三峡水库汛末175 m试验蓄水过程对香溪河库湾水环境的影响

为研究解决三峡库区支流水华问题,实现三峡水库生态调度,需探明现行三峡水库175 m蓄水方案对库区支流水环境的影响。基于2008~2010年三峡水库开展的汛末175m试验性蓄水工作,及香溪河库湾2008~2010年野外监测数据,从库湾水华暴发程度、营养盐水平及水动力特性方面分析了2008~2010年三峡水库汛末175 m试验性蓄水对香溪河库湾水环境的影响。结果表明：分两阶段蓄水时间提前方案有利于库湾中上游上层水体的交换和紊动,降低库湾中上游水体表层营养盐浓度,破坏了浮游植物赖以生存较稳定的环境,抑制藻类的生长,降低水体表层叶绿素a的浓度,减少水华暴发频次、持续时间以及强度,有利于库湾水环境的改善     

基于常量离子示踪技术的香溪河库湾分层异重流特性研究

2012年9月26日对三峡水库干流及香溪河库湾的水流特性及常量离子进行监测,以分析蓄水期间三峡水库香溪河支流库湾水动力特性。结果表明：香溪河库湾镁离子空间上呈下游低上游高的梯度变化,钠离子呈下游高上游低的梯度变化,河口处水中常量离子的楔形区与流速纵剖面矢量图中流向上游的楔形区的位置和厚度基本一致。监测期间香溪河库湾存在显著的分层异重流特性,在河口处,长江水体从中层倒灌进入香溪河,为中层倒灌异重流;上游水体由香溪河底部流入长江干流,为底部顺坡异重流     

汛前供水期神农溪库湾倒灌异重流特性及其对营养盐分布的影响

为研究三峡水库神农溪库湾水动力特性及其对营养盐分布的影响,于2013年汛前供水期对神农溪库湾水文、水质及水生态进行空间定点监测与分析。结果表明:2013年汛前供水期三峡水库干流水体依次以底层、中上层和表层倒灌异重流形式潜入神农溪库湾。受干流倒灌异重流影响,库湾营养盐自下游向上游逐渐降低,干流水体对库湾营养盐具有明显补给作用。水位变化过程会影响倒灌异重流的模式和范围,可通过水库调度来解决支流库湾水华和富营养化问题。     

三峡水库水质变化趋势研究

为全面研究三峡水库蓄水之前至175 m蓄水运行期库区水质变化趋势和因蓄水导致水文条件变化后悬浮物、高锰酸盐指数、总磷等主要污染因子变化及其相互关系,通过对2000~2015年三峡水库水体水质状况进行分析,得出如下结论:三峡水库干流水质较好,其受水期及水库蓄水调度影响明显但逐渐减弱。受蓄水导致的水流条件变化、上游来水、支流汇入及沿程点面源污染等因素影响,干流沿程各断面水质变化趋势不完全一致;除清溪场和沱口断面外,从库尾到库首水质评价结果优于Ⅲ类的比例总体呈上升趋势。受蓄水影响,御临河、小江、大宁河及香溪河河口断面水质均呈下降趋势。三峡水库上游来水悬浮物含量变化与水期存在较好相关性,但自2013年开始上游来水各水期悬浮物含量均下降,悬浮物通量较2013年之前平均降低约80%。水库库中、库首断面近年来悬浮物含量在丰水期和平水期下降,其后逐渐趋于稳定,枯水期变化不明显。蓄水后主要支流河口悬浮物含量大部分时段低于库区干流同期,上游支流河口断面悬浮物含量受水期影响较库区中下游支流河口明显。干支流各断面高锰酸盐指数和总磷在各水期变化趋势各异,上游断面丰水期变化较下游断面明显;随着蓄水进程,各断面高锰酸盐指数和总磷在平水期和枯水期之间、断面间差异越来越小。悬浮物含量与高锰酸盐指数、总磷等参数之间存在一定的相关性,但在较长时间范围,不能通过拟合等手段将水样一种状态的测定结果推出样品另一种状态近似检测结果。     

三峡水库支流神农溪库湾倒灌异重流特征及成因分析

三峡水库蓄水以来，库区干支流水动力变化显著。探明三峡水库支流库湾倒灌异重流的成因对库区水华防控调度十分关键。基于2018年野外观测数据，对神农溪库湾水流速度，水温，浊度等因素进行分析。结果表明：库湾春冬季由于水温变化不大，泥沙含量很低，干支流密度差较小，导致倒灌异重流呈无规律状态；夏秋水温变化较大，泥沙含量大幅升高，水体多以中、底层倒灌形式从干流潜入库湾。库湾在汛期受泥沙含量较高的影响，导致水体密度增大形成异重流，且大部分出现在库湾中底层，其他月份异重流是由水体温差形成的，温差是倒灌异重流的主要成因；汛期6~8月，干支流泥沙含量升高，泥沙含量对水体密度的贡献率增大，最大为75%；其他月份水体密度主要受水温影响，水温对水体密度的贡献程度在各月均超过80%，最大贡献率为95%。     

