大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤中微量元素的影响

利用中国的稻/麦轮作FACE(Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment)平台技术,应用DTPA浸提土壤的方法,研究大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤微量元素有效性的影响。位于扬州的中国稻麦轮作农田生态系统FACE试验平台于2004年6月开始运行,设有FACE圈(高CO2圈)与Ambient圈(对照圈,当前周围大气CO2浓度)2个处理,FACE区CO2浓度比Ambient区高200μmol·mol-1,每个处理含低氮与常氮2个氮肥水平。经过一个稻麦轮作后,分别于水稻生长的分蘖期、抽穗期、乳熟期和成熟期在每个副区多点采集0~5cm和5~15cm的土壤样品,再使用ICP测定土壤样品的DTPA浸提液的方法,得出土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的质量分数。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高都不同程度的增加了0~5cm和5~15cm耕层土壤中DTPA提取态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的有效性,尤其对土壤有效Zn质量分数的增加达显著水平。不同N肥处理对土壤DTPA提取态Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的质量分数无显著性的影响,CO2和N肥处理也未表现出显著性的交互作用。     

开放式空气CO2浓度升高对水稻根系形态的影响

在FACE（free-air carbon dioxide enrichment）技术平台上，采用水培的研究方法，观测了大气CO2浓度升高和两种氮水平下水稻根系形态的变化。结果表明，在水稻各生育期，CO2浓度升高都极显著增加了根干质量，且主要增加于根粗为2．0～2．5mm／n的部位。根系形态的各项指标均对高CO2浓度有积极的响应，在抽穗期尤为明显；N处理的差异很明显，低氮条件下根系表现为根长、根尖数和根表面积增加，常氮条件下根粗和发根数增加。各生育期的根冠比在高CO2浓度下极显著增加，尤其在LN处理下。水稻从分蘖期到抽穗期，因地上部分的增幅大，根冠比表现为逐渐降低的趋势。     

空气CO2体积分数升高对稻麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响

利用无锡市安镇的FACE研究平台，在施常规氮量和低氮量的条件下，研究CO2体积分数升高对稻麦轮作系统水稻和小麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响。结果表明，在常氮和低氮条件下，FACE处理对小麦和水稻根系活力都有促进作用，并使小麦VA菌根侵染率在拔节期和孕穗期有增加趋势，小麦根系活力和VA菌根侵染率有正相关关系。施N量不足对作物根系生长和活力有一定影响，可以被CO2体积分数升高的影响所补偿。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对稻田土壤Ca、Mg含量的影响

为了研究稻田生态系统中土壤钙、镁元素生物地球化学循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment）试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度升高（比周围大气高200μmol mol-1）对2007年稻季各生育期不同深度土壤溶液ρ（Ca）、ρ（Mg）的影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高降低了5 cm处土壤溶液ρ（Ca）、ρ（Mg）,有增加稻季30、60和90 cm处土壤溶液ρ（Ca）的趋势,其增幅分别为18.3%、12.4%和15.3%;大气CO2浓度升高会增加稻季Ca淋溶损失风险;稻季不同深度土壤溶液ρ（Ca）、ρ（Mg）对大气CO2浓度升高的响应有所不同。稻田生态系统不同深度土壤Ca、Mg循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应值得深入研究。     

Potential nitrogen constraints on soil carbon sequestration under low and elevated atmospheric CO2

The interaction between nitrogen cycling and carbon sequestration is critical in predicting the consequences of anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 (hereafter, Ca). The progressive N limitation (PNL) theory predicts that carbon sequestration in plants and soils with rising Ca may be constrained by the availability of nitrogen in many ecosystems. Here we report on the interaction between C and N dynamics during a four-year field experiment in which an intact C3/C4 grassland was exposed to a gradient in Ca from 200 to 560 micromol/mol. There were strong species effects on decomposition dynamics, with C loss positively correlated and N mineralization negatively correlated with Ca for litter of the C3 forb Solanum dimidiatum, whereas decomposition of litter from the C4 grass Bothriochloa ischaemum was unresponsive to Ca. Both soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates exhibited a nonlinear response to Ca, reaching a maximum at approximately 440 micromol/mol Ca. We found a general movement of N out of soil organic matter and into aboveground plant biomass with increased Ca. Within soils we found evidence of C loss from recalcitrant soil C fractions with narrow C:N ratios to more labile soil fractions with broader C:N ratios, potentially due to decreases in N availability. The observed reallocation of N from soil to plants over the last three years of the experiment supports the PNL theory that reductions in N availability with rising Ca could initially be overcome by a transfer of N from low C:N ratio fractions to those with higher C:N ratios. Although the transfer of N allowed plant production to increase with increasing Ca, there was no net soil C sequestration at elevated Ca, presumably because relatively stable C is being decomposed to meet microbial and plant N requirements. Ultimately, if the C gained by increased plant production is rapidly lost through decomposition, the shift in N from older soil organic matter to rapidly decomposing plant tissue may limit net C sequestration with increased plant production.     

