马尾松人工林凋落物产量、养分含量及养分归还量特性

通过文献收集法对亚热带马尾松人工林主要分布区凋落物产量、养分含量和养分归还量进行分析,以研究我国马尾松林主要分布区凋落物养分动态和区域特征,以期在区域尺度上为马尾松林生产经营和生态管理提供更全面和更具普遍性的参考。结果表明：不同地区马尾松人工林凋落物产量差异显著,并随林分龄级而异,10~20、20~30 a龄级马尾松林凋落物产量差异较0~10、30~50 a龄级马尾松林凋落物大,产量最高地区的10~20、20~30龄级林分分别是产量最低地区同一龄级的293、274倍,30~50 a生林分产量最高地区仅是最低地区的137、163倍;凋落物不同养分含量差异显著,三峡库区N元素含量较高,福建三明P、Ca、Mg元素较高,K元素则是贵州龙里较高;广西武宣23 a生林分N归还量是8 a生N归还量的345倍,K归还量则是1013倍。不同凋落物组织器官受环境影响的因素不同,不同林分对环境和立地因子的响应不同,因为气候对凋落物产量的影响具有滞后性,而在局部区域凋落物产量受环境因素影响较大;凋落物养分含量受林分土壤主要养分调节,凋落物养分归还量反映土壤养分的潜力,土壤养分通过马尾松的生长影响凋落物产量,说明马尾松林凋落物养分循环与土壤养分状况有很大关系,二者相辅相成、相互调节     

鄱阳湖沙山植物叶片与土壤C∶N、C∶P沿沙化梯度分布特征

在鄱阳湖多宝沙山沿沙化梯度测定了17种常见植物叶片及土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量,以阐明沙山常见植物种与土壤C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P分布特征及对沙化的响应,为沙山植被恢复提供基础数据。结果表明：（1）植物叶片C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P分布范围为185～1273、1698～5071,平均值分别为431、3418;土壤0～10、10～30、30～50 cm层C〖DK〗∶N变化范围分别为98～463、24～465和37～450; 相应土层C〖DK〗∶P范围分别为198～759、30～905和47～765。（2）植物C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P对沙化的响应模式一致,均表现出在重度沙化区数值最小;土壤C〖DK〗∶N随沙化程度增加表现出降低趋势,而C〖DK〗∶P则表现出增加趋势,二者对沙化的响应不一致。（3）植物C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P变化主要取决于叶片的N、P含量;土壤C〖DK〗∶N的变化受控于土壤N含量;C〖DK〗∶P变化则决定于土壤有机C含量     

城市湖泊富营养化对水生植物叶片C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

为研究城市湖泊富营养化对水生植物叶片元素组成的影响,在植物生长季,对南京3个湖泊的6种常见水生植物进行碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量学研究,并分析驱动水生植物叶片元素变化的关键环境因子。结果表明:(1)水生植物叶片C、N、P含量变化范围分别为397.03～672.70、10.63～39.16及1.15～13.30 mg/g,叶片C/N、C/P及N/P变化范围分别为13.15～50.36、31.39～458.60及1.88～19.06,其中叶片P含量变异最大,叶片C含量变异最小;(2) Spearman相关性分析表明,芦苇(Phragmites australis)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)叶片元素组成与湖泊富营养化综合指数具有显著相关性,叶片P含量随湖泊富营养指数升高而增加,叶片C/P及N/P随之减小;(3) RDA分析表明,春季水生植物叶片C、N、P含量及C/N/P变化主要受水体高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和底泥总有机碳(SOC)含量的共同影响,夏季主要受水体总磷(TP_W)浓度的影响,秋季主要受底泥总磷(TP_S)含量的影响。     

三峡水库消落带土壤养分含量及生态化学计量特征

作为世界上最大的水利工程,三峡水库的建设和运行对三峡水库消落带土壤环境产生了重大影响。已有研究多关注于三峡库区中某一段消落带或某一支流消落带的土壤环境变化,而缺乏对全库区消落带进行研究。以全库区尺度(8个断面)的不同海拔消落带土壤(155～165和165～175 m)为研究对象,以断面未淹没区(175～185 m)土壤为对比,对土壤养分(土壤有机质-SOM、总氮-TN、总磷-TP、总钾-TK)及生态化学计量(C/N、C/P和N/P)分布特征进行研究。结果表明：(1)消落带SOM、TN、TP和TK的含量均低于未淹没区,而C/N、C/P和P/K的值均高于未淹没区;(2)消落带165～175 m的SOM和TN分别为21.27和1.14 g·kg^-1,均显著低于155～165 m海拔和对照组相对应的土壤养分含量,而T/N和N/P分别为11.07和2.68,与对照组的土壤化学计量比有显著的差异性,且SOM变异性最小为6%、TP变异性最高为24%;(3)三峡库区全域内,上游(涪陵区)和中游(忠县、万州区、云阳县、奉节县)的土壤养分含量显著高于下游(巫山县和秭归县)地区,且SO...     