三峡水库“水华”成因初探

2004年3月、5月、7月、8月、10月和2005年5月对长江干流29个站点进行了5次调查。2004年3月（旱季）在三峡库区坝前（秭归）发现藻类“水华”，藻类密度达2.73×106 cells/L，优势种类为拟多甲藻。2004年8月（雨季）和2005年4月（旱季）沿香溪河下游及河口区以及香溪河口到三峡大坝干流江段进行了2次6个断面分层调查，两次调查中在香溪河下游以及香溪河口区发现了严重的藻类“水华”，藻类密度高达1.87×107 cells/L 和1.67×107 cells/L，优势种分别为蓝隐藻（1.84×107 cells/L）和美丽星杆藻 (1.34×107 cells/L)。相关分析结果表明：三峡库区干流藻类数量和生物量与水库的出水流量有着显著的负相关(Spearman，r=-1.000, r=-0.900, p<0.05)，而与可溶性营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P, SiO3 Si）的浓度无显著的相关性；在2004年7~8月（雨季）香溪河下游及河口区浮游植物生物量与主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P,SiO3 Si）的浓度呈显著负相关（Spearman,p<0.01, p<0.05,p<0.01, n=21）；在2005年4月（旱季）该河段藻类密度与主要营养盐（NO3 N N,SiO3 Si）呈显著负相关 (Spearman, p<0.05，p<0.01,n=28)，但与PO4 P无显著的相关性。香溪河口到秭归的坝前库区河段藻类数量与主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P,SiO3 Si）没有显著相关性(Spearman, │r│<0.2, n=20)。然而香溪河下游及河口区主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P, SiO3 Si）浓度却低于长江干流。可以推断三峡库区蓄水后干流和支流发生“水华”的最主要原因是筑坝后库区内水动力条件的改变而非营养盐浓度较高。随着三峡工程的全面完工，库区内水体滞留时间的进一步延长，三峡库区水体富营养化趋势将会进一步加剧。     

三峡库区支流富营养化及水华现状研究

三峡水库蓄水以来,库区支流水体营养状态、藻类生物量及群落结构发生明显改变,对不同蓄水阶段研究表明：库区支流富营养化程度加重,且时空差异显著,春、夏季富营养化程度严重,秋、冬季节相对较轻.整体上由蓄水前的贫 中营养状态转变为中 富营养状态。由于库区支流营养盐浓度高且蓄水前后相对稳定,对藻类生长不形成限制,因此支流富营养化加重的原因是蓄水后库区支流流速减缓,使得透明度增加,水体透光性增加,藻类生长环境改善,从而使生物量大幅度增加,库区支流藻类水华频繁发生,且优势种类趋向于多样化,硅藻、甲藻、隐藻、蓝藻、绿藻都可成为水华优势种,且整体组成呈现硅藻、甲藻下降,蓝藻、绿藻、隐藻上升的态势,演替趋势总体上由河流型向湖泊型转变。但随着蓄水位的上升,水华发生比率总体上有所降低     

三峡库区典型支流春季特征及其水华优势种差异分析

三峡水库蓄水后,多年来众多支流水华频发引起广泛关注。为研究春季三峡库区不同区域典型支流特征及水华的差异性,选取小江、大宁河、香溪河为研究对象,于2015年春季对三条支流进行监测与分析。结果表明:三条支流回水区长度与宽度有所区别,小江、大宁河、香溪河的蜿蜒度分别为2.151、1.384、1.126;长江干流水体以表层倒灌潜入小江,以中上层倒灌潜入大宁河,由中层倒灌潜入香溪河,越靠近库首,其倒灌影响距离相对越远,分别占研究回水范围的61.9%、69.2%和80.7%;温跃层梯度逐渐减小,水温呈现不同的层化结构,回水区上游水温较下游高;三条支流的光混比变化规律相似,水体中的总氮、总磷含量能够为藻类生长提供丰富的营养条件;春季水华的优势藻种及各优势种的分布区域有所不同,回水区上游更易暴发高强度水华,小江水华优势种主要包括蓝藻、绿藻、甲藻、硅藻;大宁河多发生以绿藻为优势藻种的水华,偶尔伴有甲藻、硅藻和隐藻水华,香溪河春季优势共存的水华类型较多见,多发生硅藻、甲藻水华,有时出现绿藻水华。倒灌异重流是三条支流水华暴发呈现分区的主要原因,水温及水动力条件差异是造成三条典型支流水华优势藻种存在差异的主要因素。     