Atmospheric CO2 and O3 alter the flow of 15N in developing forest ecosystems

Anthropogenic O3 and CO2-induced declines in soil N availability could counteract greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, thereby reducing net primary productivity (NPP) and the potential of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester anthropogenic CO2. Presently, it is uncertain how increasing atmospheric CO2 and O3 will alter plant N demand and the acquisition of soil N by plants as well as the microbial supply of N from soil organic matter. To address this uncertainty, we initiated an ecosystem-level 15N tracer experiment at the Rhinelander (Wisconsin, USA) free air CO2-O3 enrichment (FACE) facility to understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and 03 alter the distribution and flow of N in developing northern temperate forests. Tracer amounts of 15NH4+ were applied to the forest floor of developing Populus tremuloides and P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera communities that have been exposed to factorial CO2 and O3 treatments for seven years. One year after isotope addition, both forest communities exposed to elevated CO2 obtained greater amounts of 15N (29%) and N (40%) from soil, despite no change in soil N availability or plant N-use efficiency. As such, elevated CO2 increased the ability of plants to exploit soil for N, through the development of a larger root system. Conversely, elevated O3 decreased the amount of 15N (-15%) and N (-29%) in both communities, a response resulting from lower rates of photosynthesis, decreases in growth, and smaller root systems that acquired less soil N. Neither CO2 nor 03 altered the amount of N or 15N recovery in the forest floor, microbial biomass, or soil organic matter. Moreover, we observed no interaction between CO2 and 03 on the amount of N or 15N in any ecosystem pool, suggesting that 03 could exert a negative effect regardless of CO2 concentration. In a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greater belowground growth and a more thorough exploitation of soil for growth-limiting N is an important mechanism sustaining the enhancement of NPP in developing forests (0-8 years following establishment). However, as CO2 accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere, future O3 concentrations threaten to diminish the enhancement of plant growth, decrease plant N acquisition, and lessen the storage of anthropogenic C in temperate forests.     

大气CO2浓度升高对农田土壤颗粒组成及其碳周转的影响

采集FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)平台下运行3年的水稻(Oryza sativaL.)/小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)轮作土壤(0~15cm耕作层土壤),利用超声波分散-湿筛分法对烘干土样进行颗粒分级,分析土壤各粒级及其碳、氮的分布特征,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳周转的影响。结果表明:高浓度大气CO2条件下稻/麦轮作3年后,土壤颗粒组成较对照发生了改变,>53μm粒级的质量分数减小27%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量20%;53~25μm粒级的质量分数增大35%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量25%;<25μm无明显变化,约占土壤总质量55%,三种粒级之间质量分数呈显著差异(p<0.05)。FACE条件下,不同粒级土壤颗粒碳质量分数在两个氮水平下平均为:>53μm(30.60g·kg-1),<25μm(13.08g·kg-1),25~53μm(12.85g·kg-1),氮质量分数分别为2.42g·kg-1,1.33g·kg-1,1.12g·kg-1。>53μm粒级的土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数均极显著高于其它两个粒级(p<0.001)。FACE条件下土壤总碳、氮质量分数高于对照,增幅分别为6.2%和6.7%。从各粒级土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数变化分析,新增碳、氮主要进入>53μm粒级中,表明该粒级土壤颗粒对土壤碳氮循环(转化和保存)起着重要作用。该研究结果表明高浓度大气CO2条件下,稻/麦轮作农田土壤将成为大气CO2的汇,这将为预测我国未来农田土壤碳的变化趋势提供科学依据。     

