不同土壤环境中镉的形态分配及活性研究

本文研究了两种负荷水平(2,8ppm)的可溶性镉进入到三种不同土壤环境(酸性、中性及石灰性土壤环境)后的形态分配规律、影响因子以及各形态的活性。结果表明:酸性士壤、中性土壤及石灰性土壤交换态镉分别为40—50％,60—80％,10—20％。各类土壤松结有机态镉为5—20％,残留态10—70％,石灰性土壤中碳酸盐结合态为10—20％。土壤各组份对镉的富集作用因土壤类型与负荷水平而异。不同供试土壤中活性镉的形态是:中、酸性土壤主要为交换态与松结有机态,而石灰性土壤上则以交换态为活性镉的主要给源。     

石灰氮对镉污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响

以石灰作对比,在大田条件下研究了不同石灰氮用量对镉污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,一定量石灰或石灰氮处理均能显著提高酸性土壤的pH值,降低污染土壤中有效态镉质量分数及水稻茎叶和糙米中的镉质量分数。与不施改良剂的对照相比,石灰施用量达到1 200 kg.hm-2时土壤pH值显著提高,土壤有效态镉质量分数降低12.6%（P〈0.05）,水稻茎叶和糙米中镉质量分数分别降低25.5%（P〈0.05）和28.3%（P〈0.05）;石灰氮施用量达到600 kg.hm-2时,土壤pH值显著高于对照,土壤有效态镉质量分数较对照降低10.9%（P〈0.05）,水稻茎叶和糙米中镉质量分数分别降低36.8%（P〈0.05）和33.0%（P〈0.05）。等量条件下（600 kg.hm-2）石灰氮对降低土壤镉有效性及水稻累积镉的效果相对优于石灰处理。因此,石灰氮与石灰一样可用于酸性重金属污染土壤的修复与改良,是一种极具潜力的土壤改良剂。     

三峡库区消落区紫色土对重金属的吸附特征

为了解三峡库区消落区紫色土对重金属的吸附特点,采用振荡平衡方法研究石灰性、中性和酸性3种紫色土对Pb2 、Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 的吸附特征,并比较不同环境条件对紫色土吸附重金属的影响.结果表明:(1)一定pH条件下,同种土壤对4种重金属离子的吸附能力依次为Pb2 ＞Cu2 ＞Cd2 ≈Zn2 ;(2)在一定pH条件下,石灰性紫色土、中性紫色土、酸性紫色土对同种重金属离子的吸附强度依次降低,与其表面电荷密度的大小相一致;(3)石灰性紫色土、中性紫色土和酸性紫色土表面对Pb2 和Cu2 的吸附以静电和专性方式共存,其中对Pb2 的专性吸附比例分别约为56%、67%和50%;而对Zn2 和Cd2 绝大多数情况下产生静电吸附.     

有机肥对铅在土壤中形态分配的影响

为了解铅污染商品有机肥对培养土壤中铅形态的影响以及低铅含量有机肥对外源铅污染土壤中铅形态分配的影响,在海南采集了4种商品有机肥样品,进行有机肥与土壤铅污染的老化培养实验.结果表明,原土壤中重金属铅主要以交换态(33.43%)和残渣态(30.03%)存在,随着海藻有机肥(HK01)和羊粪有机肥(DF01)施肥量的增加,处理土壤中交换态铅的比例显著降低(P0.05),有机结合态从9.56%提高到22.05%.外源铅(250 mg·kg-1)污染土壤中以交换态(36.21%)、铁锰态(27.03%)和碳酸盐结合态铅(23.54%)为主;随着有机肥料添加量的增大,格瑞龙有机肥处理后,污染土壤中的交换态铅的比例有所下降,添加量为10%时比例最低为27.80%;有机结合态和残渣态铅的比例上升,在20%时比例最大为13.68%、13.35%.鱼蛋白豆粕有机肥处理的土壤中交换态铅和碳酸盐结合态铅比例下降,在添加量为20%时比例分别降低到11.75%和11.89%,铁锰氧化物结合态铅变化不显著;铅主要转入有机结合态铅和残渣态,平均增长比例分别为8.42%、3.03%.施用有机肥经过足够长时间的老化均会使土壤中的有效性高的铅转化成稳定态的铅,因此有机肥对铅污染的土壤的修复作用较大.但是由于重金属铅的移动性差,会累积在土壤表层,施用有机肥前还是要经过检测,选用相对安全的有机肥改良土壤.     

