反映我国空间分异特性的多介质环境逸度模型的构建及十溴二苯醚的归趋模拟

化学品的浓度水平、排放量都与具体的地理位置密切相关,发展具有空间分异特性的多介质环境逸度模型,可更加准确地描述化学品的多介质环境归趋.本研究基于我国的区域环境属性,建立了 50 kmx50 km分辨率的空间分异Ⅲ级多介质环境逸度模型.以阻燃剂十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)为例,模拟和预测了 BDE-209在我国的多介质环...     

畜禽养殖环境中典型病毒的分布、传播与控制

畜禽养殖场作为动物集中的场所,易暴发动物病毒性疾病,一方面严重危害动物健康,给畜牧业造成巨大损失,另一方面一些以养殖动物为源头的人畜共患病毒可能传播至人居环境,以至威胁人类健康。本文对畜禽养殖环境(养殖场及周边环境介质)中典型病毒的分布特征、传播影响因素以及控制措施进行了综述。研究表明,病毒在畜禽养殖场空气、污水及动物粪便中广泛分布,并可通过气溶胶、废水处理排放和粪便堆肥资源化等途径向周边环境介质(空气、地表水和土壤等)中迁移;病毒在不同环境介质中的消亡与传播行为受介质理化性质影响,低温、潮湿以及微碱性pH的环境更有利于病毒的存活;从病毒传播风险控制角度,需从气溶胶传播、污水及粪便处理处置等方面形成多介质多途径协同控制方法,从源头上控制病毒向环境中传播。     

新型有机污染物氯代多环芳烃分析方法及其污染现状研究进展

氯代多环芳烃(Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,Cl-PAHs)作为多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,具有类似二英的致癌、致畸、致突变毒性,并且广泛存在于环境介质中,对生态环境和人类健康具有一定的潜在威胁.本文介绍了Cl-PAHs在不同环境介质中的分析方法、污染现状、迁移转化及其毒性效应,最后对其未来研究方向进行了展望.在今后,应该加强污泥和沉积物等复杂环境基质中Cl-PAHs的分析方法研究;系统研究ClPAHs在环境介质中的污染现状和迁移转化行为,并开展Cl-PAHs的环境风险和人体健康风险研究.     

土-岩界面重金属行为的研究进展

随着多环境介质问题研究的深入,重金属在跨介质迁移时产生的界面效应问题倍受人们关注。土－岩界面因其特有的微环境结构和特性,使重金属在该界面的行为过程既部分地表现出与在两侧的环境介质运移过程的动力学特征及机制,又有其独特的特性。有关研究表明自然因素及人为活动等引起的环境参数的变化对土－岩界面的重金属行为有显著影响。今后土－岩界面的重金属行为研究应在目前研究状况的基础上立足于为土壤污染的修复提供技术支撑。     

持久性有机污染物环境多介质空间分异模型研究进展

环境多介质空间分异模型能够对持久性有机污染物(POPs)在环境多个介质中空间尺度上的迁移转化和分配过程进行准确、细致和接近真实的描述,是进行POPs的环境多介质归趋模拟和环境风险评价的重要工具.将环境多介质空间分异模型分为环境多介质质量平衡空间区划模型和大气化学传输模型,对目前几种常用的环境多介质空间分异模型GLOBO...     

含水层介质中细菌的动力学属性及污染物生物降解数学模型

根据含裂隙含水层介质特点及污染物、细菌在含水层中的输运转化特点，利用二重孔隙介质假设，提出了多种情况下污染物、细菌在含水层中的相互作用模型，并对部分模型进行了检验．结果表明，模型的模拟值与实测值有较好的一致性     

持久性有机污染物的作物吸收及迁移模型研究进展

持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic pollutant,POPs)是指通过各种环境介质(大气、水、生物体等)能够长距离迁移并长期存在于环境中的人工合成的有机污染物。本文阐述了全球POPs的主要环境过程和各环境介质中POPs的暴露水平,探讨了作物对POPs的吸收过程、吸收机制和生态效应,并基于现有的环境多介质逸度模型和根区水质模型,分析了持久性有机污染物作物吸收过程模拟模型中存在的问题及未来的发展方向。目前,对POPs作物吸收机制及其模拟的研究较少,但随着我国对粮食安全和农业可持续发展的持续关注,这一领域的模拟研究将对科学解析POPs归趋、合理制定风险管控措施和有效确保粮食质量安全等提供重要科学支撑。     

化学品多介质逸度模型软件研究进展

因化学品而产生的环境和健康问题日益引起人们的广泛关注,由于大多数化学品存在剂量-效应关系,使得化学品的暴露水平直接影响其在环境介质中的生态效应,多介质模型可以预测化学品在环境各介质中的浓度水平,为预防和控制化学品的生态风险提供理论支撑.本文详细调查了近年来基于逸度理论开发的多介质模型软件的应用状况,分析和总结了常用逸度模型软件的功能、特点、应用领域等,并展望了化学品多介质模型逸度软件的发展趋势,以期为化学品的环境风险评价和环境管理提供技术参考.     