酸雨胁迫对缙云山马尾松幼苗光合生理特性的影响

缙云山位于我国的西南酸雨区,近年来酸雨的酸性和频率越来越高,同时也存在硫酸型酸雨向硫酸-硝酸混合型及硝酸型酸雨转变的趋势。研究酸雨类型的转变对缙云山植被光合生理特性的影响,为酸雨受灾区的植被建设和抗酸树种的培育提供基础数据。以缙云山两年生马尾松幼苗为研究对象,通过4个月的盆栽实验的方法对幼苗进行了3种酸雨类型(硫酸型、硝酸型和混合型)和3个酸雨浓度(pH2.5、pH3.5、pH4.5)的处理,并辅以pH值为5.7的蒸馏水作为对照组,对植物的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和丙二醛含量进行测定。结果表明:(1)3种酸雨对马尾松的光合生理特性都产生了影响,酸雨浓度越高对光合速率的抑制作用越明显;pH3.5是影响马尾松各指标发生急剧变化的酸度值,pH值为3.5的SAR和NAR酸雨对马尾松的株高增长产生严重抑制,抑制率高达53.49%和54.99%。(2)不同类型酸雨胁迫会抑制马尾松叶片叶绿素的形成主要表现为SAR> NAR> MAR,叶绿素含量随酸雨浓度升高而下降;酸雨能够促进丙二醛含量的增加,pH值越低丙二醛含量越高...     

崇明滩涂湿地不同盐度梯度下芦苇种群及土壤的生态化学计量学特征

为了研究不同盐度梯度下芦苇(Phragmites australis)的生态适应性及其生长的限制因子,对崇明盐度梯度下的3个滩涂湿地生长的芦苇及土壤生态化学计量学指标进行测定;分析不同盐度下芦苇种群的生态化学计量学之间的差异,及土壤与芦苇元素、元素比之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)崇明滩涂湿地土壤C、N、P含量和C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别是15.01、0.69、0.86g/kg,22.09、21.87、0.96。芦苇的C、N、P含量及C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别为413.17、10.75、2.53g/kg,41.49、293.58、7.29。(2)随着崇明滩涂湿地土壤盐度增加,土壤的C、N含量及芦苇的C含量、C/N先降低后增加;土壤的C/N、C/P、N/P及植物的C/P、N/P增加;土壤的P含量及植物N、P含量降低。(3)盐度梯度下滩涂湿地土壤与芦苇生态化学计量学中的C、P、C/P、N/P之间均正相关关系,土壤N含量与植物的C/P正相关,与N/P负相关;而C/N与植物P含量之间有负相关性。(4)该研究区土壤的C、N元素较为匮乏,P含量较高;植物的N/P值小于14,说明崇明芦苇生长主要受到N的限制。     

安徽大别山区杉木人工林乔木层生物量模型及碳贮量

根据杉木人工林年龄(10、22、45、48和50年生)梯度,在安徽大别山海拔较高山地调查了23块20m×20m的样地,采集18株不同径阶和树高的标准木,进行了生物量测定。利用7种常用的分别以D、D2、DH和D2 H为自变量的生物量模型对其进行拟合,得到35个生物量估算模型。结果显示,幂函数模型的拟合效果较好,多项式模型效果较差,从中优选出5个最优模型,枝、干、根和全株的最优模型是W=aDb形式的幂函数模型,叶的最优模型是W=a+bD2+cD4形式的多项式模型。杉木不同器官的碳含量变化范围在46.64%~53.13%,过熟林(45~50年生)杉木不同器官的碳含量按高低排列均为树皮树根树叶树枝树干,根系碳含量高于地上部枝叶的碳含量,而中幼林龄(10和22年生)杉木地下部分树根的碳含量明显低于地上部分。碳贮量在不同器官中的分配,10和22年生的高低排序为树干树枝树根树叶,过熟林杉木的高低排序为树干树根树枝树叶。不同林龄杉木林生物量碳贮量分别为10年生59.39、22年生59.55、45年生136.92、48年生201.25和50年生134.60Mg C/hm2。不同林龄的杉木林根系生物量碳贮量比例为14.84%~23.79%,随林龄的增长而提高。研究结果显示较高海拔的立地环境促进了杉木林地下根系生物量积累,这种生物量分配可能对土壤有机碳蓄积产生重要影响。     