灰泥土中不同氮肥品种反硝化损失与N2O排放量的差异

在实验室培养条件下，采用土壤培养-乙炔抑制法测定尿素、碳酸氢铵、硫酸铵和氯化铵4种氮肥品种在灰泥土中反硝化损失和N2O排放量的差异。结果表明，氮肥品种间的N2O排放量和反硝化损失量存在极显著差异。尿素、碳铵和氯化铵的N2O排放量极显著高于硫铵，占施肥量的3．88%-4．14％；尿素和碳铵的反硝化损失量分别为施肥量的5．8％和3．7％，极显著高于硫铵和氯化铵；但氯化铵的反硝化损失量显著低于CK。     

水稻小麦种植模式下长期定位施肥土壤氮的垂直变化及氮储量

为了研究不同的施肥方式对土壤全氮变化及氮储量的影响,1981年在湖北省农业科学院南湖试验站设置了施用有机肥与化肥的长期定位田间试验,2006年水稻收获后田间取样分析每个处理不同土层的全氮含量与氮储量。研究结果表明：与对照相比,单施化肥与单施有机肥0～20cm土层土壤的容重下降,化肥添加有机肥比相应的单施化肥的容重要低一些。除了对照之外,其它处理都是0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量高于其它土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量最高。除了氮磷钾肥配施过量有机肥处理外,化肥配施有机肥处理土壤的全氮含量都高于单施化肥或单施有机肥处理,20～40cm土层土壤全氮含量具有相似的规律。在0～20cm土层,与对照相比,单施氮肥及氮磷肥不能增加土壤全氮储量,但是化肥配施有机肥能够增加土壤全氮的储量。单施氮磷钾肥及单施有机肥也能够增加土壤全氮的储量。在0～20cm土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理的土壤全氮储量最多,达8.82t·hm-2,而氮肥处理的氮储量最低,仅为5.38t·hm-2。在100cm深度,与单施化肥及单施有机肥相比,化肥配施有机肥都增加了土壤全氮的储量。     

不同施氮水平对华北平原冬小麦土壤CO2通量的影响

针对当前碳、氮循环对生态环境影响以及碳源/汇问题的客观实际,设计了N 0、75、150、225、300 kg·hm-2 5个氮处理,对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期和成熟期进行了土壤呼吸速率的测定,探讨了不同氮肥用量对华北平原潮褐土区冬小麦农田土壤CO2释放的影响.结果表明:土壤呼吸释放CO2与气温二次相关,25 ℃左右土壤呼吸速率达到最大,增幅随气温升高而减小,低于25 ℃时增幅较明显;随着氮肥用量增加土壤呼吸增强,土壤呼吸强度在N150达到最大;施用氮肥的冬小麦农田土壤CO2释放主要集中在孕穗、灌浆期;不施氮的则主要集中在灌浆、成熟期.     

Sinks for nitrogen inputs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis of 15N tracer field studies

Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to store carbon (C) depend in part on the amount of N retained in the system and its partitioning among plant and soil pools. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies at 48 sites across four continents that used enriched 15N isotope tracers in order to synthesize information about total ecosystem N retention (i.e., total ecosystem 15N recovery in plant and soil pools) across natural systems and N partitioning among ecosystem pools. The greatest recoveries of ecosystem 15N tracer occurred in shrublands (mean, 89.5%) and wetlands (84.8%) followed by forests (74.9%) and grasslands (51.8%). In the short term (< 1 week after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N recovery was negatively correlated with fine-root and soil 15N natural abundance, and organic soil C and N concentration but was positively correlated with mean annual temperature and mineral soil C:N. In the longer term (3-18 months after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N retention was negatively correlated with foliar natural-abundance 15N but was positively correlated with mineral soil C and N concentration and C:N, showing that plant and soil natural-abundance 15N and soil C:N are good indicators of total ecosystem N retention. Foliar N concentration was not significantly related to ecosystem 15N tracer recovery, suggesting that plant N status is not a good predictor of total ecosystem N retention. Because the largest ecosystem sinks for 15N tracer were below ground in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, we conclude that growth enhancement and potential for increased C storage in aboveground biomass from atmospheric N deposition is likely to be modest in these ecosystems. Total ecosystem 15N recovery decreased with N fertilization, with an apparent threshold fertilization rate of 46 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1) above which most ecosystems showed net losses of applied 15N tracer in response to N fertilizer addition.     