淡水环境中抗生素抗性基因的来源、归趋和风险

近年来淡水体中抗生素耐药菌及抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的广泛分布和快速传播已成为全球性的环境健康热点问题,国内外学者围绕淡水环境中ARGs的主要来源、多介质分布、转移机制及ARGs与微生物群落的互作机制开展了一系列研究.本文综述了医疗废水、污水处理厂尾水和养殖废水...     

环境介质中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)分布特征的研究进展

由多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)所引起的环境问题越来越受到社会各界的关注,了解环境介质中PBDEs的分布特征是对其污染进行有效控制的前提.本文从非生物介质(大气、水体、沉积物、污泥及土壤)和生物体内(植物、动物、人体及食物链)两方面入手,对PBDEs在世界各地不同环境介质的分布特征进行综述.高溴代PBDEs因其较低的挥发性和水溶性,极易吸附于土壤、底泥和空气悬浮颗粒等固体介质,而低溴代PBDEs在各环境介质中都有检出;生物体中PBDEs的分布特征与生物种类、污染源、营养级以及个体组织的特异性有一定关系,人体血液、母乳、头发等也检出了PBDEs.随着北美、欧盟等地区从2004年开始逐渐对五溴、八溴和十溴PBDEs实施禁用,其含量在北美和欧盟部分地区有所下降,但是由于十溴PBDEs仍在全球很多地区使用,又因其具有持久性和长距离迁移性,要实现环境介质中PBDEs含量的控制仍需要一定时间,因此未来研究仍需对PBDEs生产和使用区域开展污染水平及趋势相关研究,并对PBDEs的环境行为深入探讨.     

Linking fate model in freshwater and PBPK model to assess human internal dosimetry of B(a)P associated with drinking water

In the present study, we demonstrate an integrated modeling approach for predicting internal tissue concentrations of chemicals by coupling a multimedia environmental model and a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. A case study was designed for a region situated on the Seine river watershed, downstream of the Paris megacity, and for benzo(a)pyrene emitted from industrial zones in the region. In this case study, these two models are linked only by water intake from riverine system for the multimedia model into human body for the PBPK model. The limited monitoring data sets of B(a)P concentrations in bottom sediment and in raw river water, obtained at the downstream of Paris, were used to re-construct long-term daily concentrations of B(a)P in river water. The re-construction of long-term series of B(a)P level played a key role for the intermediate model calibration (conducted in multimedia model) and thus for improving model input to PBPK model. In order to take into account the parametric uncertainty in the model inputs, some input parameters relevant for the multimedia model were given by probability density functions (PDFs); some generic PDFs were updated with site-specific measurements by a Bayesian approach. The results of this study showed that the multimedia model fits well with actual annual measurements in sediments over one decade. No accumulation of B(a)P in the organs was observed. In conclusion, this case study demonstrated the feasibility of a full-chain assessment combining multimedia environmental predictions and PBPK modeling, including uncertainty and sensitivity analyses.     

An enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system based on fuzzy-set approach: II. Model validation and application

Part I of this study develops an enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system (EMMS) based on fuzzy-set approach. Once the model development is complete, the composite module and the entire modeling system need to be tested and validated to ensure that the model can simulate natural phenomena with reasonable and reliable accuracy. The developed EMMS is first tested in a complete case study. And then verification results are conducted to compare with extensively researched literature data. In the third step, the data from an experimental landfill site is used for a pilot-scale validation. The comparisons between EMMS outputs and the literature data indicate that the EMMS can perform accurate modeling simulation. The modules of EMMS could support the entire environmental multimedia modeling system. Further field-scale validation is finished. The results are satisfactory. Most of the modeling yields closely match the monitoring data collected from sites. In addition, with the aid of fuzzy-set approach, EMMS can be a reliable and powerful tool to address the complex environmental multimedia pollution problems and provide an extensive support for decision makers in managing the contaminated environmental systems.     

An enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system based on fuzzy-set approach: I. Theoretical framework and model development

Multimedia environmental modeling is extremely complex due to the intricacy of the systems with the consideration of many related factors. Traditional environmental multimedia models (EMMs) are usually based on one-dimensional and first-order assumptions, which may cause numerical errors in the simulation results. In this study, a new user-friendly fuzzy-set enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system (FEEMMS) is developed, and includes four key modules: an air dispersion module, a polluting source module, an unsaturated zone module, and a groundwater module. Many improvements over previous EMMs have been achieved through dynamically quantifying the intermedia mass flux; incorporating fuzzy-set approach into environmental multimedia modeling system (EMMS); and designing a user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI). The developed FEEMMS can be a useful tool in estimating the time-varying and spatial-varying chemical concentrations in air, soil, and groundwater; characterizing the potential risk to human health presented by contaminants released from a contaminated site; and quantifying the uncertainties associated with modeling systems and subsequently providing robustness and flexibility for the remediation-related decision making.     

A Multimedia Chemical Fate Model with Time-Dependent Air-Water Transfer Rates

A multimedia model for the temporal evolution of the concentration of chemical species in a water basin and its bottom sediment layer has been tested with time-dependent air-water transfer rates varying with the meteorological conditions over the basin. The multimedia model uses the chemical fugacity approach in a system of two ordinary differential equations for the chemical species partition in the two mentioned media, with transfer through the sediment-water and the air-water interfaces. The air-water transfer rates are estimated by a micrometeorological preprocessor. A scenario in which known concentrations in air of a soluble pollutant (benzene) induce water and sediment pollution is tested on both synthetic (MonteCarlo-simulated) and real series of meteorological data. It is found that the use of time-dependent transfer coefficients affects not only the relaxation time, but also the long term concentration of the pollutant in water and sediment, that differs between 10 and 40% in the examined cases when compared with the same multimedia model using average constant transfer rates as usual. This is shown to be due to the statistical correlations between meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations, which stresses the advantages of a time-dependent estimation of the transfer coefficients. Correction terms are proposed to take into account the correlation effects when a constant parameters multimedia model is used.     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的环境暴露与迁移转化研究进展

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是目前被广泛使用的阻燃剂添加成份,其具有神经、生殖、基因等生物毒性,且具有致癌性。作为新一类污染物,有机磷酸酯在环境中越来越多的释放引起了环境研究者的关注。文章综述了OPEs在水体、土壤、空气和生物体中的暴露浓度,并介绍了OPEs在环境中的各种迁移转化途径。目前针对OPEs的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。OPEs的多种迁移途径已得到证实,但相关物理化学转化和生物转化机制研究尚不完整。最后对OPEs的进一步研究提出了展望,以期促进我国OPEs的生态风险研究。     

巢湖生态系统中微量有机污染物的研究进展

本文综述了目前巢湖生态系统中微量有机污染物研究的主要进展。巢湖微量有机污染物研究起步较晚,但发展较快。目前已研究的微量有机污染物包括有机氯农药、多氯联苯、多环芳烃、多溴联苯醚、邻苯二甲酸酯、全氟烷基酸类物质、四溴双酚A、抗生素和有机磷农药。研究内容主要包括水、大气、降尘、沉积物、悬浮物、水生生物等多介质分布、来源解析、跨界面迁移、归趋模拟与风险评估等方面。期望本文的综述,可以为巢湖微量有机污染物风险管理和水质改善提供重要决策支撑,对于在其他湖泊开展此类研究有所裨益。     

试论湖南生物多样性的研究现状与对策

本文从湖南生物多样性的研究现状出发,指出了存在的一些问题,提出了开展湖南生物多样性研究的若干对策。     

农药环境风险评估中常用的计算毒理学模型软件

农药的大量使用为我国带来了严重的环境和健康问题,仅依靠传统生物测试和环境监测的方法已经不能满足农药风险评估的需要。利用计算毒理学模型,可以实现农药的高通量风险评估。本文主要介绍了农药环境风险评估中常用免费的EPI Suite、QSAR Toolbox和PBT Profiler等定量结构-活性关系(Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship,QSAR)模型软件和SCIGROW、PRZM-GW、China-PEARL和EQC等环境多介质模型软件,以期能为农药的风险评估和科学管理提供参考。