乌江梯级电站开发对大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构和多样性的影响

为了解乌江贵州段的底栖动物资源现状以及梯级电站开发对底栖动物群落结构和多样性的影响,对18个断面的底栖动物进行了调查。底栖动物多样性通过Shannon Wiener多样性指数进行计算。结果显示：自然河段中,底栖动物物种丰富,以节肢动物占优势,物种丰富度和密度均以思南断面最高,生物多样性则以沿河二桥断面最高;群落类型复杂,环节动物 软体动物 节肢动物为优势群落,软体动物为群落中的优势类群。梯级水库的修建使底质环境差异变小,底栖动物物种丰度、密度和生物多样性降低,群落类型趋于简单,优势类群表现不明显,并且水库建成的年代越久,底栖动物的丰度、密度就越低,群落的组成类群就越少,物种组成以寡毛类和摇蚊类为主。研究表明,梯级电站的修建对底栖动物的物种组成、密度分布、多样性、群落类型等都造成了负面影响。〖     

以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价

采用底栖动物作为指示物种对长江流域的水生态进行了调查研究和生态评价。在长江上游支流、中下游干流及沿江湖泊上选取36个代表性样点进行生态考察和底栖动物采样、鉴定和分析。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数和水化学分析对样点水质进行评价,对比分析了各样点底栖动物的结构组成及多样性。上游支流大部分样点水质清洁;中游干流及沿江湖泊水质受到轻度到中度污染;下游干流水质污染加重。底栖动物多样性在上游支流中最高,中游湖泊较高,干流中下游较低。总结得出了4种河床演变条件下的底栖动物群谱。上游支流河床稳定的河流底栖动物密度较大,物种丰富,多样性高;侵蚀下切的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性较低;淤积抬升的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性更低一些;河势散乱且河床运动剧烈的支流物种丰度和密度均很低甚至为零,生态条件差。     

以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价

采用底栖动物作为指示物种对长江流域的水生态进行了调查研究和生态评价。在长江上游支流、中下游干流及沿江湖泊上选取36个代表性样点进行生态考察和底栖动物采样、鉴定和分析。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数和水化学分析对样点水质进行评价，对比分析了各样点底栖动物的结构组成及多样性。上游支流大部分样点水质清洁；中游干流及沿江湖泊水质受到轻度到中度污染；下游干流水质污染加重。底栖动物多样性在上游支流中最高，中游湖泊较高，干流中下游较低。总结得出了4种河床演变条件下的底栖动物群谱。上游支流河床稳定的河流底栖动物密度较大，物种丰富，多样性高；侵蚀下切的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性较低；淤积抬升的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性更低一些；河势散乱且河床运动剧烈的支流物种丰度和密度均很低甚至为零，生态条件差。     

转基因鲤鱼对大型底栖动物群落及多样性的影响

为了对转基因(CAgcGH)鲤的生态风险评估提供参考依据,于2004~2006年在梁子湖畔的人工隔离湖泊开展了转基因鲤对其主要饵料生物--底栖动物群落结构及多样性影响的研究。结果表明：投放转基因鲤1 a后,底栖动物物种组成、丰度和多样性指数均出现不同程度下降。底栖动物总物种数从65种下降为36种;总密度从4973 ind/m2下降到3707 ind/m2;总生物量(湿重)从77136 g/m2上升到97558 g/m2。单因素方差分析显示：总物种数、寡毛类、毛翅目和摇蚊科物种数有显著降低。寡毛类、毛翅目和腹足类密度有显著下降。毛翅目生物量有显著下降。幽蚊〖WTBX〗(Chaoborus 〖WTBZ〗sp.)和环棱螺〖WTBX〗(Bellamya 〖WTBZ〗sp.)取代纹沼螺(〖WTBX〗Parafossarulus striatulus)和苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)〖WTBZ〗成为优势种。底栖动物多样性呈现显著下降,3种多样性指数平均减少19%~44％,物种丰富度则减少了38%。〖WTBX〗K〖WTBZ〗优势曲线显示了同样结果。转基因鱼与对照鱼在捕食压力和摄食选择偏好上的差异,可能是造成隔离湖泊内底栖动物群落结构和多样性变化的重要原因之一.     