攀枝花地区麻疯树人工林群落土壤特性

以20龄的麻疯树人工林以及相应的无林样地为对象,研究了麻疯树人工林的土壤理化性质.结果显示,11月底麻疯树人工林内表层(0～20 cm)平均风干土含水量为 2.72±0.51%、有机质含量为 2.17±0.84 g/kg、全氮 1.08±0.31 g/kg,无林对照样地分别为 2.96±0.31%、2.47±0.62 和 1.11±0.31 g/kg.ANOVA分析结果显示,麻疯树人工林样地土壤有机质含量、全氮、全磷、全钾以及pH值,与无林对照之间没有显著性差异,说明人工林群落的土壤改良作用不明显.土壤全磷的含量与株高、平均冠幅和总分枝数之间存在较为显著的相关关系;麻疯树的地径与表层土壤的全氮和有机质之间存在极显著的正相关.水分也许是限制麻疯树人工林更新的一个重要环境因子,尤其是底层土壤含水量与麻疯树更新苗数量之间存在明显的负相关关系.     

洞庭湖源头流域典型塘库水体氮磷组分、pH、DO及水温昼夜变异特征

池塘和小水库(塘库)是洞庭湖流域分布广泛的小型水体,理解塘库氮磷水质昼夜变化规律有助于辅助制定洞庭湖流域精细的水质观测与污染防控方案。以洞庭湖农业源头流域金井小流域4种典型土地利用景观塘库为研究对象,研究塘库水体理化性质和氮磷组分昼夜变异规律。结果表明：塘库周边土地利用景观类型不仅显著影响塘库水体pH、溶氧(DO)和水温(t)的昼夜变化,而且造成了塘库氮磷组份含量及氮磷计量比差异。居民区、农田和茶园3种景观型塘库水体pH、DO及t昼夜变化明显,曲线呈现倒U型;但观测期内4种景观类型塘库氮磷组分含量昼夜变化相对不明显。居民区、农田及茶园型水体氮磷总量(TN、TP)、溶解态氮磷(TDN、TDP)和颗粒态氮磷(PN、PP)含量显著高于森林型塘库的。并且,水体不同氮磷组分的生态化学计量比值(TN∶TP、TDN∶TDP、PN∶PP)大小排序为：森林(TN∶TP:67.97,TDN∶TDP:65.12, PN∶PP:74.13)>茶园(TN∶TP:30.03,TDN∶TDP:15.10, PN∶PP:52.95)>农田和居民区(TN∶TP:19.40和16.21,TDN∶TDP:23....     

我国南方不同类型草地生产力及对气候变化的响应

为进一步明晰南方不同类型草地的碳源汇关系,预测未来气候情景下可能的碳循环特征,利用本地参数化的BIOME-BGC模型对2001~2010年低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸样地净初级生产力(NPP)与净生态系统生产力(NEP)进行了模拟估算。不同类型草地的NPP和NEP 10年间变化趋势不同,低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸的NPP平均值分别为357.17、232.4和191.96gC/(m2·a);NEP的平均值分别为3.25、21.28和81.96gC/(m2·a)。3种类型草地NPP与温度之间存在显著的正相关关系,NEP与温度之间存在着显著的负相关关系;本模型模拟的NPP和NEP与年平均降水量之间相关性不明显。未来气候情景C1P-1T1下(CO2浓度倍增,年均温增加2℃,降水减少10%),低山丘陵草原化草甸样地NPP增加26.93%,NEP增加160%;典型草山草坡样地NPP增加62.20%,NEP增加153%;典型山地草甸样地NPP增加135%,NEP增加206%。3种南方草地类型在未来气候情景下都将有一定的碳汇增长潜力,其中以典型山地草甸的碳汇潜力最为明显,与降水量相比受温度变化的影响相对较大。     

Variability of the sorption of Cs, Zn, Sr, Co, Cd, Ce, Ru, Tc and I at trace concentrations by a forest soil along a transect

The variability of the sorption properties (characterized by the distribution coefficient K_d) of a forest soil for Cs, Zn, Sr, Co, Cd, Ce, Ru, Tc, and I were determined along a transect of 150 m in regular intervals of 3 m. Radioactive tracers were used to ensure trace concentrations of these elements. For comparison, for each soil sample the loss on ignition, as a measure of the soil organic matter content, and the pH were also determined. On average, the K_d values increase in the sequence Tc < I < Ru ≈ Co ≈ Zn ≈ Sr < Cd < Ce < Cs; the spatial variability in the sequence I < Zn ≈ Sr ≈ Co ≈ Cd ≈ Ru ≈ Tc < Cs, and I ≈ Ce < Tc. Correlation analysis revealed that, when moving along the transect, the K_d values for some elements changed in a similar, and for others in a dissimilar pattern. In a few cases a correlation between the pH or the loss on ignition and the K_d values was also present. The spatial structure of the data was examined by semivariograms. For the elements Co, Cd, Zn, and Sr, the K_d values showed an almost periodic behaviour along the transect, which is probably due to periodic changes of some soil properties in a forest with regularly spaced trees.     