湖南省几种主要菜园土铅的化学行为及其作物效应的初步研究

温度、ｐＨ、有机质及不同价态阳离子对铅吸持－解吸量有明显的影响．土壤中的铅在低浓度范围内（红茶园土为１００μｇ／ｇ，石灰性菜园土为５００μｇ／ｇ）对小白菜生长有刺激作用，超过一定浓度（红菜园土为≥５００μｇ／ｇ，石灰性莱园土为≥１００μｇ／ｇ）则有抑制作用．小白莱的含铅量随土壤铅浓度的增加而增加，两者呈极显著正相关．三种改良剂对铅污染土壤有明显的改良效果，其中以猪粪、石灰两种改良剂的效果为好，钙镁磷肥次之．     

水稻不同生育期土壤砷形态分布特征及其生物有效性研究

采用田间原位试验和Tessier连续提取方法,在水稻（Oryza sativa L.）不同生育期研究了重金属复合污染高、中、低3个水平下的土壤砷的形态分布特征及其生物有效性。结果表明：在水稻不同生育期中,土壤各种形态的砷质量分数均表现为高污染水平土壤〉中等污染水平土壤〉低污染水平土壤;土壤中砷在水稻整个生育期均以残留态为主,占90%以上,交换态砷所占比例最低,不到0.5%;不同形态砷之间大都显著正相关,但是两种有效性较高的砷形态（交换态和碳酸盐结合态）与有机态砷之间的相关性较差;土壤砷的生物有效性表现为高污染水平土壤〉中等污染水平土壤〉低污染水平土壤,且随着水稻生育期的延长,土壤砷的生物有效性逐渐升高。     

水分条件对紫色土中铅形态转化的影响

以培养试验模拟3种水分条件（80％田间持水量、于湿交替及淹水）下,重金属铅（Pb）在紫色土中形态转化的动态过程,结果表明,外源Pb进入紫色土后,随着培养时间的增长由交换态向碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化物态、有机结合态转变,残渣态所占比例基本稳定．Elovieh方程可以拟合交换态Pb在紫色土中转化的动力学过程．交换态Pb在土壤中的...     

我国南方一些土壤的钾素Q/I特性

钾素Q/I特性是表征土壤钾素状况的一个重要指标,它能同时度量土壤钾素的强度和容量。本文研究了我国南方一些土壤的钾素Q/I特性、结果表明:(1)不同土壤具有不同的Q/I曲线,它们表征不同的土壤钾素有效性和钾素状况;(2)土壤钾位缓冲容量(PBC~K)与阳离子交换量呈极显著正相关(r=0.9288),石灰土和紫色土的PBC~K值高于砖红壤、赤红壤和红壤,而ARe~K值则相反;(3)—△K°与土壤交换性钾呈极显著正相关(r=0.7870),但是具有一定含量的2:1型粘粒矿物的石灰土和紫色土,其—△K°明显低于交换性钾量,因此,lmol L~(-1)中性NH_4OAc可能会过高地估计土壤的交换性钾。     