三峡库区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的监测研究

生物多样性的长期动态监测是生物多样性研究的热点之一。陆生植物监测实验站作为长江三峡工程生物与环境监测系统的重点站,完成了大量的野外监测样地建立工作,为今后的长期研究打下了良好的基础。以米心水青冈及曼青冈组成的常绿落叶阔叶林的相关研究为例,介绍了陆生植物观测实验站现阶段关于监测方面的部分研究工作。在多个尺度下对米心水青冈及曼青冈两种优势种进行格局分析,结果表明两者均为聚集分布,米心水青冈的聚集强度高于曼青冈。按1 ～4 cm, 4 ～ 8 cm及8 cm以上3个径级对曼青冈分布格局进行比较,各径级间聚集强度相似,这与群落年龄、特殊的地形环境及种群的生态习性有关。群落的地形异质性研究表明0.96 hm2范围内坡度及坡向存在明显的差异,研究范围内样方的平均坡度在18.2°～ 74.6°之间。坡向可以分为南坡、西南坡及东南坡3部分。地形的异质性影响着群落的内部结构,植物与地形因素的相关分析表明不同的种对地形的适应性不同,群落中的24种主要植物可以分为4个生态种组。     

神农架地区香溪河流域水生昆虫物种多样性与功能多样性研究

物种多样性和功能多样性广泛应用于生态学和保护生物等领域的研究,理清物种多样性和功能多样性之间的关系,对于深入理解生物多样性组分间的关系及生物多样性的保护意义重大.以香溪河流域为例,就水生昆虫物种多样性、功能多样性时空动态进行了分析,并就生物多样性指数间的关系进行了探讨.主要结果如下:物种丰富度介于2～ 44之间,冬季最大,春、秋季次之,夏季最小;香浓指数介于0.38～ 3.03之间,均值在冬季最大,春季次之,夏、秋季最小;均匀度指数介于0.89～1之间,表现为春、夏季大于秋、冬季.物种丰富度和香浓指数在4条河流间均表现为九冲河最大,香溪河次之,高岚河和古夫河最小;均匀度指数在4条河流间差异不显著.功能多样性方面,除功能丰富度指数表现为冬季最大,夏季最小外,其它指数在时空序列上均无显著差异.Pearson相关分析表明,功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度指数间相关均不显著;功能丰富度指数同物种丰富度和Shannon指数相关极显著;功能均匀度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著;功能离散度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著,同均匀度指数相关极显著.运用回归分析研究物种多样性对功能多样性的影响,结果表明,物种丰富度、Shannon指数对功能丰富度影响极显著,物种丰富度对功能均匀度影响显著,均匀度指数对功能离散度影响显著;物种多样性同功能多样性指数间拟合度整体不高.     

大型底栖动物快速评价指数BMWP在太子河流域的应用

大型底栖动物快速生物评价方法可快速判断河流在人为活动影响下的生态状况,对河流健康评价研究和河流保护与管理具有重要的意义。基于太子河46个样点的大型底栖动物监测数据,探讨大型底栖动物生物监测工作组(Biological Monitoring Working Party,BMWP)指数的适用性。采用方差分析研究了BMWP指数对重要水环境参数的响应程度,研究结果表明BMWP指数随地表水水质级别的降低呈显著地下降趋势。利用回归分析研究了BMWP指数与其他生物指数、生境状况的回归关系,结果显示BMWP指数与底栖动物香农多样性指数(R2=0.74)、底栖动物完整性指数(R2=0.85)以及生境质量评估指数(R2=0.60)均呈显著线性回归关系(p0.01),表明BMWP指数可以有效指示与反映不同河段的生物状况及其栖息地质量。利用BMWP指数对采样点进行的河流健康评价结果显示太子河46个采样点中,极好和良好的采样点占45.7%,一般的样点占21.7%,差和极差的样点为32.6%。BMWP指数对河流生态状况指示灵敏,能够准确反映河流健康状况。同时,野外监测、物种鉴定和指数计算简便,是河流健康评价中表征能力较强的快速生物评价指数。     

江阴市河流底栖动物群落结构特征及其生物多样性

2010~2011年对江阴市7条主要内河及长江江阴段共计8条河流的15个断面进行了野外调查,采样研究了江阴市河流底栖动物的群落结构特征及其生物多样性。调查结果显示,8条河流共采集到底栖动物29种,分属3门7纲16科24属,其中软体动物14种、寡毛类3种、水生昆虫4种、十足目4种、蛭纲2种、端足目1种、多毛纲1种。其中,以锡澄运河的底栖动物种类最多,达17种。从密度来看,应天河监测断面平均密度最大,为37 156 ind./m2;长江监测断面平均密度最小,为6 ind./m2。从底栖动物分布来看,长江和白屈港监测断面物种分布均匀,锡澄运河监测断面软体动物占绝对优势（80%以上）,其中梨形环棱螺（〖WTBX〗Bellamya purificata〖WTBZ〗）为优势物种。其他5条河流的监测断面寡毛类均占绝对优势(89~100%)。从整体来看,江阴市内河及长江江阴段的底栖动物群落组成并不丰富。根据群落组成的相似程度,通过聚类分析,8条河流可聚为3类。锡澄运河和长江鹅鼻嘴断面的主要功能摄食类型为刮食者,长江肖山湾断面及其他6条河流的主要功能摄食类型为牧食收集者     