Nitrogen cycling during seven years of atmospheric CO2 enrichment in a scrub oak woodland

Experimentally increasing atmospheric CO2 often stimulates plant growth and ecosystem carbon (C) uptake. Biogeochemical theory predicts that these initial responses will immobilize nitrogen (N) in plant biomass and soil organic matter, causing N availability to plants to decline, and reducing the long-term CO2-stimulation of C storage in N limited ecosystems. While many experiments have examined changes in N cycling in response to elevated CO2, empirical tests of this theoretical prediction are scarce. During seven years of postfire recovery in a scrub oak ecosystem, elevated CO2 initially increased plant N accumulation and plant uptake of tracer 15N, peaking after four years of CO2 enrichment. Between years four and seven, these responses to CO2 declined. Elevated CO2 also increased N and tracer 15N accumulation in the O horizon, and reduced 15N recovery in underlying mineral soil. These responses are consistent with progressive N limitation: the initial CO2 stimulation of plant growth immobilized N in plant biomass and in the O horizon, progressively reducing N availability to plants. Litterfall production (one measure of aboveground primary productivity) increased initially in response to elevated CO2, but the CO2 stimulation declined during years five through seven, concurrent with the accumulation of N in the O horizon and the apparent restriction of plant N availability. Yet, at the level of aboveground plant biomass (estimated by allometry), progressive N limitation was less apparent, initially because of increased N acquisition from soil and later because of reduced N concentration in biomass as N availability declined. Over this seven-year period, elevated CO2 caused a redistribution of N within the ecosystem, from mineral soils, to plants, to surface organic matter. In N limited ecosystems, such changes in N cycling are likely to reduce the response of plant production to elevated CO2.     

Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem processes under elevated CO2 in a warm-temperate forest

A hypothesis for progressive nitrogen limitation (PNL) proposes that net primary production (NPP) will decline through time in ecosystems subjected to a step-function increase in atmospheric CO2. The primary mechanism driving this response is a rapid rate of N immobilization by plants and microbes under elevated CO2 that depletes soils of N, causing slower rates of N mineralization. Under this hypothesis, there is little long-term stimulation of NPP by elevated CO2 in the absence of exogenous inputs of N. We tested this hypothesis using data on the pools and fluxes of C and N in tree biomass, microbes, and soils from 1997 through 2002 collected at the Duke Forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. Elevated CO2 stimulated NPP by 18-24% during the first six years of this experiment. Consistent with the hypothesis for PNL, significantly more N was immobilized in tree biomass and in the O horizon under elevated CO2. In contrast to the PNL hypothesis, microbial-N immobilization did not increase under elevated CO2, and although the rate of net N mineralization declined through time, the decline was not significantly more rapid under elevated CO2. Ecosystem C-to-N ratios widened more rapidly under elevated CO2 than ambient CO2 indicating a more rapid rate of C fixation per unit of N, a processes that could delay PNL in this ecosystem. Mass balance calculations demonstrated a large accrual of ecosystem N capital. Is PNL occurring in this ecosystem and will NPP decline to levels under ambient CO2? The answer depends on the relative strength of tree biomass and O-horizon N immobilization vs. widening C-to-N ratios and ecosystem-N accrual as processes that drive and delay PNL, respectively. Only direct observations through time will definitively answer this question.     

Increasing plant use of organic nitrogen with elevation is reflected in nitrogen uptake rates and ecosystem delta15N

It is hypothesized that decreasing mean annual temperature and rates of nitrogen (N) cycling causes plants to switch from inorganic to organic forms of N as the primary mode of N nutrition. To test this hypothesis, we conducted field experiments and collected natural-abundance delta15N signatures of foliage, soils, and ectomycorrhizal sporocarps along a steep elevation-climate gradient in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA. Here we show that with increasing elevation organic forms of N became the dominant source of N taken up by hardwood and coniferous tree species based on dual-labeled glycine uptake analysis, an important confirmation of an emerging theory for the biogeochemistry of the N cycle. Variation in natural abundance foliar delta15N with elevation was also consistent with increasing organic N uptake, though a simple, mass balance model demonstrated that the uptake of delta15N depleted inorganic N, rather than fractionation upon transfer of N from mycorrhizal fungi, best explains variations in foliar delta15N with elevation.     