Attributable risk, probability of causation, assigned shares, and uncertainty

Calculations of attributable risks, probabilities of causation, and assigned shares attracted increasing interest recently, particularly since the enactment of the Orphan Drug Act. Although efforts have been limited mostly to radiation as the toxic agent, the concept is general to all toxicants. In this paper, the systematic and random uncertainties in calculations of assigned shares are reviewed globally, and possibilities for their reduction are discussed. In addition, an algebraic study is made of the influence of random uncertainties in the input parameters on the random error of the assigned shares. Three dose-effect functions, appropriate for the low-dose, low-effects regions that are of interest here, are chosen for this investigation, and the algebraic properties of the random errors of the assigned shares are discussed. For shares near 0 and 1, the errors are shown to be small and to depend linearly on the value of the shares; the errors are largest for values of the shares near 50%, that is, in the region of almost equal or equal shares.     

Growth response of Scenedesmus to different concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, and lead

The fresh water alga Scenedesmus was cultured in graded concentration of Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Pb to evaluate the effect of these cations on the growth response of Scenedesmus. The effective concentration of metal which depressed the Scenedesmus growth for Cu was 0.5 mg l⁻¹, for Cd 0.5 mg l⁻¹, for Ni 2 mg l⁻¹, and for Zn 2 mg l⁻¹. The alga exhibited tolerance for high Pb concentrations up to 30 mg l⁻¹. Exposure of a Scenedesmus cell to each metal revealed anatomical changes and chloroplast disruption especially at high metal concentrations.     

Evaluation of the sensitivity of marine microalgal strains to the heavy metals, Cu, As, Sb, Pb and Cd

The sensitivity of nine marine microalgal species (consisting of five divisions and seven genera) to the five heavy metals, Cu(II), As(V), Sb(III), Pb(II) and Cd(II) was studied by using a fluorometric growth-inhibition assay with 96-well microplates. The algal strains studied were Cylindrotheca sp. and the LPP group that respectively characterize aggregating and filamentous types, and Chlorococcum littorale, Chlorococcum sp., Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis tetrathele, Heterocapsa sp., Synechococcus sp. and Prasinococcus sp. for types that occur as single cells. A good linear relationship was observed between the chlorophyll a concentration and intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence (485-nm excitation filter and 645-nm emission filter) when the chlorophyll a concentration was within the range of 0.10-5.0 microg ml(-1). A starting cell concentration of 0.10 or 0.25 microg Chl a ml(-1) was therefore selected. In accordance with OECD 201 standard procedures, the IC(50) value (concentration of a metal producing 50% growth inhibition relative to the control) was determined 72 h after adding a heavy metal by using the biomass integral. The microplate toxicity test used in this study is considered to be applicable to diverse algae, not only enumerating species but also hardly enumerating ones.     

Delineation of groundwater potentials of Sfax region,Tunisia, using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process,frequency ratio,and weights of evidence models

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Groundwater in semiarid regions is of extreme importance due to limited water resources and increasing population demand. Hence, a better knowledge of...     

Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary, West Bengal, northeast India

Detailed analyses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloro ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the coastal estuarine environment of West Bengal, northeast India allowed the evaluation of the contamination status, distribution and possible pollution sources. HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH were identified compounds in all the samples, whereas the concentrations of chlorinated pesticides (trans-eptachlorepoxide, dieldrin, endrin, metaoxychlor and mirex) were below the detection limits and were not of great concern. The pesticides did demonstrate markedly different distributions reflecting different agricultural and domestic usage in the region. The range of concentrations of HCH, HCB, DDT and PCBs in the sediments were 0.11-0.40, <0.05-0.98, 0.18-1.93 and 0.18-2.33 ng/g dry wt, respectively. Overall elevated levels of HCB, DDT and PCB were recorded at Babughat, a very closely located site of the metropolitan megacity Calcutta. Fluoranthene (flu) and pyrene (py), the dominant 4-ring PAHs, also showed an abrupt elevated concentrations at Babughat with values of 214 and 144 ng/g dry wt, respectively. Among the isomers and metabolites of HCH, DDT and PCB, alpha-HCH, pp'-DDT and PCB (101), PCB (118), PCB(153) and PCB (138) were found to be dominant. High ratios of metabolites of DDT to SigmaDDTs reveal recent use of DDT in this coastal environment. Fluoranthene, pyrene, 1,2-benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene formed the dominant congeners out of 19 identified PAHs. The sources of contamination are closely related to human activities such as domestic and industrial discharge, automobile exhausts, street runoff, slum sewage, agricultural chemicals and soil erosion due to deforestation as well as atmospheric transport. This study is compared to other coastal and estuarine environments in India and abroad. The baseline data can be used for regular ecological monitoring, considering the industrial and agricultural growth around this important estuarine ecosystem.