秦岭山地生物多样性保护红线划分研究

生物多样性保护是划定并严守生态保护红线的重要内容,如何准确识别生物多样性维护功能极重要区是科学划定生物多样性保护红线的关键。基于秦岭山区物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局,通过对生物多样性维护功能重要性评估模型的改进优化和校验,最终形成秦岭地区科学的生物多样性保护红线方案。结果表明:(1)修正后的NPP定量指标评估法,提高了陕西秦岭地区生物多样性重要区域识别的准确性,可适用于我国中东部物种丰富度随海拔梯度呈中峰型或单调递增型的山区;(2)秦岭生物多样性保护红线区的总面积达24 688.33 km~2,占到秦岭山区总面积的39.11%,空间分布整体上呈现出西部集中、东部分散,南坡多、北坡少的空间分布特征;(3)森林生态系统是秦岭生物多样性保护红线区的重要支撑系统,面积占比高达96.12%。本研究提出的修正方法和研究结果,不仅提高了区域生物多样性维护功能重要区识别的准确性,而且为其他地区生物多样性保护红线的科学划定和边界优化提供了参考。     

陡水湖流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其环境影响因素

于2016年6月～2017年5月对陡水湖流域的大型底栖动物进行了调查,共采集到大型底栖动物40属(种),隶属4门6纲28科,其中节肢动物最多(18种),占总种数的45.0%,其次为软体动物(15种),占总种数的37.5%,环节动物最少(7种),占总种数的17.5%。优势种为霍甫水丝蚓、苏氏尾鳃蚓、椭圆萝卜螺、梨形环棱螺、放逸短沟蜷和河蚬。各采样点区系相似性分析表明陡水湖流域明显分为库区与入库河流。入库河流底栖动物的平均密度和生物量分别为476.64±28.91 ind./m~2和46.706±15.293 g/m~2,明显高于库区的平均密度(452.34±78.45 ind./m~2)和平均生物量(1.569±0.209 g/m~2)。多样性指数分析显示入湖河流物种多样性高于库区。典范对应分析显示总磷、化学需氧量和氨氮显著影响陡水湖流域底栖动物群落的空间分布。     

Variability of the sorption of Cs, Zn, Sr, Co, Cd, Ce, Ru, Tc and I at trace concentrations by a forest soil along a transect

The variability of the sorption properties (characterized by the distribution coefficient K_d) of a forest soil for Cs, Zn, Sr, Co, Cd, Ce, Ru, Tc, and I were determined along a transect of 150 m in regular intervals of 3 m. Radioactive tracers were used to ensure trace concentrations of these elements. For comparison, for each soil sample the loss on ignition, as a measure of the soil organic matter content, and the pH were also determined. On average, the K_d values increase in the sequence Tc < I < Ru ≈ Co ≈ Zn ≈ Sr < Cd < Ce < Cs; the spatial variability in the sequence I < Zn ≈ Sr ≈ Co ≈ Cd ≈ Ru ≈ Tc < Cs, and I ≈ Ce < Tc. Correlation analysis revealed that, when moving along the transect, the K_d values for some elements changed in a similar, and for others in a dissimilar pattern. In a few cases a correlation between the pH or the loss on ignition and the K_d values was also present. The spatial structure of the data was examined by semivariograms. For the elements Co, Cd, Zn, and Sr, the K_d values showed an almost periodic behaviour along the transect, which is probably due to periodic changes of some soil properties in a forest with regularly spaced trees.     