Long-term CO2 enrichment of a forest ecosystem: implications for forest regeneration and succession.

The composition and successional status of a forest affect carbon storage and net ecosystem productivity, yet it remains unclear whether elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will impact rates and trajectories of forest succession. We examined how CO2 enrichment (+200 microL CO2/L air differential) affects forest succession through growth and survivorship of tree seedlings, as part of the Duke Forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in North Carolina, USA. We planted 2352 seedlings of 14 species in the low light forest understory and determined effects of elevated CO2 on individual plant growth, survival, and total sample biomass accumulation, an integrator of plant growth and survivorship over time, for six years. We used a hierarchical Bayes framework to accommodate the uncertainty associated with the availability of light and the variability in growth among individual plants. We found that most species did not exhibit strong responses to CO2. Ulmus alata (+21%), Quercus alba (+9.5%), and nitrogen-fixing Robinia pseudoacacia (+230%) exhibited greater mean annual relative growth rates under elevated CO2 than under ambient conditions. The effects of CO2 were small relative to variability within populations; however, some species grew better under low light conditions when exposed to elevated CO2 than they did under ambient conditions. These species include shade-intolerant Liriodendron tulipifera and Liquidambar styraciflua, intermediate-tolerant Quercus velutina, and shade-tolerant Acer barbatum, A. rubrum, Prunus serotina, Ulmus alata, and Cercis canadensis. Contrary to our expectation, shade-intolerant trees did not survive better with CO2 enrichment, and population-scale responses to CO2 were influenced by survival probabilities in low light. CO2 enrichment did not increase rates of sample biomass accumulation for most species, but it did stimulate biomass growth of shade-tolerant taxa, particularly Acer barbatum and Ulmus alata. Our data suggest a small CO2 fertilization effect on tree productivity, and the possibility of reduced carbon accumulation rates relative to today's forests due to changes in species composition.     

15N in symbiotic fungi and plants estimates nitrogen and carbon flux rates in Arctic tundra

When soil nitrogen is in short supply, most terrestrial plants form symbioses with fungi (mycorrhizae): hyphae take up soil nitrogen, transport it into plant roots, and receive plant sugars in return. In ecosystems, the transfers within the pathway fractionate nitrogen isotopes so that the natural abundance of 15N in fungi differs from that in their host plants by as much as 12% per hundred. Here we present a new method to quantify carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the symbiosis based on the fractionation against 15N during transfer of nitrogen from fungi to plant roots. We tested this method, which is based on the mass balance of 15N, with data from arctic Alaska where the nitrogen cycle is well studied. Mycorrhizal fungi provided 61-86% of the nitrogen in plants; plants provided 8-17% of their photosynthetic carbon to the fungi for growth and respiration. This method of analysis avoids the disturbance of the soil-microbe-root relationship caused by collecting samples, mixing the soil, or changing substrate concentrations. This analytical technique also can be applied to other nitrogen-limited ecosystems, such as many temperate and boreal forests, to quantify the importance for terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycling of nutrient transfers mediated by mycorrhizae at the plant-soil interface.     