热带地区成土母质对水稻土不同粒级组分及其铅吸附形态的影响

为探明热带地区不同成土母质发育的水稻土其各粒级物理组分中理化性质、矿物组成差异以及其对铅形态的影响机制,选取两种不同成土母质(花岗岩与玄武岩)的水稻土,通过湿筛法将未添加铅和添加铅老化土壤分为5个物理组分(2—0.25、0.25—0.05、0.05—0.01、0.01—0.001 mm、0.001 mm),测定其理化性质,通过BCR连续提取法测定土壤老化后的铅化学形态,通过XRD与SEM-EDS分析各物理组分的矿物质组成与老化后铅的分子形态。结果表明,玄武岩水稻土中有机质、CEC与游离氧化铁含量分别较花岗岩水稻土高出21%、13.2%与114%,且玄武岩水稻土对重金属铅的吸附量与吸附形态的稳定性均强于花岗岩水稻土;随着粒径的减小,各物理组分中的有机质含量、CEC与游离氧化铁含量显著升高。两种不同成土母质土壤的矿物组成存在巨大差异;随着粒径的减小,各物理组分中的原生矿物减小,粘土矿物增多,硅含量减少,各金属元素增多。土壤加铅老化培养后,两种土壤中铅的主要化学形态均为弱酸提取态与可还原态,共占全量铅的83%(SG)与85%(SB);随着粒径减小,两种土壤各物理组分中铅各化学形态与吸附量均增加;可还原态铅占比逐渐增加,而弱酸提取态的比例却逐渐下降,在0.001mm组分中,可还原态铅成为最主要的化学形态,分别占55%(SB)与63%(SG)。XRD数据显示,磷酸铅与硅酸铅为两种土壤中铅的主要分子形态;随着粒径减小,硅酸铁铅、磷酸铁铅、硅酸铝铅与硅酸铅钙等晶体峰开始出现,在0.01—0.001mm与0.001mm组分中,原有的硅酸铅峰消失。对比两种不同的成土母质发育的水稻土,其成土母质的不同造成的组成性质差异,使玄武岩水稻土对铅的吸附能力强于花岗岩水稻土,且吸附形态更为稳定;粒径较小的土壤物理组分对铅的吸附能力较强,且吸附的形态相比大粒径土壤物理组分而言更为稳定。因此,不同母质发育的土壤因其各物理组分的组成性质差异导致对铅的吸附能力与形态存在显著不同,最终改变着重金属的生态环境行为。     

土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应的影响,并探讨了有效态铜、镉的提取剂。结果表明,2.5％醋酸可作为酸性水稻土有效态铜、镉的提取剂,土壤含镉5mg/kg对铜的水稻产量效应未有影响,但糙米含镉量超标。     

湖北省土壤有效硅含量分布

在全省主要土壤上布点，取土壤样品529个．全省土壤有效硅（SiO2）平均含量为202.6mg／kg，含量变化范围为15．7－725.5mg／kg，低于缺硅临界值（＜95mg／kg）的样点占总样点的38.2％．其土壤有效硅平均含量高的有：黄褐土（471．3mg／kg）、石灰土（377.3mg／kg）和灰潮土（332.7mg／kg）；平均含量中等的有：紫色土（189、5mg／kg）、水稻土（174.7mg／kg）、潮土（110.7mg／kg）、黄棕壤（106.0mg／kg）；平均含量低于缺硅临界值的有红壤（89.1mg／kg）和黄壤（41.4mg／kg）土壤有效硅含量对土壤母质有依赖关系．土壤pH值及水稻上不同水型对土壤有效硅含量也有影响，土壤有效硅含量与土壤有效磷、铁、锰存在着相关关系．     

Nickel accumulation in paddy rice on serpentine soils containing high geogenic nickel contents in Taiwan

We investigated the extractability of nickel (Ni) in serpentine soils collected from rice paddy fields in eastern Taiwan to evaluate the bioavailability of Ni in the soils as well as for demonstrating the health risks of Ni in rice. Total Ni concentrations in the soils ranged were 70.2–2730 mg/kg (mean, 472 mg/kg), greatly exceeding the natural background content and soil control standard in Taiwan. Available Ni concentration only accounts for <10% of total soil Ni content; 0.1 N HCl-extractable Ni was the more suitable index for Ni bioavailability in the soil to rice than was diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Ni. The accumulation ability of rice roots was much higher than that of its shoots; however, compared with those reported previously, our brown and polished rice samples contained much higher Ni concentrations, within the ranges of 1.50–4.53 and 2.45–5.54 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of the provisional tolerable Ni intake for adults recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), daily consumption of this rice can result in an excessive Ni intake.     