Attributable risk, probability of causation, assigned shares, and uncertainty

Calculations of attributable risks, probabilities of causation, and assigned shares attracted increasing interest recently, particularly since the enactment of the Orphan Drug Act. Although efforts have been limited mostly to radiation as the toxic agent, the concept is general to all toxicants. In this paper, the systematic and random uncertainties in calculations of assigned shares are reviewed globally, and possibilities for their reduction are discussed. In addition, an algebraic study is made of the influence of random uncertainties in the input parameters on the random error of the assigned shares. Three dose-effect functions, appropriate for the low-dose, low-effects regions that are of interest here, are chosen for this investigation, and the algebraic properties of the random errors of the assigned shares are discussed. For shares near 0 and 1, the errors are shown to be small and to depend linearly on the value of the shares; the errors are largest for values of the shares near 50%, that is, in the region of almost equal or equal shares.     

Growth response of Scenedesmus to different concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, and lead

The fresh water alga Scenedesmus was cultured in graded concentration of Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Pb to evaluate the effect of these cations on the growth response of Scenedesmus. The effective concentration of metal which depressed the Scenedesmus growth for Cu was 0.5 mg l⁻¹, for Cd 0.5 mg l⁻¹, for Ni 2 mg l⁻¹, and for Zn 2 mg l⁻¹. The alga exhibited tolerance for high Pb concentrations up to 30 mg l⁻¹. Exposure of a Scenedesmus cell to each metal revealed anatomical changes and chloroplast disruption especially at high metal concentrations.     

Evaluation of the sensitivity of marine microalgal strains to the heavy metals, Cu, As, Sb, Pb and Cd

The sensitivity of nine marine microalgal species (consisting of five divisions and seven genera) to the five heavy metals, Cu(II), As(V), Sb(III), Pb(II) and Cd(II) was studied by using a fluorometric growth-inhibition assay with 96-well microplates. The algal strains studied were Cylindrotheca sp. and the LPP group that respectively characterize aggregating and filamentous types, and Chlorococcum littorale, Chlorococcum sp., Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis tetrathele, Heterocapsa sp., Synechococcus sp. and Prasinococcus sp. for types that occur as single cells. A good linear relationship was observed between the chlorophyll a concentration and intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence (485-nm excitation filter and 645-nm emission filter) when the chlorophyll a concentration was within the range of 0.10-5.0 microg ml(-1). A starting cell concentration of 0.10 or 0.25 microg Chl a ml(-1) was therefore selected. In accordance with OECD 201 standard procedures, the IC(50) value (concentration of a metal producing 50% growth inhibition relative to the control) was determined 72 h after adding a heavy metal by using the biomass integral. The microplate toxicity test used in this study is considered to be applicable to diverse algae, not only enumerating species but also hardly enumerating ones.     

Delineation of groundwater potentials of Sfax region,Tunisia, using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process,frequency ratio,and weights of evidence models

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Groundwater in semiarid regions is of extreme importance due to limited water resources and increasing population demand. Hence, a better knowledge of...     

Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary, West Bengal, northeast India

Detailed analyses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloro ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the coastal estuarine environment of West Bengal, northeast India allowed the evaluation of the contamination status, distribution and possible pollution sources. HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH were identified compounds in all the samples, whereas the concentrations of chlorinated pesticides (trans-eptachlorepoxide, dieldrin, endrin, metaoxychlor and mirex) were below the detection limits and were not of great concern. The pesticides did demonstrate markedly different distributions reflecting different agricultural and domestic usage in the region. The range of concentrations of HCH, HCB, DDT and PCBs in the sediments were 0.11-0.40, <0.05-0.98, 0.18-1.93 and 0.18-2.33 ng/g dry wt, respectively. Overall elevated levels of HCB, DDT and PCB were recorded at Babughat, a very closely located site of the metropolitan megacity Calcutta. Fluoranthene (flu) and pyrene (py), the dominant 4-ring PAHs, also showed an abrupt elevated concentrations at Babughat with values of 214 and 144 ng/g dry wt, respectively. Among the isomers and metabolites of HCH, DDT and PCB, alpha-HCH, pp'-DDT and PCB (101), PCB (118), PCB(153) and PCB (138) were found to be dominant. High ratios of metabolites of DDT to SigmaDDTs reveal recent use of DDT in this coastal environment. Fluoranthene, pyrene, 1,2-benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene formed the dominant congeners out of 19 identified PAHs. The sources of contamination are closely related to human activities such as domestic and industrial discharge, automobile exhausts, street runoff, slum sewage, agricultural chemicals and soil erosion due to deforestation as well as atmospheric transport. This study is compared to other coastal and estuarine environments in India and abroad. The baseline data can be used for regular ecological monitoring, considering the industrial and agricultural growth around this important estuarine ecosystem.