退耕土壤的碳、氮固存及其对CO2、N2O通量的影响

采样分析陇中黄土高原地区农田退耕种植苜蓿3 a、5 a、8 a后0～5、5～10、10～20 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、活性有机碳(SAOC)及矿质氮(NO3-N、NH4-N)含/储量的变化,并用静态箱-气质联用法对样地的COO2、NO2O排放通量进行了测定,研究碳氮变化对土壤CO2、N2O排放通量的影响.结果表明:(1)SOC、TN基础含量很低的贫瘠土壤退耕后表现出明显的碳、氮固存效应,有很强碳、氮固存潜力.与未退耕休闲农田相比,退耕3 a、5 a、8 a后0～20 cm SOC储量分别提高了9.12%、20.18%、34.39%,SOC平均固存率分别为0.17、0.23、0.25mg/(hm2·a).TN储量在5～10、10～20 cm增加不明显,在0～5 cm退耕3 a、5 a、8 a后储量分别提高14.29%,35.71%和64.29%,各退耕年限0～20 cm TN平均固存率均为0.2 mg/(hm2.a);(2)退耕后各年限草地土壤活性有机碳(SAOC)含量有所增加,但各层含量变化不明显,其增加量远小于SOC的增加,说明退耕初期阶段积累了较多的土壤惰性碳;NO3-N含量增加明显,0～5、5～10 cm土壤各退耕年限含量达5%的显著性差异,但退耕前后NH4-N含量无明显变化.(3)土壤CO2通量与SOC含量、SAOC含量、TN含量及N2O通量显著正相关;N2O通量与SOC含量、矿质氮含量及CO2通量显著正相关.说明在环境因素稳定的条件下,退耕后土壤碳、氮含量的增加会导致CO2、N2O排放的加剧,表现出大气CO2、N2O的"源"效应.     

Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems: a meta-analysis

The capability of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester carbon (C) plays a critical role in regulating future climatic change yet depends on nitrogen (N) availability. To predict long-term ecosystem C storage, it is essential to examine whether soil N becomes progressively limiting as C and N are sequestered in long-lived plant biomass and soil organic matter. A critical parameter to indicate the long-term progressive N limitation (PNL) is net change in ecosystem N content in association with C accumulation in plant and soil pools under elevated CO2. We compiled data from 104 published papers that study C and N dynamics at ambient and elevated CO2. The compiled database contains C contents, N contents, and C:N ratio in various plant and soil pools, and root:shoot ratio. Averaged C and N pool sizes in plant and soil all significantly increase at elevated CO2 in comparison to those at ambient CO2, ranging from a 5% increase in shoot N content to a 32% increase in root C content. The C and N contents in litter pools are consistently higher in elevated than ambient CO2 among all the surveyed studies whereas C and N contents in the other pools increase in some studies and decrease in other studies. The high variability in CO2-induced changes in C and N pool sizes results from diverse responses of various C and N processes to elevated CO2. Averaged C:N ratios are higher by 3% in litter and soil pools and 11% in root and shoot pools at elevated relative to ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 slightly increases root:shoot ratio. The net N accumulation in plant and soil pools at least helps prevent complete down-regulation of, and likely supports, long-term CO2 stimulation of C sequestration. The concomitant C and N accumulations in response to rising atmospheric CO2 may reflect intrinsic nature of ecosystem development as revealed before by studies of succession over hundreds to millions of years.     

稻季土壤溶液中微量元素浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment）试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度升高（比周围大气高200μmol·mol-1）对2007年稻季各生育期不同深度土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高对不同深度土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度的影响在不同生育期有所差异;尽管大多未达显著水平,大气CO2浓度升高表现出增加不同层次土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度的趋势,对土壤溶液Fe质量浓度增加程度尤为明显;从整个生育期看,FACE对土壤溶液Fe质量浓度增加幅度在5、15、30、60和90cm处分别为47.6%,36.3%,7.6%,37.0%和201.8%。大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度的长期影响需要进一步深入研究。     

Production of N2O in two biologic nitrogen removal processes: a comparison between conventional and short-cut nitrogen removal processes

The N2O production in two nitrogen removal processes treating domestic wastewater was investigated in laboratory-scale aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Results showed that N2O emission happened in the aerobic phase rather than in the anoxic phase. During the aerobic phase, the nitrogen conversion to N2O gas was 27.7% and 36.8% of NH＋-N loss for conventional biologic N-removal process and short-cut biologic N-removal process. The dissolved N2O was reduced to N2 in the anoxic denitrification phase. The N2O production rate increased with the increasing of nitrite concentration and ceased when NH＋-N oxidation was terminated. Higher nitrite accumulation resulted in higher NEO emission in the short-cut nitrogen removal process. Pulse-wise addition of 20 mg NO2 -N. L- 1 gave rise to 3-fold of N2O emission in the conventional N-removal process, while little change happened with 20 mg NOS-N L-1 was added to SBR1.