的问题与对策探析

随着老工业基地的振兴,建筑施工引发的一系列环境管理问题日益突出。尤其是人们的环境意识越来越强,对生活环境质量的要求越来越高,噪声扰民问题成为环境热线投诉的一大热点。在分析建筑工地环境管理存在的噪声扰民、不按规定缴纳排污费等问题的基础上,提出建筑工地防控噪声扰民和征缴排污费的建议和对策。     

Environmental Systems and Local Actors: Decentralizing Environmental Policy in Uganda

In Uganda, environmental and natural resource management is decentralized and has been the responsibility of local districts since 1996. This environmental management arrangement was part of a broader decentralization process and was intended to increase local ownership and improve environmental policy; however, its implementation has encountered several major challenges over the last decade. This article reviews some of the key structural problems facing decentralized environmental policy in this central African country and examines these issues within the wider framework of political decentralization. Tensions have arisen between technical staff and politicians, between various levels of governance, and between environmental and other policy domains. This review offers a critical reflection on the perspectives and limitations of decentralized environmental governance in Uganda. Our conclusions focus on the need to balance administrative staff and local politicians, the mainstreaming of local environmental policy, and the role of international donors.     

浅议环境问题的政治属性

伴随着人类社会经济的高度发展，生存环境问题日益严重。环境恶化给各国和各地区进一步发展造成的损失和障碍以及围绕环境进行的利益和责任的分配和分担已使环境问题的政治属性极为显著。环境问题是关系国家政治稳定的重要因素环境问题之所以影响政治稳定主要因为环境变化危及了当地人民的基本生存。一般说来，那些既承受着生态环境的压力，同时又表现出人文脆弱性的地方，是潜在的不安定地区。环境问题既可能是自然因素导致的又可能是人为造成的，即所谓“天灾”与“人祸”。自然因素如洪水、地震、火山爆发和干旱等环境灾害在任何情况下都…     

土壤环境监测技术规范中的土壤环境质量评价问题

近年来,场地和土壤污染勘查评价与修复逐渐发展成为环境科学和土木工程领域的热点,场地和土壤修复业务随之愈来愈多。但土壤修复理论和技术发展相对缓慢,无法满足土壤修复行业发展的需要。实践中,在场地和土壤污染勘查与评价的现行标准中,对土壤环境质量评价仅考虑了土壤中某物质成分的人为超标问题,而忽视了土壤中自然异常而导致土壤中某物质成分超标问题的评价,且误将土壤中某物质成分的超标等级定为土壤污染程度等级的全部。针对这些问题,本文通过研究,在深入分析各领域土壤污染评价差异的基础上,提出了土壤污染评价的一般过程、方法和标准,供标准修订参考。     

强化环境监测管理提高环境监测地位

总结和回顾了我国环境监测工作开展近三十年来所取得的非凡成绩,阐述了目前环境监测工作同整个环境保护事业相比较,同国外环境监测相比较存在的不足,并进一步提出了以"强化环境监测管理,提高环境监测地位"为核心的几点建议,旨在使我国的环境监测工作能更好地为环境保护和经济建设服务.     

重庆市五大功能区差异化环境保护政策研究

5大功能区战略是重庆坚持主体功能区规划理念,优化人口、产业和城镇发展布局,实现全市资源配置最优化和整体功能最大化的重要举措。该战略的实施对环境管理提出了新的任务和要求,构建有利于促进5大功能区建设的配套环境保护政策意义重大且非常迫切。本文在全面分析各功能区生态环境压力、发展定位和环境保护目标的基础上,遵循"分类指导、分区推进"原则,构建了5大功能区差异化环境保护政策框架,突出了生态红线、环境准入、总量控制、环境标准、环境监管、环境经济政策、绩效考核7大政策在不同功能区的政策取向和实施重点,有利于发挥环境保护政策的激励和约束作用。     

再生铜行业环境管理问题的若干思考和建议

随着我国铜冶炼(原生铜和再生铜)行业对含铜二次资源需求量的增加,集废旧资源回收、拆解和分选、二次资源出售、铜再生利用于一体的产业链逐渐发展壮大起来。然而高能耗、高污染、低质量、低产出的特点在再生铜行业依然存在,环境监管政策和标准也不健全不完善。随着人们对美丽生态环境诉求的增加,必须加强有色金属行业的环境管理。本文对再生铜行业发展和环境管理做了一些思考,特别是对再生铜行业环境管理存在的问题进行了分析,并针对问题提出了几点政策性建议,以期为我国再生铜产业的环境友好发展和环境监管提供借鉴。