Effects of nano-silicon and common silicon on lead uptake and translocation in two rice cultivars

The current study investigated the effects of nano-silicon (Si) and common Si on lead (Pb) toxicity, uptake, translocation, and accumulation in the rice cultivars Yangdao 6 and Yu 44 grown in soil containing two different Pb levels (500 mg·kg⁻¹ and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹). The results showed that Si application alleviated the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth. Under soil Pb treatments of 500 and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹, the biomasses of plants supplied with common Si and nano-Si were 1.8%–5.2% and 3.3%–11.8% higher, respectively, than those of plants with no Si supply (control). Compared to the control, Pb concentrations in rice shoots supplied with common Si and nano-Si were reduced by 14.3%–31.4% and 27.6%–54.0%, respectively. Pb concentrations in rice grains treated with common Si and nano-Si decreased by 21.3%–40.9% and 38.6%–64.8%, respectively. Pb translocation factors (TFs) from roots to shoots decreased by 15.0%–29.3% and 25.6%–50.8%, respectively. The TFs from shoots to grains reduced by 8.3%–13.7% and 15.3%–21.1%, respectively, after Si application. The magnitudes of the effects observed on plants decreased in the following order: nano-Si treatment>common Si treatment and high-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yangdao 6)>low-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yu 44) and heavy Pb stress (1000 mg·kg⁻¹)>moderate Pb stress (500 mg·kg⁻¹)>no Pb treatment. The results of the study indicate that nano-Si is more efficient than common Si in ameliorating the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth, preventing Pb transfer from rice roots to aboveground parts, and blocking Pb accumulation in rice grains, especially in high-Pb-accumulating rice cultivars and in heavily Pb-polluted soils.     

Phytoavailability and potential transfer of Pb from a salt-affected soil to Atriplex verucifera,Salicornia europaea and Chenopodium album

The phytoavailability and potential transfer of Pb to Atriplex verucifera, Salicornia europaea and Chenopodium album in two calcareous soils with different salinity/sodicity were compared. The soils were spiked with 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg Pb kg^?1 soil. Plant shoots were harvested and analysed for total Pb after they had been grown in the contaminated soils. Visual MINTEQ 3.0 was used to calculate the speciation of soluble Pb in the experimental soils. Results showed that although the concentrations of 1 M NH₄NO₃-extractable Pb were relatively similar, speciation of Pb in the soils were not the same. Salicornia europea was found to be the most salinity/sodicity-tolerant plant. When the plants were grown in non-saline soil, the Pb tolerance of the three plants was as follows: A. verucifera > C. album >S. europea, whereas in saline (sodic) soil, Pb tolerance was in the order S. europea > C. album > A. verucifera. Lead phytotoxicity to A. verucifera and C. album was higher in the saline soil, whereas for S. europea, Pb toxicity was higher in the non-saline soil. It could be concluded that the phytoavailability of Pb and its interactions with plants are widely dependent on soil salinity level and type of plant.     

The effect of application time of mobilising agents on growth and phytoextraction of lead by Brassica napus from a calcareous mine soil

Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites is often limited by the low-bioavailability of the contaminants. Complexing agents can help to improve this technique by enhancing heavy metal solubility. Pot experiments were conducted to determine the best time for the application of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sheep manure extract (SME) for phytoremediation of a contaminated soil by Brassica napus. The plant was grown on a mine calcareous soil treated with increasing concentrations of EDTA or SME 30 and 10?days before sowing (T1 and T2) and 10 and 30?days after sowing (T3 and T4). Soil available Pb and lead concentrations in plant organs of Brassica napus increased with EDTA concentration. The EDTA application before seed germination significantly reduced rapeseed seedling emergence and dry weight. However, the actual amount of phytoextracted Pb by rapeseed did not decrease significantly, due to severe growth depression, at high EDTA concentrations when it had applied at a suitable time (T4). SME application after sowing increased plant dry weight and Pb concentration in the soil solution and enhanced the accumulated metal concentrations in shoots and roots. Comparing the effect of EDTA and SME on Pb phytoextraction, the study showed that SME is not more effective than EDTA. The efficiency of EDTA on Pb phytoextraction by Brassica napus depends on the time of application. The most efficient treatment for Pb phytoextraction by rapeseed was application of 2?g EDTA/kg soil at T4.     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