三峡水库蓄水初期水生态环境特征分析

以2003年10月和2004年4月的两次现场调查数据为基础,分析三峡水库蓄水初期的水生态环境特征。结果表明,蓄水初期水库水体交换能力减弱,水库有机污染甚微,但水体TN、TP浓度偏高,水库整体处于中营养状态;根据水生态环境特征的差异性,水库水域可划分为3种类型区,即坝前水域、库区干流水域以及库区支流洄水河段。对主要影响因素进行分析,发现流速、营养盐含量及水温是影响水生态环境特征的主要因素,而由于各类型区的TP、TN等营养盐含量均较高,水温及流速已成为三峡水库水生态环境特征的控制性因子。探讨3类不同水域的富营养化敏感性,表明坝前水域及库区支流洄水河段是库区未来富营养化的敏感水域。     

神农架地区大型水库库湾夏季藻类-营养非线性动力学分析

对大神农架地区大型水库库湾-三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水华期间藻类的营养吸收生长构建了非线性动力学模型.模型反映了时间变化的整体趋势并可模拟藻类生物量峰值.通过改变初始磷浓度,系统均可达到两种藻消亡的平衡态,且模型可在一定程度上预测不同营养水平水体中水华暴发的可能性和强度.展示了动力学系统内部的变化可在一定范围内反映真实世界,通过系统内参数的调节,系统可达到或远离平衡态,以朝生态环境友好的方向发展.     

优化分配方式 提高资金环境绩效

十一五期间中央环境保护专项资金下达近91亿元,为我国环境污染防治和监管基础能力建设提供了强有力的资金保障。随着财政资金使用改革的不断深入,财政部和环保部对中央环境保护专项资金的管理已从过去以评审为中心转变为以绩效为中心,无论在资金投向、分配方式、过程管理、绩效评估等方面都紧密围绕环境绩效这一中心开展。本文在对十一五期间中央环境保护专项资金资金分配总体情况总结归纳的基础上,分析了资金分配方式制约绩效发挥的主要问题,以改革创新资金分配方式、提高环境绩效为目的,对中央统筹法、项目申报法、因素分配法等三种分配方式提出了若干改革优化的建议。     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Comparisons of elements and inorganic compounds inside and outside of residences

The results of more than 1 yr of air monitoring inside and outside of five homes in each of two communities are presented for SO₂, NO₂, mass respirable particles, SO₄, Al, Br, Cl, Mn, Na, and V. Outdoor measurements across the home site in each city are consistent with proximity to outdoor sources. Looking across indoor residential sites in each city, the home appears to alter outdoor concentrations in several ways. Indoor level of SO₂, SO₄, Mn, and V are lower than those measured outdoors. These constituents are thought generally to result from outdoor sources. The other constituents studied are at times found in excess within homes. In some cases the source or sources of excess concentration of a particular constituent could be identified; often, however, the source of excess indoor concentration could not be identified.     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of extracts of diesel and related environmental emissions: Summary and discussion of the results

The proposed conversion from gasoline powered automobiles to diesel powered vehicels has prompted the Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate the potential health effects associated with exposure to diesel emissions. At present, there is no direct epidemiological link between this exposure and human health. Therefore, a research program was constructed to compare the health effects associated with diesel emissions with those from other emission sources for which epidemiological information was available. The emission sources chosen were cigarette smoke, roofing tar, and coke oven. An additional comparative emission source which was a gasoline catalyst engine. Respirable particles from a variety of combustion sources have the potential of being carcinogenic and mutagenic. The objective of these studies was to determine the relative biological activity of the organic material adsorbed on these particles in both in vitro mutagenesis and in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The organic extracts from the following series of emission sources were quantitatively bioassayed in a matrix of tests for their carcinogenic and mutagenic activity: (1) a light-duty Oldsmobile diesel 350 engine; (2) a heavy-duty Caterpillar diesel engine; (3) a light-duty Nissan engine; (4) a Volkswagen Rabbit diesel engine; (5) cigarette smoke; (6) roofing tar; (7) coke oven; and (8) a gasoline catalyst Mustang. The test matrix consisted of the following bioassay: reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium; mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; DNA damage in Syrian hamster embryo cells (SHE); sister chromatid exchange in CHO cells; gene mutation in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, Balb/c 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts and CHO cells; viral enhancement of SHE cells; oncogenic transformation in Balb/c 3T3 cells; and skin tumor initiation in SENCAR and C57 black mice. The results of this test matrix are discussed.     

Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans

The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition.Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions.In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.     

Concentrations of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolites in serum of harbour seals and harbour porpoises

Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are top predators in the North Sea and consequently accumulate a variety of pollutants in their tissues. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs) were measured in serum of wild harbour seals (n = 47) and captive harbour porpoises (n = 21). Both species exhibit long life spans and do not have extreme situations, such as complete fasting during periods of lactation, in their annual cycles. For PCBs, concentrations in adult males were slightly higher than in juveniles and lowest in juvenile females. For PBDEs, juveniles have higher levels than adult males and females, probably as a consequence of lactational transfer. However, differences between these age–gender groups were not statistical significant, indicating that individual variation was limited within each species, even without knowing the feeding status of the animals. Body condition, particularly emaciation, has a major influence on the levels of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in serum. Profiles of PCBs were CB 153 > CB 138 > CB 187 > CB 180 and CB 153 > CB 138 > CB 149 > CB 187 > CB 180 for harbour seals and porpoises respectively. For PBDEs, BDE 47 was the predominant congener followed by BDE 100 and 99 in both species. In harbour seals, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 39,200 pg/ml) were more than 200 times higher than levels of sum PBDEs (median: 130 pg/ml) and almost 10 times higher than concentrations of sum HO-PCBs (4350 pg/ml). In harbour porpoises, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 24,300 pg/ml) were about 20 times higher than concentrations of PBDEs (median: 1300 pg/ml). HO-PCBs were detected in only 4 harbour porpoises and this at very low concentrations. Naturally-produced MeO-PBDEs were only found in harbour porpoises at concentrations ranging from 120 to 810 pg/ml. HO-PBDEs were not found in any species. In general, harbour seals accumulate less compounds and have mostly lower concentrations than harbour porpoises possibly as a result of a better developed metabolism.     

我国探矿权资产化、证券化的模式及设想

探矿权资产化、证券化是我国改革探矿业投融资体制，解决探矿业资金瓶颈问题的关键。本文从制度建设、机构投资者的发展状况等方面分析了我国初步推行探矿权资产化、证券化的有利条件．指出了探矿权资产化、证券化的三种模式。并以基金模式和股权模式为例提出了实施探矿权资产化、证券化的步骤设想。     

中国工业化进程与能源矿产供需均衡的研究

工业化与能源需求的均衡关系及解决工业化进程中能源供需失衡的战略途径是中国工业化进程中需要探讨的重大问题.文章运用协整技术,就1990-2008年间中国工业化进程与能源需求协整关系的检验,认为中国工业化与能源需求增长具有长期稳定的均衡关系,能源需求将继续保持增长,能源利用效率也将持续提高.然而工业化进程中重工业化高能耗结构特征与能源低效利用并存的困境以及能源供需矛盾不利于能源供需平衡的平稳发展.我国应适应工业化进程的基本规律,转变能源消费方式;走新型工业化道路,适当限制低附加值产业发展,鼓励产业向离附加值、低能耗、高技术产业转移;在实现能源开发利用技术进步和创新的同时.有效利用国内外能源资源;建立能源应急机制等战略途径来实现工业化进程中能源供需平衡发展.     

Fate and transport of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs

Outbreaks of water-borne disease via public water supplies continue to be reported in developed countries even though there is increased awareness of, and treatment for, pathogen contamination. Pathogen episodes in lakes and reservoirs are often associated with rain events, and the riverine inflow is considered to be major source of pathogens. Consequently, the behaviour of these inflows is of particular importance in determining pathogen transport and distribution. Inflows are controlled by their density relative to that of the lake, such that warm inflows will flow over the surface of the lake as a buoyant surface flow and cold, dense inflows will sink beneath the lake water where they will flow along the bathymetry towards the deepest point. The fate of pathogens is determined by loss processes including settling and inactivation by temperature, UV and grazing. The general trend is for the insertion timescale to be shortest, followed by sedimentation losses and temperature inactivity. The fate of Cryptosporidium due to UV light inactivation can occur at opposite ends of the scale, depending on the location of the oocysts in the water column and the extinction coefficient for UV light. For this reason, the extinction coefficient for UV light appears to be a vitally important parameter for determining the risk of Cryptosporidium contamination. For risk assessment of pathogens in supply reservoirs, it is important to understand the role of hydrodynamics in determining the timescale of transport to the off-take relative to the timescale of inactivation. The characteristics of the riverine intrusion must also be considered when designing a sampling program for pathogens. A risk management framework is presented that accounts for pathogen fate and transport for reservoirs.