有机酸对根际土壤中铅形态及其生物毒性的影响

采用根袋盆栽试验和连续浸提方法研究外源柠檬酸、EDTA对根际土壤中Pb形态转化及其生物毒性的影响。结果表明，有机酸能明显活化根际土壤中的Pb，高浓度(3mmol／L)比低浓度(0．5mmol／L)的柠檬酸对Pb的活化能力强；EDTA在低浓度(0．5mmol／L)时对Pb的活化能力就很强。柠檬酸、EDTA能增强土壤Pb的毒性，提高小麦根部对Pb的吸收，并促进Pb由根部向地上部转移。     

Biosolids application affects the competitive sorption and lability of cadmium,copper, nickel,lead, and zinc in fluvial and calcareous soils

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of biosolids on the competitive sorption and lability of the sorbed Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in fluvial and calcareous soils. Competitive sorption isotherms were developed, and the lability of these metals was estimated by DTPA extraction following their sorption. Sorption of all metals was higher in the fluvial than in the calcareous soil. Sorption of Cu and Pb was stronger than that of Cd, Ni, and Zn in all soils. Biosolids application (2.5%) reduced the sorption of all metals especially Cu and Pb (28–43%) in both soils (especially the calcareous soil) at the lower added metal concentrations (50 and 100 mg L^?1). However, it increased the sorption of all metals especially Pb and Cu in both soils (especially the calcareous soil; 15.5-fold for Cu) at the higher added concentrations (250 and 300 mg L^?1). Nickel showed the highest lability followed by Cd, Zn, and Pb in both soils. Biosolids increased the lability of the sorbed Ni in the fluvial soils at all added concentrations and the lability of Cd, Pb, and Zn at 50 mg L^?1, but decreased the lability of Cd, Pb, and Zn at 250 and 300 mg L^?1 in both soils. We conclude that at low loading rate (e.g., 50 mg L^?1) biosolids treatment might increase the lability and environmental risk of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. However, at high loading rate (e.g., 300 mg L^?1) biosolids may be used as an immobilizing agent for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and mobilizing agent for Ni.     

石灰性土壤环境中缺锌机理的探讨

作者认为石灰性土壤中锌活性较低的原因,是由于碳酸盐导致土壤pH上升,在较高pH条件下氧化铁对锌的强烈固定,造成了大量专性吸附状态的氧化铁结合态锌及部份碳酸盐结合态锌,使交换态的有效锌含量很低,同时还证明:自然的石灰性土壤中,松结有机态锌与碳酸盐结合态是活性锌的直接给源,外源加入的锌仅为松结右机态锌。此外,石灰性土壤中各主要土壤的化学组份对外源锌的固定量高伛顺序为:氧化铁>有机质>粘土矿物>碳酸盐>氧化锰:对土壤中原有锌的固定作用大小依次为:粘土矿物>氧化铁>有机质>氧化锰>碳酸盐。     

土壤酸化与油菜锰毒关系研究

对湖北省的主要旱地土壤种植多茬作物后油菜生产锰毒的原因进行了研究。结果表明,供试土壤pH值较原土样下降了1．0个单位。除石灰性土壤外,其它中酸性土壤交换性锰明显增加,造成油菜对锰吸收过量,同时由于吸收过程中锰铁拮抗作用的存在,植株在土壤锰毒发生后吸收的铁量下降,使体内锰铁比上升。